@CONFERENCE{Abdelhamid2002, author={Abdelhamid, Tariq S. and Everett, John G. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Physical Demands of Construction Work: A Source of Workflow Unreliability}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/165}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, 207 Farrall Hall, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: tabdelha@msu.edu ; Assistant Professor, 2352 G. G. Brown, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2125. Email: Everett@umich.edu }, abstract={Improving workflow reliability is paramount to the success of lean-based production operations. Unreliable workflow results from variability in performance. In the construction industry, sources of variability include late delivery of material and equipment, design errors, change orders, equipment breakdowns, tool malfunctions, improper crew utilization, labor strikes, and environmental effects. Another important source of variability, which is often overlooked in research and practice, is worker physical performance degradation. This degradation is caused by long term physical fatigue resulting from physically demanding work that remains ubiquitous in the construction industry. This research was motivated by the need to investigate the physical demands of construction work as an indirect source of workflow unreliability. Using work physiology principles, physiological measures of energy expenditure, including oxygen consumption and heart rate data, were collected for 18 construction laborers performing actual construction work. The results reveal that some workers routinely exceed one or more published guidelines for acceptable levels of physiological demands. The research points to the need to promote concepts of work physiology at the workplace to better the occupational safety and health of the construction workforce while simultaneously reducing performance variability and enabling lean conversion efforts. }, author_keywords={Occupational Ergonomics, Work Physiology, Construction Safety }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alarcón2002, author={Alarcón, Luis F. and Diethelmand, Sven and Rojo, Oscar }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Collaborative Implementation of Lean Planning Systems in Chilean Construction Companies}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, pages={541-551}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/166}, affiliation={Professor of civil Engineering, Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, e-mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Research Engineer, Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, e-mail: sdiethel@ing.puc.cl ; Research Engineer, Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, e-mail: orojo@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={This paper describes the strategies applied by the research team of the Universidad Católica de Chile to implement the Last Planner System in twelve construction companies. The paper reports the results obtained, analyzes critical factors, barriers found in the organization and strategies to manage them in order to strengthen the implementation process. Twelve Chilean construction companies are currently developing a collaborative research and implementation effort to improve their competitiveness in the local and international market. The strategies followed for implementation include some key elements such as: training for action, collaborative sharing among companies, coaching and action research. All these aspects are part of an overall strategy to introduce principles of lean construction and better practices in the organizations. The incremental nature of the implementation, has made it possible to observe, analyze and identify the impacts of individual changes in the planning process and in the project/production management practice of the companies. The paper discusses some important aspects of the Last Planner implementation, including human and organizational aspects that seem to be key for a successful implementation. }, author_keywords={Last Planner; lean construction; production management; human resource management }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alarcón2002, author={Alarcón, Luis F. and Seguel, Loreto }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Developing Incentive Strategies for Implementation of Lean Construction}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, pages={403-414}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/167}, affiliation={Professor of civil Engineering, Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, e-mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Graduate Research Assistant, Graduate Research AssistantUniversidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, e-mail: lseguel@puc.cl }, abstract={This paper describes a methodology that has been developed by a group of Chilean construction companies to select employee and organizational incentives to encourage participation and commitment to the implementation of improvement actions in their organizations. These companies are carrying out joint efforts to implement lean practices that will lead them to gain improved competitiveness in their markets. The selection of incentives to introduce changes in an organization goes beyond the economic aspects and should address a full range of aspects and levels within the organization, involving upper and middle management, and workers. This paper focus mainly in the incentives for middle management, a level that has been found to be key for successful implementation of changes in the organizations. The methodology considers theoretical aspects as well as attitudes and perceptions obtained from each organization. The focus of the methodology is in identifying “drivers for change” at different levels: individuals, organizations and as a group of companies. As a result the methodology support the selection of incentives at each one of the levels addressed. }, author_keywords={Employee Incentives; lean construction; organizational change; human resource management }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alwi2002, author={Alwi, Sugiharto and Hampson, Keith and Mohamed, Sherif }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Non Value-Adding Activities: A Comparative Study of Indonesian and Australian Construction Projects}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, pages={627-638}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/168}, affiliation={Lecturer, School of Civil Engineering, Tarumanagara University, Jakarta 11440, INDONESIA, sualwi@hotmail.com ; Professor and CEO of CRC for Construction Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, AUSTRALIA, k.hampson@qut.com ; Senior Lecturer, School of Engineering, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4217, AUSTRALIA, s.mohamed@mailbox.gu.edu.au }, abstract={Construction managers have for a long time focused their attention on conversion processes, with little attention given to flow activities, leading to uncertain flow processes, expansion of non value-adding activities, and reduction of output value. This paper investigates the incidence of non value-adding activities in construction projects in Indonesia and Australia, focusing on non-residential building and infrastructure projects. Data was collected via questionnaires and personal interviews targeting 99 respondents from Indonesia and 50 respondents from Australia. A quantitative approach was adopted for this research utilising the results of a questionnaire survey involving 53 variables that relate to non value-adding activities. The variables were then separated into two classifications: waste categories that contribute to a reduction in the value of construction productivity and waste cause variables that could be defined as factors producing waste. Statistical analysis was performed to identify the different perceptions amongst the respondents and to determine the key variables of non value-adding activities. The paper illustrates the key waste categories, the key waste cause variables and leads the contractors to focus their attentions on these issues in order to reduce the incidence of non value-adding activities during the construction process. }, author_keywords={Non value-adding activities, construction-contracting companies, Indonesia, Australia }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Amorim2002, author={Amorim, Sergio R. Leusin de and Peixoto, Lucia and Nunes, Roberta and Madeira, Luis C. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Specification Standards for the New Management Settings of Construction}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/169}, affiliation={Head Professor, Architectural Department., Universidade Federal Fluminense - Pós-graduação em Engenharia Civil, Rua Passo da Pátria 156/sala360 - São domingos - Niterói - Cep: 24.210-240.Tel: (21) 2721-1378 - Fax: (21) 2719-1252, leusin@civil.uff.br ; Research Assistant, MBA, Universidade Federal Fluminense - Pós-graduação em Engenharia Civil, Rua Passo da Pátria 156/sala360 - São domingos - Niterói - Cep: 24.210-240.Tel: (21) 2721-1378 - Fax: (21) 2719-1252, lap@civil.uff.br ; Architect, M.Sc., Universidade Federal Fluminense - Pós-graduação em Engenharia Civil, Rua Passo da Pátria 156/sala360 - São domingos - Niterói - Cep: 24.210-240.Tel: (21) 2721-1378 - Fax: (21) 2719-1252, robin@pobox.com.br ; Architect, M.Sc. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, luiscsmd.rlk@terra.com.br }, abstract={The new forms of management, which have been applied to construction, imply a differentiated demand of information contents on products and services. The alterations in the contract models, project development, control methods, as well as the quality management system requirements, need both content and form of product and services data dissemination to be homogeneous, in order to allow the interoperability of systems and agents. Many product-classification systems already co-exist and, at the moment, an impressive international standardisation effort is taking place through OCCS. This proposal, which is mainly focused on products, does not encompass important points for the management of the whole life span of a building. For this, it will be necessary to add new facets to the classifying structure and to deepen product definition, including the description of the production space. The creation of descriptive standards associated with these classification systems may consolidate a more understandable language for construction management, which may be transcribed or incorporated by languages such as XML or IFC standards. The basis for building these standards must be a consolidated terminology. Based on this, it will be possible to establish associative networks of concepts linked to building management and production processes. It will also be possible to define the most common characteristics linked to each category of products and services, treating them as attributes of these items, as well as all types of uses, elements and spaces composing the environment where the management process takes place. }, author_keywords={Specifications standards, building management systems, terminology. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Anquino2002, author={Anquino, Janayna Patricia R. de and Melhado, Silvio Burrattino }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={The Importance of the Design for Production in the Design Process Management in Building Construction}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/170}, affiliation={M.Sc. candidate, Civil Construction Engineering Department, Polytechnic School, University of Sao Paulo. Av Prof Almeida Prado, travessa 2, 83, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil, phone +55 11/3091- 5422, fax +55 11/3091-5544, janayna.aquino@poli.usp.br ; Ph.D. Professor, Civil Construction Engineering Department, Polytechnic School, University of Sao Paulo. Av Prof Almeida Prado, travessa 2, 83, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil, phone +55 11/3091- 5164, fax +55 11/3091-5715, silvio.melhado@poli.usp.br }, abstract={The design model, hitherto adopted by building companies, is sequential, lacks coordination and, most of the time is disengaged from the production process. It is now undergoing reformulation because of the intense concern with quality in this sector. Building companies are beginning to admit the importance of the production chain, with design acting as an element which preempts problems on the building site. The design process management assumes large importance in lean construction: adopting constructability principles; minimizing waste and reducing time. In this field of action, the design for production has been put to use by building companies to improve the production process, since it holds the necessary elements. Inserted in the design process, it seeks to support continuous improvement on building sites. The present work intends to evaluate the importance of the design for production in the design process management, checking its validation while being a support element to the production. It is intended to do this via a bibliographic review and a case study of a building and incorporating company in the state of Sao Paulo. This work will put in focus the improvement of quality of the design process through the introduction of several designs for production (masonry, rendering, etc.), and the reduction of waste with design and production costs by their use. }, author_keywords={Design process, Design for production and Constructability, Lean Construction, Building Construction }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Arbulu2002, author={Arbulu, Roberto J. and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Alternative Supply-Chain Configurations for Engineered or Catalogued Made-to-Order Components: Case Study on Pipe Supports Used in Power Plants}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/171}, affiliation={Master of Engineering, Construction Engineering and Management Program, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of California, Berkeley, USA, arbulu@uclink.berkeley.edu ; Professor, Construction Engineering and Management Program, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, 510/643-8678, FAX 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Many construction inefficiencies are due to supply-chain (SC) problems that occur at the interface between processes or disciplines. This paper illustrates such problems by describing a case study on the supply of pipe supports used in power plants. Pipe supports often arrive late at the construction site because their design tends to be pushed towards the end of the power plant design process due to the interaction of supports with other power plant systems. Since power plants are typically fast-track projects, the design and construction phases overlap. Late support design therefore constrains the SC and may ultimately cause project delays. This paper presents the five alternative SC configurations that have been identified in the case study. It addresses the need to accelerate the design, procurement, and fabrication processes of engineered or catalogued made-to-order pipe supports in order to avoid late arrivals to the site while making best use of the capabilities available in all SC participants. This paper concludes with a set of recommendations for performance improvement in the supply of pipe supports. Finally, it identifies research opportunities to achieve further improvement. }, author_keywords={Supply-chain management, construction supply chain, interdependency, batch size, alliance, standardization, modularization, push vs. pull, pipe support, design, procurement, fabrication, power plant, process mapping. