TY  - CONF
TI  - Direct Work Observations for Workflow Improvement and ISO 18404 Competency Development
C1  - Osaka and Kyoto, Japan
C3  - Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 33)
SP  - 1573
EP  - 1584
PY  - 2025
DO  - 10.24928/2025/0219
AU  - Al Hour, Nour 
AU  - Ebbs, Paul
AU  - Manu, Emmanuel
AD  - Associate, Transport & Infrastructure (T & I), Roads, WSP in the UK, nour.alhour@wsp.com, orcid.org/0009-0003-5630-1726
AD  - Technical Director, T & I, Roads, WSP in the UK, paul.ebbs@wsp.com, orcid.org/0009-0003-5630-1726  
AD  - Associate Professor, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University, UK, emmanuel.manu@ntu.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-9002-3681
ED  - Seppänen, Olli 
ED  - Koskela, Lauri 
ED  - Murata , Koichi 
AB  - Direct Work Observation (DWO) is a fundamental Lean technique used to interact with site teams and observe critical activities to improve processes. The process of DWO includes planning the study, observing processes, collecting data, interacting with site teams and identifying areas for improvement. DWO are also reported as first run studies and time & motion studies, however, their use aligned with ISO 18404 competency development is unexplored. By sharing how DWOs were conducted, and the approach taken, this paper explores the dual role of DWOs to improve workflow and support Lean professionals in achieving ISO 18404 certification. Out of 25 DWOs conducted across a UK highway alliance, three DWOs are explored in this paper because they involved ISO 18404 candidates who were seeking to develop their portfolio of evidence whilst improving workflow. Insights from interviews with ISO 18404 candidates reveal that DWOs contribute significantly to both ISO 18404 hard and soft skill development, aligning with the framework’s requirements. Some challenges were also identified, such as lack of make-ready that contributed to waste and inefficiencies, the danger that site teams could feel they were being audited, and the risk that enough follow-ups to DWOs are not conducted to measure improvement effectiveness.
KW  - Direct Work Observation
KW  - ISO 18404
KW  - Make-Ready
KW  - Lean Competencies
KW  - Alliancing
PB  - 
T2  - Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 33)
DA  - 2025/06/02
CY  - Osaka and Kyoto, Japan
L1  - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2385/pdf
L2  - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2385
N1  - Export Date: 02 June 2025
DB  - IGLC.net
DP  - IGLC
LA  - English
ER  -