TY - CONF TI - When you meet Lean Construction gurus - beware! C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 899 EP - 910 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0100 AU - Lappalainen, Eelon AU - Ainamo, Antti AU - Desmarais, Dominic AU - Reinbold, Ana AD - Visiting Scholar, Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, ext-eelon.lappalainen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-7573-344X AD - Associate Professor, Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia, antti.ainamo@ut.ee, orcid.org/0000-0003-0210-0294 AD - Assistant Researcher, Civil Engineering, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada, ddesmar1@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0009-0002-0506-5041 AD - Doctoral Researcher, Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, ana.reinbold@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-7774-7984 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Research shows that people can become dependent on “gurus” or teachers whose theories and systems they deeply respect. Such dependence can become an anxious form of attachment that hinders critical thinking, genuine understanding, and independent decision-making. Building on these premises, this article revisits lean construction (LC), a recent, fashionable construction management paradigm that challenges established construction practices. Limited attention has been paid to guru discourse in the context of LC. Drawing on prior research on gurus and LC, we argue that the interpretive flexibility of LC has enabled continuous reinterpretation and provided fertile ground for guruism. Using a Google search, we collected LC discourse-related data in the form of 100 posts posted between 2019 and 2025 on LinkedIn, a professional social media platform. We analyzed these posts using netnographic methods as a theory-testing approach. Our findings identified five interrelated dimensions: (a) charismatic expertise, (b) rhetorical simplification, (c) framing LC as a universal solution, (d) emphasis on doctrinal purity and orthodoxy, and (e) prosocial community building. We argue that these dimensions shape online communities on social media platforms and crowd out reflexive, critical, professional judgment in contemporary LC discourse. KW - Lean construction KW - guru KW - charismatic leadership KW - social media KW - discourse analysis. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2440/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2440 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Democratizing lean: development of an AI-augmented cultural transformation C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 911 EP - 921 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0103 AU - Alfassi, Dan AD - Lean Manager, Gammon Pte. Limited, Singapore, Singapore, dan.alfassi@gmail.com, orcid.org/0009-0005-1207-2102 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Scaling Lean culture is expensive. To succeed, large construction organizations need substantial and costly resources. They would rely on external consulting firms or extensive internal teams. This paper presents a “resource-constrained” deployment strategy at a Tier-1 Contractor. A single Lean Lead utilized Generative AI (GenAI) to accelerate curriculum development. The study compares two approaches: the traditional consultant-led effort, and the “Human Lean Lead” in-the-loop method to develop content. The use of GenAI enabled a single professional to develop a bespoke curriculum in two weeks, a task that would typically take a larger team of consultants several months to deliver. This shift highlights the importance of aligning tools with specific organizational and operational contexts. The methodology applied prompt engineering to infuse human-centric philosophies (e.g. “Start with Why”) and complement with regional construction context, ensuring relevance for the Asian workforce. A pilot rollout to 88 staff members validated the efficacy of this accelerated curriculum, achieving a nearly 80% proficiency rate (>80% score) on core principles, and without aids. The paper concludes that GenAI, guided by deep subject matter expertise, can democratize Lean education. It enables corporations to adjust their focus from “content creation” to “human connection” and behavioural change. KW - Action learning research KW - AI KW - continuous improvement KW - Kaizen KW - standardization KW - cultural transformation. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2441/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2441 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - The contents-procedures-human relationships triad: reconceptualizing Lean implementation C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 922 EP - 933 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0108 AU - Gao, Maggie Y. AU - Balingit, Damian L. AU - Teoh, Bak Koon AU - Tiong, Robert L. K. AD - Research Associate, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, yuan008@e.ntu.edu.sg, orcid.org/0009-0006-2523-7604 AD - Engineer, Commuter Facilities Management, Land Transport Authority, Singapore, damianluw07@gmail.com AD - Senior Lecturer, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, bakkoon.teoh@ntu.edu.sg, orcid.org/0000-0002-7513-4279 AD - Associate Professor, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, clktiong@ntu.edu.sg, orcid.org/0000-0002-0291-9534 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Despite widespread Lean Construction adoption, implementation success remains inconsistent. This