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Arbulu2002, author={Arbulu, Roberto J. and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Value Stream Analysis of Construction Supply Chains: Case Study on Pipe Supports Used in Power Plants}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, pages={183-195}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/172}, affiliation={ }, abstract={Waste is omnipresent in construction supply chains. It often occurs at the interface between processes, disciplines, or organizations. To illustrate several causes of waste, this paper focuses on a case study that documents the most common configuration of the supply chain for pipe supports used in the power plant industry. Using value-stream mapping across organizational boundaries, this paper illustrates how work flows throughout the design, procurement, and fabrication phases of pipe supports. Industry data obtained through tens of interviews helps to evaluate value-added and non-value-added times, batch sizes, and lead times for this particular supply chain configuration. The paper provides considerations for eliminating waste in order to reduce the total delivery lead time of pipe supports and thereby improve supply chain performance. It concludes by summarizing the case study findings and identifying additional research opportunities to achieve further improvement. }, author_keywords={Supply chain management, construction supply chain, waste, value-stream mapping, value-added time, non-value-added time, lead time, batch size, multi-tasking, pipe support, power plant. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ballard2002, author={Ballard, Glenn and Harper, Nigel and Zabelle, Todd }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={An Application of Lean Concepts and Techniques to Precast Concrete Fabrication}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/173}, affiliation={Glenn Ballard is Research Director for the Center for Innovation in Project and Production Management (dba Lean Construction Institute) and Adjunct Associate Professor at the University of California at Berkeley, ballard@leanconstruction.org. ; Nigel Harper is Operations Director for Malling Precast Products Ltd., a wholly owned subsidiary of O’Rourke Ltd., nharper@orourke.co.uk. ; Todd Zabelle is President of Strategic Project Solutions, tzabelle@strategicprojectsolutions.net }, abstract={Fabrication is a vital part of the extended production system for a construction project. As shop fabrication is a type of manufacturing and ‘lean thinking’ arose in manufacturing, use of lean concepts and techniques in the management of fabrication processes would seem to be a natural and beneficial application. Fabrication can be divided into pre-manufacturing, manufacturing, and postmanufacturing. In a separate paper, the authors have reported the application of lean ‘rules and tools’ to the manufacturing of precast concrete. This paper presents an overview of the entire intervention, which confirms the applicability of lean concepts and techniques to the management of fabrication processes, and illustrates the benefits achievable in improved management of demand, reduced cycle time, greater productivity, heightened work force involvement, and increased revenue and profitability. Suggestions are made for future research. }, author_keywords={cycle time, fabrication, flow, lead time, Last Planner, lean production, management, pull, production system design }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bernardes2002, author={Bernardes, Mauricio M.S. and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Contributions to the Evaluation of Production Planning and Control Systems in Building Companies}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/174}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Architecture, Rua Sarmento Leite, nº 320, sala 504, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil, CEP 90050-010, moreiraesilva@terra.com.br ; Associate Professor, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, PPGEC – Postgraduate Program in Civil Engineering, Av. Osvaldo Aranha, nº 99, 3º andar, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil, CEP 90035-190, formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br }, abstract={It is widely accepted that the overall performance of construction companies is largely affected by the lack of effectiveness of their production planning and control systems. Through the evaluation of such systems, one can identify the origin of existing problems and actions that can improve the performance of production systems. The contributions presented in this article arise from a research project that had as one of its primary goals the development of a production planning and control model for small sized building companies. A set of practices underlying this model was defined in order to evaluate the effectiveness of its implementation. The identification of these practices was based on production management core concepts and principles. An indicator measuring the implementation effectiveness of the model was also proposed. The results indicated that most successful planning and control systems in terms of implementation were those in which short term planning and control was effective and stable. }, author_keywords={Production Planning and Control, Planning System Evaluation, Performance Measurement, Implementation }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bertelsen2002, author={Bertelsen, Sven and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Managing the Three Aspects of Production in Construction}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, pages={13-22}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/175}, affiliation={M.Sc., Research Director, The Benchmark Centre for the Danish Construction Sector, Strandgade 27B, 1401 Copenhagen K, Denmark. Phone +45 3264 1441. E-mail: sven@bertelsen.org ; Senior Researcher, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O.Box 1800, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland, Phone +358 9 4564556, Fax +358 9 4566251, E-mail lauri.koskela@vtt.fi }, abstract={It has been argued that production can be conceptualized in three complementary ways: transformation, flow and value generation. In production management, each of these aspects should be tackled. The interactions of these three kinds of managerial work provide for further generic managerial tasks. Also the contingent nature of management has to be taken into account. Based on the essential characteristics of construction, an ideal type of management of each aspect is presented. The paper ends with practical examples where the different types of management as discussed have been explicitly deployed. The managerial model outlined contrasts with the conventional managerial practice where only transformations are explicitly attended. }, author_keywords={Production management, project management, transformation, flow, value }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bertelsen2002, author={Bertelsen, Sven }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Bridging the Gaps – Towards a Comprehensive Understanding of Lean Construction}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, pages={23-35}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/176}, affiliation={MSc, Research Director, The Benchmark Center for the Danish Construction Sector, Strandgade 27B, 1401 Copenhagen K, DK Denmark. Phone +45 3264 1441. E-mail: sven@bertelsen.org }, abstract={Since the start of the work on the Lean Construction theory and methods in 1993, two major contributions have governed the process as seen from practice. One is Lauri Koskela's understanding of construction as a production, based on the Transformation- Flow-Value concept (the TFV-concept), the other is Glenn Ballard and Greg Howell's Last Planner method of production control. These two contributions still stand as two isolated islands even though a number of ideas have been presented in order to bridge the gap between them, concerning for instance the understanding of project management, the value generation process and the cooperation during the project life cycle. The paper highlights and discusses the primary understanding behind the two main lines of thinking and proposes minor modifications to the two major theories. Three more viewpoints on construction are then proposed as stepping-stones across the gap between the main islands. The use of these principles in project management is briefly touched upon with a reference to recent Danish experiences. Finally, areas for further research are proposed. }, author_keywords={Construction, production theory, Last Planner, complexity, project management }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Caldas2002, author={Caldas, Carlos H. and Soibelman, Lucio }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Automated Classification Methods: Supporting the Implementation of Pull Techniques for Information Flow Management}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/177}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign. 3142 Newmark CE Lab. Urbana, IL 61801. caldas@uiuc.edu. ; Assistant Professor. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign. 3129c Newmark CE Lab. Urbana, IL 61801. soibelma@uiuc.edu. }, abstract={One of the requisites for implementing lean construction processes is the management of information flows through the networks of cooperating project organizations. Information flows about directives, criteria, prerequisites, availability, commitments, and resources are essential to production control and work structuring. Since a large percentage of these project information is generated in text format, methods for managing the information contained in these types of documents becomes essential to improve work flow reliability. Information management systems have been used for this purpose. One limitation of the text-based information management aspects in current systems is the reliance on push methods. Push systems schedule the release of information based on demand. On the other hand, pull systems release information based on system status. For that reason, the implementation of pull information systems is an essential requirement of lean construction delivery systems. This paper describes a methodology to support the implementation of pull techniques in construction management information systems based on automated text classification methods. }, author_keywords={Construction management, information flows, information management, machine learning, pull systems, text/data mining. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Conte2002, author={Conte, Antonio Sergio Itri }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Lean Construction: From Theory to Practice}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/178}, affiliation={Director of Lean Construction Institute of Brazil. e-mail:asiconte@leanconstruction.com.br Logical Systems Consultoria S/C Ltda.R. Caravelas, 326 – Vila Mariana – São Paulo – SP – 04012-060 Fone/Fax: (11) 5573-6937 e-mail:lcibr@uol.com.br }, abstract={The application of Lean Construction principles and techniques implies the adoption of a new organization design that can make Project Management systems feasible in the construction sector. The flexibility achieved by Production Management systems with the adoption of this model should come together with new applications that monitor the operating performance of each Project being executed. They go from execution deadlines and production costs to compliance levels related to quality standards and job safety specific to each particular Project. This paper discusses the results obtained by the practical application of Lean Construction to ventures located in several Brazilian cities, with a total accumulated built-up area of more than 250,000 square meters. We emphasize the example of building an upscale, 18-floor residential building in São Paulo with four flats per floor and a built-up area of 14,230 square meters. The Project employed specific control techniques that sought to consolidate a management vision focused on the systematic reduction of activities that did not add value to the end product. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Project Management, Production Management, Cost Performance. