https://doi.org/10.24928/2025/0292
The Last Controller: a Human-centric Approach to Value Delivery in Construction Project Controls
Adam Hoots1, Colin Milberg2 & Vivek Sharma3
1Lean Construction Shepherd, Construction ACHE Solutions, Greenville, South Carolina, USA, [email protected], https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0383-84372Principal, ASKM & Associates, Northampton, Massachusetts, USA, [email protected], https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3160-1728
3Assistant Professor, Construction Science & Management Department, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA, [email protected], https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4112-8129
Abstract
This paper evaluates traditional construction Project Control Systems (PCS), identifying limitations in effectively managing project variability, complexity, and real-time decision-making. Conventional PCS models, largely reliant on single-loop feedback mechanisms, often prove inadequate for the dynamic and rapidly evolving nature of contemporary projects. Addressing this gap, the research synthesizes interdisciplinary literature from mechanical and electrical engineering, business management, and lean construction to propose an advanced framework termed Future Project Controls (fPC). Central to this framework is the introduction of the "Last Controller" role, a human-centric concept emphasizing rigorous final-stage quality assurance, value delivery, and proactive variability management, complementing the Last Planner System. The fPC framework integrates feedforward, concurrent, and feedback control mechanisms tailored to each project stage, enhancing responsiveness, resilience, and value delivery. The paper highlights the importance of clearly defined stage-specific metrics, systematic disturbance management, and adaptive learning across multiple projects. Finally, it outlines key areas for future research, including validating controller-specific performance indicators, leveraging artificial intelligence to enhance predictive controls, evaluating scalability across diverse projects, examining organizational and behavioral influences, and assessing long-term benefits. This comprehensive approach seeks to significantly improve project outcomes through more effective, integrated, and human-focused project controls.
Keywords
Lean Project Controls, Lean Construction, Feedforward, Last Controller, or Concurrent Control
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Reference in APA 7th edition format:
Hoots, A., Milberg, C. & Sharma, V.. (2025). The Last Controller: a Human-centric Approach to Value Delivery in Construction Project Controls. In Seppänen, O., Koskela, L., & Murata , K. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 33) (pp. 459–470). https://doi.org/10.24928/2025/0292
Shortened reference for use in IGLC papers:
Hoots, A., Milberg, C. & Sharma, V.. (2025). The Last Controller: a Human-centric Approach to Value Delivery in Construction Project Controls. IGLC33. https://doi.org/10.24928/2025/0292
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