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Cuperus2002, author={Cuperus, Ype }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={The Almere Monitor - An Evaluation of 19 Consumer Oriented Housing Projects in the Netherlands}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/179}, affiliation={Director, OBOM Research Group, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Berlageweg 1, NL-2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands, Phone +31 15 2785400, Fax +31 15 2788295, Email y.j.cuperus@bk.tudelft.nl }, abstract={In The Netherlands, housing changes from a supply towards a demand market. This will have serious implications on the building industry. This is analyzed in a multiple case study, conducted at 19 mass- customized projects in the Dutch town of Almere. It is a thirty-year-old new town, built on reclaimed ground and is still under construction. Since all land was initially state owned and municipality controlled, it offered the opportunity for many experiments in urban planning, social housing and management. In 2001 the ‘Eilandenwijk’ scheme was completed, consisting of 450 units, subdivided over 15 developers/ builders. The main constraint was that no two units should be the same and that all units should be customer- determined. The OBOM Research Group was commissioned by SBR (Foundation for Building Research) to evaluate the potential conflicts and gains between highly efficient building processes, influenced by consumer demands. The evaluation aims to visualize the lead times of separate, yet connected decisions with regard to building parts and building part groups of the 15 projects mentioned. The evaluation should result in a benchmark for future mass customized housing projects. The preliminary results are due to be published in October 2002. }, author_keywords={Consumer oriented housing, mass-customization, lead-time. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Degani2002, author={Degani, Clarice Menezes and Cardoso, Francisco Ferreira }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Environmental Performance and Lean Construction Concepts - Can We Talk About a Clean Construction}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/180}, affiliation={M. Sc. Student, Civil Construction Engineering Department, Escola Politécnica, University of Sao Paulo. FAPESP grants. Av. Prof. Almeida Prado, travessa 2, 83, Cidade Universitária, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil. E-mail: clarice.menezes@poli.usp.br. ; Ph. D. Assistant Professor, Civil Construction Engineering Department, Escola Politécnica, University of Sao Paulo. Av. Prof. Almeida Prado, travessa 2, 83, Cidade Universitária, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508- 900, Brazil. E-mail: francisco.cardoso@poli.usp.br. }, abstract={This paper tries to answer this question: in the same way that lean production concepts give support to lean construction ones, can we talk about a 'clean construction', supported by environmental performance and lean construction concepts? The goal should be to better meet environment demands, while respecting the production purposes. This paper shows that the answer is affirmative. More than that, it shows that we can improve the performance of the production management process, including environmental aspects. This new approach could lead to a so-called 'clean construction'. This article shows the state of the art in this matter, describing some of the solutions found in academic researches and some on-site experiences concerning environmental aspects in building construction. The main objective is to identify the major environmental approaches that could lead to a 'clean construction', respecting production goals, so that the building sector could contribute to a more sustainable development. }, author_keywords={Sustainable development, environmental performance, lean construction, clean production, clean construction. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Draper2002, author={Draper, John D. and Martinez, Julio }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={The Evaluation of Alternative Production System Designs With Discrete Event Simulation}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/181}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Vecillio Construction Engineering and Management Program, Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061. 703/583-9098, jodraper@vt.edu ; Associate Professor, Vecillio Construction Engineering and Management Program, Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061. 540/231-9420, julio@vt.edu }, abstract={The business model of the building construction sector of the construction industry has changed very little over the years. The highly fragmented structure of the industry has led to an overwhelming focus on project management vice production control and has resulted in “artificial” constraints that limit the ways in which the physical product actually gets built. These artificial constraints render it difficult if not impossible to design the production system from a product-centric approach. The functionally-aligned traditional approach is characterized by four types of waste: (1) Duplicated direct and indirect overhead expenses generated by the numerous business entities involved in the construction, (2) Multiple mobilization/demobilization cycles, (3) Inability of subcontractors to organize their work as efficiently as they could if the other subcontractors were not in the picture, and (4) Rework to correct components that are damaged, disturbed or knocked out of alignment by others. An alternative production system design is proposed, modeled on a parallel flow system used by Volvo in a final assembly plant in Uddevalla, Sweden. The advantage of this type of arrangement in accommodating variation is demonstrated with a simulation model of an idealized process. A research program is outlined which develops and evaluates with discrete event simulation similar type production system designs for selected building construction processes. }, author_keywords={Production system design, simulation, parallel process }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Elfving2002, author={Elfving, Jan and Tommelein, Iris D. and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Reducing Lead Time for Electrical Switchgear}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/182}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, FAX: 510/643-8919, elfving@ce.berkeley.edu ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, 510/643-8678, FAX: 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu, www.ce.berkeley.edu/~tommelein ; Research Director, Lean Construction Institute, 4536 Fieldbrook Road, Oakland, CA 94619, 888/771- 9207, FAX 510/530-2048, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu: Associate Adjunct Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712 }, abstract={This paper highlights some of the key problems in reducing lead times for engineered-toorder construction products, specifically items of equipment such as electrical switchgear (“permanent plant equipment” in the jargon of the process industries). Lead time reduction has long been considered a fundamental objective in overall business improvement and is a cornerstone in lean thinking. The benefits include reduced inventories and costs, greater flexibility and responsiveness, and better satisfied customers. In construction projects, shorter lead times could significantly reduce the number of change orders and/or make projects more robust to changes. The authors suggest that the focus on reducing engineering lead times will have a greater impact on lead time reduction than a further focus on the manufacturing stage and that the product specification stage may play a more significant role in lead time reduction. An example of a switchgear supply chain demonstrates how long lead times lead to inadequate information from various players in the product specification stage impairs the process and leads to a chain reaction further down the supply chain. As a result, numerous design iterations and change orders occur, which further propagate the long lead times. This pernicious system dynamic is further complicated by the fact that some players in the switchgear supply chain profit from (or believe they profit from) change orders. }, author_keywords={Engineered-to-order product, lead time reduction, lean construction, order, procurement, product specification }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fiallo C.2002, author={Fiallo C., Mario and Revelo P., Victor Hugo }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Applying the Last Planner Control System to a Construction Project - A Case Study in Quito, Ecuador}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/183}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, M.Sc. Candidate at Central University of Ecuador (UCE), Assistant Researcher at Postgraduate Institute, Quito - Ecuador, 593-2-2296610, 593-9-9923905, FAX 593-2-2296610, mfiallo@interlap.com.ar ; Civil Engineer, M.Sc. NORIE / Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul – UFRGS (Brazil), Business Management Specialist (PPGA/UFRGS), Professor and Researcher at the Postgraduate Institute at Central University of Ecuador (UCE), Brasil 802 y Mariano Echeverría, Quito - Ecuador, 593-2- 2448754, 593-2-2244905, 593-9-9230808, FAX 593-2-2244905, likavito@interactive.net.ec , grupotsi@interactive.net.ec }, abstract={Lean Construction is a new philosophy oriented toward construction production administration. It sets productive flows in motion in order to develop control systems with the aim of reducing losses throughout the process. One of these production control systems was designed by Ballard and Howell and is known as the Last Planner System (LPS). This system presents fundamental changes in the way projects are planned and controlled. The functions of the Last Planner System include: productive unit and work flow control, and completing quality assignments. In addition, it makes it easier to get to the root of the problems, and to make timely decisions regarding adjustments needed within the operation, in order to execute actions opportunely, thereby increasing productivity. The main objective of the study is to disseminate the results obtained from an application of the Last Planner System in a construction project in Quito, Ecuador. The results demonstrate that every time the contractor applies LPS, both the Percent Plan Complete (PPC) and the Performance Factor (PF) improve. The PPC and PF rates show an improvement trend every time the system is used. }, author_keywords={Last Planner, Lean Construction, flow, productivity, project and planning control, production improvement. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Filho2002, author={Filho, Antonio N. de Miranda and Menezes, Emilio Araujo }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Development of an Operational Parameter Measuring System}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/184}, affiliation={Civil Eng., M.Sc, Lecturer at the Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Brazil, anmirandaf@yahoo.com.br ; Economist, PhD., Senior Lecturer at the Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Brazil, emilio@eps.ufsc.br }, abstract={In search of a more comprehensive view of construction processes’ true problems, this paper proposes an Operational Parameter Measuring System based on the principles of Lean Production. By measuring waste, activity rating, cycle time and cost, the System aims to provide accurate information to site management so that actions can be taken to correct the identified problems or to reestablish the process on its course. In order to adapt Lean Production to construction peculiarities, a bridge was built between traditional practices and new developments. The Measuring System is in this way based on the integration of Activity Sampling and Activity Based Costing principles. The combination of both tools made it possible for the System to be conceived on the principles of focusing control on the complete process, increasing process transparency and building continuous improvement into the process. The application of the Measuring System on the masonry process in a construction site during a period of 15 days allowed for the combined processing and information analysis of the performance measurements. This procedure pointed out opportunities for improvement and led to important conclusions about the influence of labor allocation on the increase of product costs and the occurrence of waste. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, process control, performance measurement, waste control. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Giandon2002, author={Giandon, Andre Carneiro and Mendez Junior, Ricardo and Scheer, Sergio }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Implementing Electronic Document Management System for a Lean Design Process}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/185}, affiliation={M.Sc. Candidate, Civil Engineer, Civil Construction Post-Graduate Program, Federal Univ. of Paraná, Caixa Postal 19011, 81531-990 Curitiba, PR, Brazil, FAX 5541-361-3110 PHONE 5541- 361-3110, giandon@cesec.ufpr.br ; Assistant Professor, Civil Construction Department, Federal Univ. of Paraná, Caixa Postal 19011, 81531-990 Curitiba, PR, Brazil, FAX 5541-361-3110 PHONE 5541-361-3110, mendesjr@ufpr.br ; Adjunct Professor, Civil Engineering Research Center, Federal University of Paraná, Caixa Postal 19011, 81531-990 Curitiba, PR, Brazil, FAX 5541-2669174 PHONE 5541-3613218, scheer@ufpr.br }, abstract={This paper analyzes how the implementation of the Electronic Document Management (EDM) can contribute for a lean management in AEC sector, particularly in the design process. The main concepts of EDM are presented and illustrated with examples of its application in the design process. Some considerations are show on the document management problems in design process. The most common errors embedded on documents are: Inconsistency in design information, mismatch between connected parts, component malfunction. The authors propose how to use EDM systems for a lean design process based on the ideas proposed earlier by Koskela and Tzortzopoulos and Formoso. The lean concepts discussed here are: Reduce the share of non-value-adding activities, reduce variability, reduce cycle time, simplify by minimizing the number of steps and parts, increase output flexibility, increase process transparency, balance flow improvement with conversion improvement. The paper ends with a brief description of an implementation of EDM for a lean design process. The purpose of the paper is to bring the discussion on Information Technology (IT) usage on a lean management context. The ideas presented here is an initial step on this research in order to have a theoretical framework to analyse case study under development in a construction company in Curitiba. }, author_keywords={Document management, information systems, workflow, design process. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gil2002, author={Gil, Nuno }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Can Know-How Be Signaled?}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, pages={37-48}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/186}, affiliation={Visiting Scholar at Sloan Management School, M.I.T. Lecturer, Project Management Division, Manchester Centre for Civil & Construction Engineering, UMIST and The University of Manchester. E-mail: nuno.gil@umist.ac.uk; Tel. +44 (0) 161 200 4632; Fax +44 (0) 161 200 4646 }, abstract={Knowledge here is defined as applying to the body of facts gathered by study, observation, and experience, as well as to the ideas inferred from those facts. Knowledge connotes an understanding of what is known. Whereas explicit knowledge has been formalized and codified, tacit knowledge may exist only in the heads of individuals. Know-how here means a subset of tacit knowledge, comprised of its operational and logistic dimensions. First, this paper articulates the problem of the lack of transference of tacit knowledge between designers and builders. It questions to what extent means and methods can be developed to help individuals signal some degree of tacit knowledge, and thereby enhance the subsequent transfer of know-how across architecture-engineering-construction (AEC) organizations’ boundaries. Then, a literature review of knowledge engineering and management as applied to the AEC domain is presented. Finally, the objectives and the expected results of a proposal to investigate hypothetical ways to help designers and builders signal their know-how are discussed. }, author_keywords={Knowledge management, communication, tacit knowledge }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Heineck2002, author={Heineck, Luiz Fernando M. and Leite, Madalena Osorio and Pereira, Pedro Eduardo and Rocha, Francisco Eugenio Montenegro da }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Technological Interventions in the Control of Services in a Lean Environment}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/187}, affiliation={PhD., Professor at the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Production Engineering Department, Univ. of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil, FAX +5548/3317075, heineck@eps.ufsc.br ; Civil Engineer, IRB Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda., 1200 Marcos Macedo, Fortaleza, CE 60150- 190, Brazil, FAX +5585/261-2319, madalenaleite@uol.com.br ; Civil Engineer, Consultant, M Informática Comércio e Serviços Ltda., 304-01 Santos Dumont, Fortaleza-CE, +5585/252-5225, FAX +5585/252-5122, minfo@secrel.com.br ; Civil Engineer, CEO, Fibra Construções Ltda., 966-603 Dom Luis, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, +5585/2615558, feugenio@fortalnet.com.br }, abstract={Lean construction concepts were used to improve concrete slab molding and mortar floor screeding operations. Detailed monitoring of site activities using handheld computers allowed the identification of cost reducing opportunities, both in relation to materials and labor. Floor screed was chosen as the first major building service to be improved, but soon concrete pouring followed suit according to the following steps: i) reduction of concrete slab height in the wet areas; ii) rendering of floor screed just after concrete pouring in an enlarged building cycle; iii) change from ready mix to on site concrete production; iv) increase in the number of formwork supporting props; v) leaving setting out marks on the floor screed to guide brickwork first course. Results are depicted using a comparative table showing general production indicators before and after processes were improved. }, author_keywords={Technological intervention, floor screed for ceramic tiles, lean construction. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Heineck2002, author={Heineck, Luiz Fernando M. and Pereira, Pedro Eduardo and Leite, Madalena Osorio and Neto, Jose de Paula Barros and Pinho, Igor Barros }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Transparency in Building Construction - A Case Study}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/188}, affiliation={PhD., Professor at the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Production Engineering. Department, Univ. of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil, FAX +5548/3317075, heineck@eps.ufsc.br ; Civil Engineer, Consultant, M. Informática Comércio e Serviços Ltda., 304-01 Santos Dumont, Fortaleza, +5585/252-5225 FAX +5585/252-5122, minfo@secrel.com.br ; Civil Engineer, IRB Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda., 1200 Marcos Macedo, Fortaleza, CE 60150- 190, Brazil, FAX +5585/261-2319, madalenaleite@uol.com.br ; Dr. in Administration, Professor at the Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, FAX +5585/2889612, jpbarros@ufc.br ; Civil Engineer, IRB Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda., 1200 Marcos Macedo, Fortaleza, CE 60150- 190, Brazil, FAX +5585/261-2319, igorbpinho@zipmail.com.br }, abstract={This paper reports on managerial developments that a particular building company made during the last 5 years using mostly the transparency concept as advocated by lean construction. Productivity measurement is taken just as another transparency managerial action and comes after the building company reaches a state of maturity in its administrative and technological processes. It concludes by showing that wide dissemination of production and productivity information not only creates new issues for site communication and discussion, but also gives support to the perpetuation of administrative and technological developments, as long as positive outcomes are documented. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, transparency, productivity measurement }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Howell2002, author={Howell, Gregory A. and Ballard, Glenn and Abdelhamid, Tariq S. and Mitropoulos, Panagiotis }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Working Near the Edge: A New Approach to Construction Safety}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, pages={49-60}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/189}, affiliation={Executive Director, Lean Construction Institute, Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340. 208/726-9989. ghowell@leanconstruction.org ; Research Director, Lean Construction Institute, 4536 Fieldbrook, Oakland Ca. 510/530- 8656. gballard@leanconstruction.org ; Assistant Professor, 207 Farrall Hall, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. tabdelha@msu.edu ; Ph.D., Process Improvement Coordinator, Menlo Park, CA, 94025. takism@earthlink.net }, abstract={Construction safety has substantially improved, but has reached a plateau. Further improvement will come from spreading Best Practice throughout the industry, or from Breakthrough that transcends Best Practice. We are working on Breakthrough and propose that what is needed is a new theory of accidents. Current Best Practice is described along with its underlying theoretical assumptions. An alternative theory is proposed, based on the work of Jens Rasmussen, a leading thinker on risk management in dynamic environments. A research program is proposed to test that theory and to develop a new approach to safety management. }, author_keywords={Accident, accident theory, decision making, hazard, risk, safety }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Inouye2002, author={Inouye, Kelly P. and Melhado, Silvio B. and Souza, Ubiraci E.L. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Design Process at Public Companies Dealing With Housing Production - Evaluation by Means of a Case Study}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/190}, affiliation={Graduate student, Departamento de Construção Civil e Urbana – Av. Prof, Almeida Prado, Trav. 02, no 380 Univ. of São Paulo, São Paulo, CA: 05508-900, 550/113091-5459, kelly.inouye@poli.usp.br ; Associate Professor Departamento de Construção Civil e Urbana – Av. Prof, Almeida Prado, Trav. 02, no 380 Univ. of São Paulo, São Paulo, CA: 05508-900, 550/113091-5164 ,silvio.melhado@poli.usp.br ; Associate Professor Departamento de Construção Civil e Urbana – Av. Prof, Almeida Prado, Trav. 02, no 380, Univ. of São Paulo, São Paulo, CA: 05508-900, 550/113091-5428, ubiraci.souza@poli.usp.br }, abstract={This paper evaluates the housing design process, at public companies, and suggests ways to improve it. The evaluation results come from a case study developed at CDHU, a very large Brazilian company dealing with housing building production. Interviews with designers, accesses to the company rules and to its home pages provide the basis for understanding the design process. The authors focused on a specific housing program, named “Empreitada Global” or EG, adopted at 76%4 of the company production during the last seven years. Understanding the design process flow was considered to be the first step to attain the goal of this research. After its description, an analysis over the design process is conducted and suggestions are made in order to help avoid detected problems. All the actions proposed are discussed in terms of advantages and difficulties expected on the action implementation. }, author_keywords={Design process, public housing program }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Johansen2002, author={Johansen, Eric and Glimmerveen, Henk and Vrijhoef, Ruben }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Understanding Lean Construction and How It Penetrates the Industry - A Comparison of the Dissemination of Lean}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/191}, affiliation={School of the Built Environment, Northumbria University, Ellison Place Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2, 3NN, UK. 0191-227-4720, eric.johansen@unn.ac.uk ; School of the Built Environment, Northumbria University, Ellison Place Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2, 3NN, UK ; Department of Project Management and Real Estate, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5043, NL-2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands, Tel +31 15 2783049, Fax +31 15 2783171, E-mail r.vrijhoef@bk.tudelft.nl }, abstract={Common et al (2000) investigated the take up of lean concepts in UK construction and found it low with a lot of confusion and limited knowledge of lean construction techniques and a great variation in perceptions. After establishing the background of the industry in the Netherlands a limited study with the same questionnaire from the UK was used to survey a similar sample of Dutch contractors and to make comparisons. The objectives were to see whether the indicators of lean culture or principles as seen through the existence of factors based on a conceptual framework were present in the contracting industry of the Netherlands, to compare the results of the survey with the original results and to see if there were reasons for any differences that might occur. The results indicate that the dissemination of lean concepts in the Netherlands is even lower than the UK although there is more consistency in perceptions. Within two countries with fairly common construction industry problems there is a difference in approach to lean construction. The lack of a focussed driver for change such as the UK’s Rethinking Construction report (Egan 1998) is given as one reason for the difference. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, lean concepts, lean penetration. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kagioglou2002, author={Kagioglou, Michail and Lee, Angela and Cooper, Rachel and Carmichael, Stuart and Aouad, Ghassan }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Mapping the Production Process - A Case Study}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/192}, affiliation={Centre Manager, University of Salford, Salford Centre for Research and Innovation (SCRI) in the Built and Human Environment, Meadow Road, Salford, M7 9NU. UK. Tel: +44 (0)161 295 3855, Fax: +44 (0)161 295 4587, Email: m.kagioglou@salford.ac.uk ; Research Fellow, University of Salford, School of Construction and Property Management, Meadow Road, Salford, M7 9NU. UK. Tel: +44 (0)161 295 5855, Fax: +44 (0)161 295 5011, Email: a.lee@salford.ac.uk ; Professor of Design Management, University of Salford, School of Art and Design, Centenary Building, Peru Street, Salford, M3 6EQ. UK. Tel: +44 (0)161 295 6146, Fax: +44 (0)161 295 6174, Email: r.cooper@salford.ac.uk ; Architect, Pickavance Consulting, 5 Charterhouse Sq, London, EC1 6EE, Tel: +44 (0)20 7490 7755, Fax: +44 (0)20 7490 0010, Email: stuartcarmichael@pickavance.co.uk ; Professor of IT and Construction Management, University of Salford, School of Construction and Property Management, Meadow Road, Salford, M7 9NU. UK. Tel: +44 (0)161 295 5176, Fax: +44 (0)161 295 5011, Email: g.aouad@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={The mapping of the design and construction process has been gaining momentum in the last few years. However, the focus has been on mapping the high level processes or the information required to perform certain processes. One such high level process that has enjoyed considerable success is the Process Protocol. It integrates the various participants of a project into multi-functional teams, operating within a stage-gate based project environment. This paper will present how process mapping can be used to increase transparency within a production environment. The case study examines a multi-million development project and it demonstrates how the introduction of mapping the design and production processes, based on the Process Protocol Model and principles, has improved communications, enabled increased design fixity and reduction of downtime caused by late deliveries of certain project activities and information. In addition the implementation issues involved in introducing such process mapping practices is examined and analysed in the case study project. }, author_keywords={Process Modelling, Design Management, Design Fixity, Production Modelling }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kestle2002, author={Kestle, Linda and London, Kerry }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Towards the Development of a Conceptual Design Management Model for Remote Sites}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/193}, affiliation={Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Architecture and Design.UNITEC, Auckland, Aotearoa, NZ ; Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Architecture and Design.UNITEC, Auckland, Aotearoa, NZ }, abstract={Remote and environmentally sensitive sites present unique challenges for participants involved in the design and construction process. Worldwide advances in information technology coupled with improved site accessibility and manageability has enabled the construction industry to undertake such projects with greater ease. Furthermore, research on information technology in construction has begun to focus our attentions on our increased ability to work virtually in distributed teams. These remote sites have a range of development potential as clients have varied interests including; tourism, scientific investigation and resource exploration and processing which impact upon the management of the design process. These sites pose unique challenges to the project teams and in particular for the management of project design. The conceptual design phase is often marked by an iterative and creative process, which tends to be a sociologically oriented world where designers respond to a range of functional, aesthetic, environmental and even spiritual concerns. Strategic decisions made during the briefing and conceptual design stage may impact upon construction logistics and sustainability. Detailed design for construction tends to be a production oriented world. There is a significant body of literature that addresses the application of lean thinking to improving the interface between detailed design and construction production. There is little literature that takes a holistic view of design management for remote sites. The lean design management field of research has much to contribute to the design management of these projects. The review of the literature indicated that much of the lean thinking has been primarily concerned with sequential production. However, lean thinking is based upon principles of flow and value, which is also conducive to the complex process involved in design management for remote sites. A conceptual model is developed that considers both the production and sociological approaches to design management, in response to the peculiar demands of the site and their project teams. }, author_keywords={Remote sites, design management, lean design, lean production, design sociology }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kim2002, author={Kim, Yong-Woo and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Case Study - Overhead Costs Analysis}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/194}, affiliation={Ph. D. Candidate at University of California at Berkeley, ywkim@uclink4.berkeley.edu ; Research Director at Lean Construction Institute (LCI) and Associate Adjunct Professor at University of California at Berkeley, gballard@leanconstruction.org }, abstract={Construction projects become complicated and fragmented so that many specialty contractors are involved. In such changed environments, a general contractor’s overhead costs are increasing comparable to direct costs. In addition to an increase of volume, activities consisting of overhead costs play an important role in coordinating different participants who include different specialty contractors and client. This paper reviews traditional overhead control and critiques problems thereof through literature review, interviews with professionals, and data collection. It proposes a new overhead cost control method, called profit-point analysis (PPA) applying activitybased costing (ABC). It is followed by a case study presented to exemplify the new method. }, author_keywords={Construction overhead costs, activity-based costing (ABC), profit point analysis (PPA), nurturing relationship }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela2002, author={Koskela, Lauri and Howell, Greg }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={The Theory of Project Management: Explanation to Novel Methods}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/195}, affiliation={Senior Researcher, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O.Box 1800, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland, Phone +358 9 4564556, Fax +358 9 4566251, E-mail lauri.koskela@vtt.fi ; Director, Lean Construction Institute. Box 1003, Ketchum, Id. 83340, U.S.A., Phone 208/726-9989, Fax 707/248-1369, e-mail ghowell@leanconstruction.org }, abstract={In a series of prior papers, the authors have explored the theoretical foundation of project management. In this paper, this theoretical foundation is consolidated and used for explaining the novel features of two project management methods, which radically deviate from the conventional doctrine of project management: Last Planner and Scrum. Both methods have emerged since mid-nineties as practical responses to the failure of conventional project management methods, Scrum in the field of software projects, Last Planner in the field of construction projects. It is shown that both methods reject the underlying theoretical foundation of conventional project management and instead subscribe, implicitly or explicitly, to alternative theories, which better match the situation in question. }, author_keywords={Project management, lean construction, agile programming, theory }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Marosszeky2002, author={Marosszeky, Marton and Thomas, R. and Karim, Khalid and Davis, S. and McGeorge, D. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Quality Management Tools for Lean Production - Moving From Enforcement to Empowerment}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/196}, affiliation={Associate professor, Building R9,Randwick Campus Australian Centre for Construction Innovation, The University of New South Wales Sydney 2052, Australia Tel +61 (2) 9385 4830, E-mail m.marosszeky@unsw.edu.au ; ; Deputy Director of Australian Centre for Construction Innovation, Building R9, Randwick Campus Australian Centre for Construction Innovation, The University of New South Wales Sydney 2052, Australia Tel +61 (2) 9385 4830, E-mail k.karim@unsw.edu.au ; Lecturer, Department of Aviation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. Tel +61 (2) 9385 6767 ; Professor of The Built Environment, Faculty of the Built Environment, The University of New South Wales UNSW Sydney NSW 2052, Australia, Tel +61 (2) 9385 4787, E-mail: d.mcgeorge@unsw.edu.au }, abstract={The recent, worldwide, push for improved construction quality has led to the attempted implementation of ISO9000 in many countries. This has resulted in the application of a bureaucratic management model to both design and construction processes. However, as the principals’ and head contractors’ motivation to use these bureaucratic management models was contractual risk shedding rather than the desire to control the process, in most instances, the resulting quality systems tend to be abstract and have scant relevance to the actual construction process on site. In this paper the shortcomings of current quality management approaches are discussed, suggestions for a new conceptual framework are made and management tools developed from a process control perspective are presented. This new framework combines the logic of Last Planner™ for creating reliable processes through careful planning with a PLAN-DO-CHECK loop that brings quality assessment and improvement into the weekly planning and review cycle. It also embraces lean philosophies with regard to quality control and worker empowerment. }, author_keywords={Quality management, production control, managerial tools }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mawdesley2002, author={Mawdesley, M.J. and Long, G. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Prefabrication for Lean Building Services Distribution}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/197}, affiliation={Dr, School of Civil Engineering, University of Nottingham UK ; Mr, School of Civil Engineering, University of Nottingham UK }, abstract={This paper is concerned with the use of prefabrication for the distribution of building services (HVAC), concentrating mainly on the construction of office facilities. This is a good example of an application of lean construction methods. It assures reliable workflow and predictability in the project, it minimises waste and increases performance; it enables concurrent engineering to occur and delivers value throughout the project’s life. An analysis of the use of off-site fabricated building services as a method of lean construction is given with reference to features of its use such as design freezes, Just-in-Time (JIT) deliveries and predictable processes. However, it requires different procurement processes to be totally effective. The paper compares two procurement routes both theoretically and by the use of two real examples of construction projects. It illustrates some potential problems and shows that the solutions lie not in the technical aspects but in better communication and planning throughout the life of the project. }, author_keywords={Prefabrication, Building Services, Lean Construction, Procurement }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mesquita2002, author={Mesquita, Maria Julia M. and Fabricio, Marcio M. and Melhado, Silvio B. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={E Concurrent Engineering in Construction - Studies of Brief-Design Integration}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/198}, affiliation={Architect, M.Sc., Dr. candidate, Civil Construction Engineering Department, Polytechnic School, University of Sao Paulo. Researcher. Av Prof Almeida Prado, travessa 2, 83, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508- 900, Brasil, phone +55.11/3091-5422, fax +55 11/3091-5544, julia.mesquita@poli.usp.br ; Civil Eng., M.Sc., Dr. candidate, Civil Construction Engineering Department, Polytechnic School, University of Sao Paulo; Professor in Architecture Department, Engineering School of São Carlos – University of São Paulo. Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, n. 400, 13566-590, São Carlos, Brasil. phone +55 16/273-9308, fax +55.16/2739294 marcio@sc.usp.br ; Ph.D. Professor, Civ il Construction Engineering Department, Polytechnic School, University of Sao Paulo. Av Prof Almeida Prado, travessa 2, 83, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil, phone +55 11/3091- 5164, fax +55.11/3091-5715, silvio.melhado@poli.usp.br }, abstract={The design process is influenced by the estate developers and programmers of the construction projects, which are co-responsible for the briefing and for designers selection. The design, in turn, has the mission of transforming the brief into design specifications and defining products (buildings) and its production process. Often, both of these moments of a new project involve interactions between developers and designers, with consequent redefinition into the brief and the design. So, the proposed quality and design development depends on the interface between brief developing and product detailing, as well as cooperation and communication among involved players. This paper, through bibliographical and local studies characterizes the interface between briefing and design; analyses the main deficiencies and show solutions for optimise relationship between players and the management of the design process. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Project planning, Design Management, Concurrent Design. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Neto2002, author={Neto, Jose de Paula Barros }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={The Relantionship Between Strategy and Lean Construction}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/199}, affiliation={Civil Engineer; Doctor in Administration; Professor at Federal University of Ceará; Address: R. Coronel Jucá, 1612/401 Fortaleza/CE – Brazil - CEP: 60.170-320; E-mail: jpbarros@ufc.br }, abstract={Lean construction is a philosophy that has been implemented in building firms around the world, in last years. But it is important to answer some questions: Will this implementation be the better alternative to these firms, in this moment? Will it be the best way to implement the principles of lean construction? Will the implementation of lean construction help firms to improve their competitiveness and success? What is the relationship between market and lean construction? Helping answering these questions is the aim of this paper, since it is necessary to introduce strategic aspects in the discussions about lean construction because firms are not isolated in the market. They have customers, labor force, competitors and other stakeholders that influence the performance of the organizations and consequently in the introduction of lean construction. This paper is a theoretical proposal that intend to show the importance of linkage between the implementation of lean construction and market aspects and, consequently, to stimulate and to facilitate the introduction of these principles in building firms. }, author_keywords={Strategic planning; Lean construction; Small firms. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{O'Brien2002, author={O'Brien, William J. and London, Kerry and Vrijhoef, Ruben }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Construction Supply Chain Modeling - A Research Review and Interdisciplinary Research Agenda}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/200}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, M.E. Rinker, Sr. School of Building Construction, University of Florida, 101 FAC /PO Box 115703, Gainesville, FL, 32611-5703, USA, Tel +1 352 392 7519, E-mail wjob@ufl.edu ; Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Architecture, School of Construction, UNITEC, New Zealand, Tel +64 9 815 4321 7270, E-mail klondon@unitec.ac.nz ; PhD Researcher, Department of Project Management and Real Estate, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5043, NL-2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands, Tel +31 15 2783049, Fax +31 15 2783171, E-mail r.vrijhoef@bk.tudelft.nl }, abstract={Supply chain management has emerged as a popular and useful concept in the construction industry and research community since the mid 1990s. Research in construction supply chain management draws from a broad range of disciplines, notably: (1) industrial organization economics to better understand market structure and forces and their effect on firm and supply chain behavior and (2) Analytic modeling of supply chains to improve supply chain performance along metrics such as speed, cost, reliability, quality, etc. Both industrial organization and analytic modeling provide useful but ultimately incomplete perspectives and prescriptions for construction supply chain management. As such, this paper proposes development of an interdisciplinary research agenda that draws from both fields. Towards that agenda, a review of research is presented to introduce the main ideas, relevant literature, and theory and methods in each of the two areas. From these independent reviews, applications that could benefit from a combined perspective are identified and used as a basis for development of an interdisciplinary research agenda. }, author_keywords={Construction supply chain management, research agenda, industrial organization economics, transaction costs analytical modeling }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pasquire2002, author={Pasquire, Christine L. and Connolly, Gary E. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Leaner Construction Through Off-Site Manufacturing}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/201}, affiliation={Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Leics, UK, c.l.pasquire@lboro.ac.uk ; Director; Manufacturing Centre; Crown House Engineering, Ettingshall, Wolverhampton UK, GConnolly@carrillionplc.com }, abstract={This paper describes the improvements realised through the application of lean production methods in the off-site manufacturing of integrated mechanical services modules and proposes off-site manufacturing as a step forward in the integration of lean theory into construction. Using the manufacturing case study as a model the techniques implemented and the lessons learned are described and the significant components of process improvement identified. The paper highlights some of the principal failures in current construction practice and argues these form major constraints in the drive for lean project delivery. The final portion of the paper links lean enterprise with lean construction and argues that the definition and realisation of benefit is the only driver for change. }, author_keywords={Pre-assembly, off-site manufacturing, benefit, business improvement, kaizen, lean production. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Picard2002, author={Picard, Hans E. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Construction Process Measurement and Improvement}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/202}, affiliation={President, P+A Innovators, Corp., Construction Management Consultants, Cincinnati, Ohio, e-mail: h..picard@wordnet.att.net }, abstract={Production management is an integral part of the industrial construction process. The process lends itself to measurement by means of statistical tools – to help control the process. Reducing the variation or variability in a process is considered a sign of improved quality of the construction process. To quantify variability and distinguish the “vital few, trivial many” causes, control charts are used, that are constantly updated and communicated for timely feedback on process performance. Site-level experience on hundreds of projects suggests key construction performance measures include the variability and mean (average) percentage level of value-adding, productive work activity. The purpose of this paper is to submit that process metrics provides useful insight for constructing ‘lean,’ i.e., producing value efficiently. Measurement of the construction process involves statistical monitoring and analysis of value- and non-value-added work activities during project execution, using cost-effective random sampling of work activity combined with observation of the workflow. Effective application of the technique of work process measurement and continuous improvement includes elimination of non-value-added activity and waste, and ‘just-intime’ manpower scheduling. Using the correct approach and the proper mindset, work process improvement is saving a major U.S. utility significant contractor labor cost on construction, plant overhaul and modification projects. Construction process sampling is a useful ‘diagnostic’ tool for understanding right action by management, supervision and workers alike – to optimize the work environment and create customer value at all times. Experience demonstrates that the quality of the tactical implementation of sampling is as important as the quality of the strategic planning of its use to transform the construction industry. }, author_keywords={Construction process variability, construction process work sampling, construction process benchmarking, construction process improvement, construction productivity. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rossetto2002, author={Rossetto, Carlos Ricardo and Rossetto, Adriana M. and Mello, Rodrigo B. de }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={The Influence of Revolutionary and Evolutionary Strategic Changes According to Tushman and Romanellis Model in the Construction Sector}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/203}, affiliation={Doctor in Production Engineering. Professor at the University of Vale do Itajaí (SC) and Associate Professor for Postgraduate Programs in Production Engineering and Management at the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil. E-mail: rossetto@upf.tche.br ; Master in Civil Engeneering. Doctoral candidate in Production Engineering at the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Professor at the University of Passo Fundo (RS), Civil Engineering Department. E-mail: arossetto@upf.tche.br ; Doctor in Production Engineering. Professor at the University of Vale do Itajaí (SC), Brazil. E-mail: rmello@big.univali.br }, abstract={The objective of this paper is to discuss strategic changes in construction companies according to the model of Tushman and Romanelli (1985). A multi-case study was developed, in which it could be observed that most of the time, the process is incremental, punctuated by revolutionary changes, caused mainly by the federal government's economic plans. Based on the history of the companies, and on a number of critical events the strategic periods of each company was described, using both Miles and Huberman’s (1984) and also Mintzberg and McHugh’s (1985) throug methodologies. This aim of this research study was to explain how companies in the Building Industry formulate their strategies. }, author_keywords={Construction Sector, Strategic Changes, Qualitative Method }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rossetto2002, author={Rossetto, Carlos Ricardo and Salvador, Edson and Mello, Rodrigo B. de }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={The Strategic Adaptation in the Construction Industry - A Case Study in the Town of Passo Fundo}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/204}, affiliation={Doctor in Production Engeneering. Professor at the University of Vale do Itajaí (SC) and Associate Professor for Postgraduate Programs in Production Engeneering and Management at the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil. e-mail: rossetto@big.univali.br ; Master in Administration. Professor at the University of Passo Fundo (RS), Departament of Economics and Management. Phone +55 54 3131988/99811988; salvador@upf.tche.br ; Doctor in Production Engeneering. Professor at the University of Vale do Itajaí (SC), Brazil. E-mail: rmello@big.univali.br }, abstract={Through a case study this paper describes how a company from the Building Industry, located in Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil, strategically adapted the perception of its dominant coalition. The study was developed through a qualitative research, using Pettigrew’s (1987) methodology and the three strategic dimensions: context, content and process. Besides the qualitative character (Trivinõs 1992) and the contextual analysis (Pettigrew 1987), the longitudinal and historical vision were also used (Kimberly 1976; Salama 1992). Due to the methodology adopted, our concern was not to generalize, in a statistical sense, the results of this study. What we aimed at was to present elements to aid in the explanation of the strategic adaptation process of the analyzed organization. }, author_keywords={Strategic Adaptation. Civil Construction. Strategic Change }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Saffaro2002, author={Saffaro, Fernanda Aranha and Paula, Edi Carlos Pires de }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Formulating the Work Flow Plan for Horizontal Projects - Case Study}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, pages={513-526}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/205}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Construction Department, University Campus – Rodovia Celso Gracia Cid (PR 445), Km 380, State University of Londrina, Londrina-PR, CEP 86051-990, Brazil, 43 371-4455, FAX 43 371-4082, saffaro@uel.br ; Under graduate student, University campus – Rodovia Celso Gracia Cid (PR 445), Km 380, State University of Londrina, Londrina-PR, CEP 86051-990, Brazil, 43 371-4455, FAX 43 371-4082, edicarlos@uel.br }, abstract={Recently much research has been done in the field of Production Management, focusing on the concepts and principles of Lean Construction. Regarding the topic Production Planning, some contributions are extremely important as they aim to protect production from uncertainty and also to fight variability through a new insight into the productive process. However, in the first stage of preparation of the planning process, where the formulation of the work flow plan (object of this study) takes place, there is still insufficient research, in spite of the importance of this issue for the definition of the physical flows in the building site. Regarding this issue, a case study was developed in a small construction company, aiming to clarify what the scope of a program which formulates the work flow plan would be, and also to explain how this stage of the planning process can be appended to the Production Planning and Control Model proposed by NORIE (Post-Graduation Program on Civil Engineering - Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul). }, author_keywords={Lean construction, work flow, physical flows, production planning and control, strategic plan. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sakamoto2002, author={Sakamoto, Masanobu and Horman, Michael J. and Thomas, H. Randolph }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={A Study of the Relationship Between Buffers and Performance in Construction}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/206}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Depart. Civil & Envir. Engrg., Penn. State Univ., 104 Transportation Research Building, University Park, PA 16802, 814-863-1910 FAX 814-865-3039, mus107@engr.psu.edu ; Assistant Professor, Depart. Archi. Engrg., Penn. State Univ., 211 Engrg. Unit A, University Park, PA 16802, 814-863-2080 FAX 814-865-4789, mjhorman@engr.psu.edu ; Professor, Depart. Civil & Envir. Engrg., Penn. State Univ., 203 Transportation Research Building, University Park, PA 16802, 814-863-1901 FAX 814-865-3039, hrt1@engr.psu.edu }, abstract={Lean proponents argue that we should eliminate buffers because they are wasteful, impede workflow, and hinder performance. Yet, there is some work in (lean) construction that calls this into question. Buffers have been commonly used to shield production by absorbing the impact of uncertainties and variability that would normally disrupt production. Buffers can take many forms including materials (inventory), W.I.P. (work-in-procress, subassemblies, stock, safety stock), deliberate and unintentional delays (time buffers, lags, pacing mechanisms), and excesses of labor and equipment capacity (capacity buffers). To lean producers, these items slow production, obscure and worsen quality problems, and burden management with unnecessary activity. However, in construction, where conditions are often uncertain and variable, lean constructors have suggested that buffers be sized and located according to the conditions. This paper analyzes the relationship between buffers and performance in construction with data collected from three commercial projects to see how buffers influence performance. The size of the buffer between rebar fabrication and installation in the construction of a structural system is compared to the labor performance of the crew. The results show that some buffer is needed between steps in order to achieve best performance in the construction operations studied. }, author_keywords={Buffers, lean construction. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Santos2002, author={Santos, A. dos and Moser, L. and Tookey, J.E. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Applying the Concept of Mobile Cell Manufacturing on the Drywall Process}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/207}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, MSc., PhD, Address: Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, C.P. 19011, CEP: 81531-990 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil E-mail: asantos@cesec.ufpr.br Homepage: http://www.cesec.ufpr.br/~asantos ; Civil Engineer, MSc. candidate, Address: PPGEC, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, C.P. 19011, CEP: 81531-990 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil E-mail: moser@cesec.ufpr.br ; Industrial Engineer, BSc, PhD. Address: School of the Built and Natural Environment, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow, G4 0BA, United Kingdom. Email: jet@gcal.ac.uk }, abstract={This paper presents the results of an exploratory study investigating the application of the “mobile cell manufacturing” concept within the construction environment. The investigation was carried out using a case study research method and focused on the drywall process. The initial phase of the project involved a diagnosis of drywall practices in a medium sized company. That diagnosis pointed out a number of problems such as equipment improvisation, poor workflow planning and the absence of adequate drywall design plans. In order to tackle these problems simultaneously we experiment with the idea of “cell manufacturing” in one case study. Using Hyer and Brown (1999)´s list of cell manufacturing enablers we conclude that our cell got to the stage of a “latent physical cell” because it was characterised by spatial proximity, but with deficiencies in time and information linkages. The study indicates that the concept of “mobile cells” is feasible in construction and deserves further research and dissemination in industry as it enables (and requires) a simultaneous integration of all lean construction ideas within a single environment. Future studies on this topic need to start right from the beginning of the construction project in order to prepare the site for the new production dynamics required by “mobile cells”. }, author_keywords={Drywall, mobile cell, cell manufacturing, innovation }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Saurin2002, author={Saurin, Tarcisio A. and Formoso, Carlos T. and Guimaraes, Lia B.M. and Soares, Aelandre C. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Safety and Production - An Integrated Planning and Control Model}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/208}, affiliation={M.Sc., Assistant Professor at the University of Caxias do Sul (UCS) and Ph.D. candidate at LOPP/UFRGS (Product and Process Optimization Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul). Praça Argentina nº 9, 3º andar - sala LOPP. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. CEP 90040-020. E-mail: saurin@vortex.ufrgs.br ; Ph.D., Associate Professor, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, PPGEC – Postgraduate Program in Civil Engineering, Av. Osvaldo Aranha, nº 99, 3º andar, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil, CEP 90035- 190, formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br ; Ph.D., C.P.E. Associate Professor at LOPP/UFRGS (Product and Process Optimization Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul). Praça Argentina nº 9, 3º andar - sala LOPP. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. CEP 90040-020. E-mail: liabmg@ppgep.ufrgs.br ; M.Sc. candidate at NORIE/UFRGS, Quality manager at BSF Engenharia. E-mail: qualidade@bsfeng.com.br }, abstract={This paper presents a safety planning and control model (SPC) that has been integrated to the production planning and control process. The model integrates safety into three hierarchical levels of production control. Safety long-term planning starts with the preliminary hazard analysis (PHA) of construction processes. These plans are detailed and updated at both medium-term and short-term planning levels. The main performance measure adopted for safety evaluation at the short-term level is the Percentage of Safe Work Packages (PSW), which monitors the degree in which work packages are safely carried out. The model also proposes a participatory mechanism that allows workers to point out existing risks as well as to evaluate risk controls. This paper discusses an empirical study in which the model was implemented in the refurbishment of an industrial building. }, author_keywords={Safety, production planning and control, operations management, performance measurement. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Shimizu2002, author={Shimizu, Julio Y. and Cardoso, Francisco F. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Subcontracting and Cooperation Network in Building Construction - A Literature Review}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/209}, affiliation={M.Sc. Student, Civil Construction Engineering Department, Escola Politecnica, University of Sao Paulo. CNPq grants. Av Prof Almeida Prado, travessa 2, 83, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil, phone +55 11/3091-5422, fax +55 11/3091-5544, julio.shimizu@poli.usp.br ; Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Civil Construction Engineering Department, Escola Politecnica, University of Sao Paulo. Av Prof Almeida Prado, travessa 2, 83, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil, phone +55 11/3091-5469, fax +55 11/3091-5715, francisco.cardoso@poli.usp.br }, abstract={Owing to recent structural transformations in the construction sector in many countries like Brazil, production is much more subcontracted nowadays than in the past. Consequently, supply chain management became more important, including the management of subcontractors. Cooperation networks appear to be an advantageous way of supply chain organization, which is beneficial to subcontractors and building firms. Cooperation networks are consequences of strategic alliances between some agents of the supply chain. Such firms, organized together, cooperate, reaching better results than they would obtain individually. With the main focus on subcontractors and building constructors, this paper, based on a literature review, seeks to deal with the decision of make or buy (subcontracting) and to analyze its importance in the formation and development of cooperation networks in building construction. Brazilian current management practices that happen in constructor firm-subcontractor relationship are described, as well as a parallel with the case of Great Britain. About stimulating cooperation networks in the sector, some actions are also quoted. It can be said that supply chain integration in a cooperation network through strategic partnering is a key success factor for increasing competitive advantages in the sector. }, author_keywords={Supply chain management, subcontractor, cooperation network, lean construction, building construction. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Soares2002, author={Soares, Alexandre C. and Bernardes, Mauricio M.S. and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Improving the Production Planning and Control System in a Building Company - Contributions After Stabilization}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/210}, affiliation={M.Sc. candidate (Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul), Planning and Control Coordinator, BSF Engenharia Ltda, Rua Portugal, 776, Higienópolis, Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil, CEP 90520-310, e-mail: alexandre.soares@bsfeng.com.br ; Associate Professor, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Architecture, Rua Sarmento Leite, nº 320, sala 504, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil, CEP 90050-010, bernarde@vortex.ufrgs.br ; Associate Professor, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Av. Osvaldo Aranha, nº 99, 3º andar, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil, CEP 90035-190, formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br }, abstract={Several papers have discussed the importance of the Last Planner Method as a means of stabilizing the production process in building sites. After process stabilization, however, a continuous effort is necessary in order to maintain and perfect the positive results obtained from the implementation of production planning and control systems. This article presents the preliminary results from an ongoing research project undertaken in a construction company from the South of Brazil. The main objective of this investigation is to propose guidelines to maintain and improve production planning and control systems after process stabilization. A series of fifteen projects were studied, aiming to identify the main barriers and also factors that contribute to the success of planning and control systems in the long term. The main sources of evidence used were the PPC (Percentage of Plans Completed) indicator, causes of the non-completion of work packages and interviews with company directors, clients and site engineers. One of the major factors that contributed to the success of planning and control system was the realization of weekly meetings focussed on learning rather than problem solving. This meeting involves company directors, a planning and control coordinator, and all site engineers. The results achieved in different sites are periodically disseminated throughout the company, pointing out the main barriers for implementation. Also, a strong emphasis is given in those meetings to the discussion of the Last Planner Method underlying ideas. }, author_keywords={Production Planning and Control, Planning system, Last Planner Method, Learning, Implementation. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sriprasert2002, author={Sriprasert, Eknarin and Danwood, Nashwan }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Ext Generation of Construction Planning and Control System - the Lewis Approach}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/211}, affiliation={PhD Student, Centre for Construction Innovation Research, School of Science and Technology, University of Teesside, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BA, UK, 44-01642/218-121 ext. 3402, FAX 44- 01642/342401, s-e.sriprasert@tees.ac.uk ; Professor, Centre for Construction Innovation Research, School of Science and Technology, University of Teesside, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BA, UK, 44-01642/342-405, FAX 44-01642/342401, n.n.dawood@tees.ac.uk }, abstract={The traditional construction planning and control system, as described in the Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge published by the Project Management Institute, has been criticized in terms of insufficiency of its underlying theories and ineffectiveness of its techniques. Based on this traditional approach, major problems including separation of execution from planning and after-the-fact variance detection are typically acknowledged. It is evident that the current practices are still suffering from low productivity and high production waste. To address these deficiencies, this paper proposes a vision for the next generation of construction planning and control as multi-constraints, visual, and lean-based system. An implementation of this vision has resulted in a prototype called “LEWIS – Lean Enterprise Web-based Information System for Construction”. An elaboration on the system framework and an underpinning methodology to integrate information and constraint management with 4D planning and control system is the focus of this paper. It is anticipated that successful implementation of this system will enable generation of reliable plans and constraint-free assignments to the work face, which in turn, reduce production wastes and improve on-site productivity. }, author_keywords={Constraint management, information system, lean construction, planning and control, 4D visualization }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Taylor2002, author={Taylor, John and Bjornsson, Hans }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Identification and Classification of Value Drivers for a New Production Homebuilding Supply Chain}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/212}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Center for Integrated Facilities Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4020. ; Director, Center for Integrated Facilities Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305- 4020. }, abstract={The United States homebuilding industry experienced significant consolidation over the past ten years. The largest builders in the industry grew from building around 7,500 homes per year to over 30,000 homes per year. The supply chains for homebuilding were not designed to facilitate this level of mass production of homes. To achieve economies of scale in the Denver production homebuilding market, recent process improvements have been made by USBuild Corporation, a new player in the supply chain. These improvements have focused on using the Internet, a proprietary information system, and a new distribution channel to integrate information and material flows. The resulting opportunities for value creation in USBuild’s “e-chain” supply chain during the first six months of operation in 2001 were significant. This paper identifies the value drivers in the case of USBuild’s supply chain intermediation in the Denver market. Further, the value drivers are classified using an established framework for how Internet-enabled information technologies are impacting the extended supply chain. }, author_keywords={Supply chain management, Internet, information technology, production homebuilding. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Thomas2002, author={Thomas, R. and Marosszeky, Marton and Karim, Khalid and Davis, S. and McGeorge, D. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={The Importance of Project Culture in Achieving Quality Outcomes in Construction}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/213}, affiliation={Associate professor, Building R9,Randwick Campus Australian Centre for Construction Innovation, The University of New South Wales Sydney 2052, Australia Tel +61 (2) 9385 4830, E-mail m.marosszeky@unsw.edu.au ; Deputy Director of Australian Centre for Construction Innovation, Building R9, Randwick Campus Australian Centre for Construction Innovation, The University of New South Wales Sydney 2052, Australia Tel +61 (2) 9385 4830, E-mail k.karim@unsw.edu.au ; Lecturer, Department of Aviation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. Tel +61 (2) 9385 6767 ; Professor of The Built Environment, Faculty of the Built Environment, The University of New South Wales UNSW Sydney NSW 2052, Australia, Tel +61 (2) 9385 4787, E-mail: d.mcgeorge@unsw.edu.au }, abstract={This paper presents a review of developments that have led to current construction quality management philosophies. The primary factors responsible for the relatively poor quality outcomes currently achieved by the sector are reviewed and the influences of bureaucratic and hierarchical management systems are considered. It is posited that, in general, the typical approach to procurement by the principal and head contractor is motivated more by risk shedding than by a desire to improve the control of the process. Furthermore, arguments are drawn from the literature to show that a productive culture and teamwork within the supply chain are essential for the achievement of planned quality outcomes. A study of the relationship between project cultures as assessed by Quinn’s Competing Values Framework and the quality of outcomes on thirteen construction sites is presented. Clan type cultures were found to correlate with improved quality outcomes, whereas market cultures, more common on construction projects, were found to correlate with weaker quality outcomes. }, author_keywords={Quality management, project culture, teamwork }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tsao2002, author={Tsao, Cynthia C.Y. and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Comparing and Implementing Alternative Work Structures - Installation of Door Frames}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/214}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Mobile: 510/593-4884, FAX: 510/643-8919, ccytsao@alum.calberkeley.org ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, 510/643-8678, FAX: 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={For each new project, supply chain participants (SCPs) must decide whether to adopt a ‘tried and true’ past work structure or an alternative that involves designing and building perhaps using an unfamiliar approach. Significant risks but also rewards may be associated with using different work structures. Conservative SCPs therefore favor work structures that involve no change or only incremental change, as opposed to radical change. Often, a project’s tight budget and schedule induce SCPs to use only the ‘tried and true’ because the corresponding processes and outcomes are predictable. In addition, directions given to SCPs instruct them to design and build projects in a certain way, so it is difficult to consider building projects any differently, especially if the current method works. If one SCP sees an opportunity for improvement with an alternative work structure, others remain to be convinced that it is an opportunity before they will help obtain approvals and manage implementation. This paper describes such a case. It presents ways to characterize and compare work structure alternatives. SCPs might use similar comparisons to guide their selection of work structures on future projects. }, author_keywords={Work structuring, process design, product design, supply chain management, door frame installation, precast concrete wall installation, caulking, grouting, design build, project management, change management, first-run study }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tzortzopoulos2002, author={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Betts, Martin and Cooper, Rachel }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Product Development Process Implementation - Exploratory Case Studies in Construction and Manufacturing}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/215}, affiliation={M.Sc., Ph.D. student, School of Construction and Property Management, University of Salford, Bridgewater Building, Salford, Greater Manchester, M7 9NU, UK, Tel:+ 44 (0161) 2954284 FAX + 44 (0161) 2955011, e-mail: p.tzortzopoulos@pgr.salford.ac.uk ; BSc, Ph.D., FCIOB, FRSA, Head of School of Construction and Property Management, University of Salford, Bridgewater Building, Salford, Greater Manchester, M7 9NU, UK, FAX + 44 (0161) 2955011, e-mail: m.betts@salford.ac.uk ; Ph.D., Research Centre for Design, University of Salford, Centenary Building, Peru Street, Salford, Greater Manchester, M3 6 EQ, UK, Tel: +44 (0161) 295 6146, e-mail: r.cooper@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={The problems of construction are well known (Egan et al., 1998). The increasing complexity of modern buildings, rising pressures for reducing process lead-time and costs, and the growing necessity of fulfilling client requirements lead to an everincreasing importance of product development processes (PDP). The construction industry has been trying to improve its processes for many years. This led to the development of a number of process models, which are important management tools for understanding how value is delivered to customers (Winch and Carr, 2001) and to suggest improvements. Unfortunately, the implementation of these models in practice is very slow and until now there are no measurable and demonstrable improvements resulting from these process models. Thus, there is a need of a better understanding of the issues involved in implementing product development processes. The aim of this paper is to explore the implementation of process models within construction and manufacturing companies. It presents the results of exploratory case studies, which are part of an ongoing PhD research. The main results describe that there is clarity of the importance and methods used to develop process models, but little information is available either in the literature or within companies on how processes can be implemented. Furthermore, people issues are pointed out as the main barriers to implementation. }, author_keywords={New product development, process, implementation. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Vaidyanathan2002, author={Vaidyanathan, Kalyan }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Case Study in Application of Project Scheduling System for Construction Supply Chain Management}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/216}, affiliation={Senior Product Manager, i2 Technologies, 5 Cambridge Center, Cambridge MA 02142, 617/551/-2780, FAX 617/761-2974, kalyan@i2.com }, abstract={The AEC industry traditionally operates on trust based relationships formed on a project-byproject basis. Inefficiencies in the AEC industry lead to unreliable project due dates, inability to meet project budgets, and low customer satisfaction levels. In some cases, businesses involved in the AEC industry have capitalized on ill-defined information to increase margins. The paper will discuss these issues in the context of a case study of a large retailer involved in the house reconstruction market. The retailer is attempting to change its business process, manage their supply chain, and manage their orders that have products and services as projects. The paper will describe the difficulties involved in changing the business process and data collection and provide insight into issues involved in implementing the objectives of the retailer. It can be proven that by a fundamental change in the business process, if all the people involved in the project to openly share information, the inefficiencies in the project can be substantially reduced, if not eliminated. This can lead to on-time intelligent procurement of materials, better on-site coordination of labor and material, an overall increased utilization of labor, and ultimately to reduced project delivery time. But in order to realize this objective, businesses must be willing to share proprietary enterprise data, disparate legacy systems have to be integrated to exchange information in a consistent format, and data essential to the new business model needs to be collected. Finally, the savings realized through such streamlining has to be shared among all parties to be fair. }, author_keywords={Supply chain, collaboration, communication, retail, data collection, information flow, information sharing, business process re-engineering }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Vrijhoef2002, author={Vrijhoef, Ruben and Cuperus, Ype and Voordijk, Hans }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Exploring the Connection Between Open Building and Lean Construction - Defining a Postponement Strategy for Supply Chain Management}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/217}, affiliation={PhD Researcher, Department of Project Management and Real Estate, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5043, NL-2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands, Phone +31 15 2783049, Fax +31 15 2783171, E-mail r.vrijhoef@bk.tudelft.nl ; Director, OBOM Research Group, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, De Vries van Heystplantsoen 2, NL-2628 RZ Delft, The Netherlands, Phone +31 15 2785400, Fax +31 15 2788295, E-mail y.j.cuperus@bk.tudelft.nl ; Associate Professor, University of Twente, Faculty of Technology and Management, Dept. of Construction Process Management, P.O. Box 217, NL-7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands, Phone +31 53 4894214, Fax +31 53 4892511, E-mail h.voordijk@sms.utwente.nl }, abstract={Open Building has been known as a building concept characterized by an explicit customer focus, modular pre-engineered product system, and a sequential process structure. Open Building advocates a concept of modularity, which includes the separation of different levels of decision-making, and the decoupling of building parts within a modular system. The process of Open Building is characterized by a systematic and interconnected sequence from interactive client specification of the built object, through components manufacturing, to site assembly, supported by a uniform product and information management system. In essence Open Building applies lean manufacturing concepts and techniques to the delivery of a building. Therefore, the characteristics of Open Building and Lean Construction are being compared on a number of basic aspects, including order fulfillment, components manufacturing, materials distribution and assembly, in order to find similarities and differences, and to explore the connection between the two concepts. The connection between Open Building and Lean Construction is found in the similarities of the way the supply chain is organized and managed. By its specific product and process co-ordination, Open Building implicitly prescribes a specific organization of the supply chain. This is characterized as a postponement strategy for supply chain management, by its delayed differentiation strategy. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Open Building, supply chain management, postponement strategy, delayed differentiation strategy. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Whelton2002, author={Whelton, Michael and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Project Definition and Wicked Problems}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, pages={375-387}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/218}, affiliation={Ph.D. Student, Construction Engineering & Management Program, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, USA, whelton@ce.berkeley.e ; Adjunct Associate Professor, Construction Engineering & Management Program, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, USA, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={It is now almost 30 years since Horst Rittel coined the term “wicked” for ill-defined problem sets which are too complex to be solved by rational systematic processes. To what extent today’s industry practice has adequately come to terms with such problems still remains open to discussion. This paper is concerned with team decision making during project definition, understood as the phase in which the design task is defined and its constraints are established sufficiently to launch design development. The concept of wicked problems is applied in an effort to improve project definition processes. Based on collaborative argumentation and reflection processes, a project learning model is proposed to better manage the resolution of wicked problems in project definition. Particular emphasis is placed on considering project definition as an adaptive process that incorporates project change through the co-evolution of problem formulation and solution generation. }, author_keywords={Design management, organizational learning, project definition, stakeholder complexity, wicked problems. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Yang2002, author={Yang, I-Tung }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Stochastic Analysis on Project Duration Under the Requirement of Continuous Resource Utilization}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/219}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Engineering, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taiwan, 886/4/23323000 Ext. 4590, ityang@mail.cyut.edu.tw }, abstract={In repetitive construction projects (e.g., multistory buildings, pipelines, and highways), resources (labor and equipment) perform work and move from one repetitive unit to the next. The Repetitive Scheduling Method (RSM) has been proposed to ensure the continuous utilization of resources from unit to unit, which meets the goal of eliminating waste (i.e., unproductive idleness between units) in Lean Construction. This paper demonstrates possible cost-saving benefits associated with continuous resource utilization. Having resources work continuously, however, may require postponements on the start time of resources in certain units. The resulting RSM schedule possesses fewer floats than the early schedule in the Critical Path Method (CPM). The impact of continuous resource utilization on floats is illustrated through an example six-unit project. Since floats can be used to accommodate uncertainty of production rates during planning and variability during execution, fewer floats (buffers) in the planning phase may more likely lead to a longer project duration in the execution phase. A probabilistic model is simulated to compare the impact of the RSM and CPM schedules on the project duration. }, author_keywords={Repetitive scheduling, continuous resource utilization, float management, simulation }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, }