study investigates reciprocal influences among three project management domains—Contents (specific requirements), Procedures (systematic methodologies), and Human Relationships (interpersonal dynamics)—to explain persistent Lean implementation challenges. Mixed-methods research combining surveys (n=21) and interviews (n=22) with Singapore construction professionals examined cross-domain interactions integrating Lean thinking with traditional project management constraints. Results suggest hierarchical influence patterns: Technical contents appear to exert strong, deterministic influence on procedures, with procedures reciprocally constraining technical design through operational realities. However, critical asymmetry emerges regarding Human Relationships, enabling technical and procedural effectiveness through trust, communication quality, and collaborative norms. Conversely, technical sophistication and procedural rigor demonstrate weak influence on relational development, indicating Contents and Procedures cannot autonomously generate the collaborative culture Lean requires. Interview analysis identified relational dysfunction rather than technical inadequacy as primary implementation failure mode, while communication breakdowns prevented collaborative planning, authentic commitment-making, and honest waste identification despite technically correct tool deployment. This research empirically grounds Human Relationships as an enabling foundation requiring deliberate cultivation, challenging technical determinism in construction management practice. Effective Lean implementation requires establishing collaborative culture before deploying technical tools, necessitating reconceptualized approaches prioritizing relational development alongside technical and procedural refinement. KW - Human relationships KW - asymmetric influence KW - relational capabilities KW - project management KW - Lean Construction. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2442/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2442 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Nexus between Lean Construction and construction 6.0 for the management of construction and demolition waste (CDW) C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 414 EP - 425 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0109 AU - Maponga, Kurauwone AU - Paradza, Partson AU - Maseko, Lungie AU - Zungu, Zamageda AD - Lecturer/Doctor, Department of Property Studies & Urban Design, National University of Science & Technology, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, kurauwone.maponga@nust.ac.zw, orcid.org/0000-0002-5286-9635 AD - Senior Lecturer/Doctor, Department of Construction Economics & Management, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, partson.paradza@wits.ac.za, orcid.org/0000-0001-5289-3179 AD - Senior Lecturer/Doctor, Department of Construction Economics & Management, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Lungie.Maseko@wits.ac.za, orcid.org/0000-0003-3520-7805 AD - Senior Lecturer/Doctor, Department of Construction Economics & Management, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, zamageda.zungu@wits.ac.za, orcid.org/0000-0002-7795-0528 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - The study examines how integrating Industry 6.0 concepts with Lean Construction (LC) principles can enhance efficiency and minimise Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) in the construction industry. Industry 6.0 concepts emphasise deep human–machine collaboration, high levels of automation, and quantum cloud-connected systems. Construction procedures can become more efficient and value-driven by adopting LC techniques that prioritise identifying client value, minimise waste, ensure efficient workflows, and promote continuous improvement. A quantitative study approach was adopted, and the perspectives of 260 construction professionals and academics were gathered to rank the current CDW minimisation practices in Zimbabwe. The advantages of using LC and Construction 6.0-based strategies included reduced CDW, increased project time, reduced costs, and enhanced collaboration. Based on the findings, the study recommends adopting LC and Construction 6.0-based strategies to minimise CDW. KW - Construction 6.0 KW - construction waste KW - demolition waste KW - industry 6.0 KW - waste KW - Zimbabwe. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2443/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2443 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Hiring for Lean under labor shortages: rethinking “right people” through cognitive diversity C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 934 EP - 946 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0114 AU - Shehab, Lynn AD - Assistant Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept., University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, lshehab@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-2708-3550 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Lean construction emphasizes the selection and development of the “right people” to support stable production systems and continuous improvement. However, persistent labour shortages are challenging traditional experience-based hiring practices and increasing workforce heterogeneity across construction projects. In this context, cognitive diversity (differences in information processing, problem-solving, decision-making) has become more prevalent, yet remains unaddressed in hiring and workforce design. This paper argues that cognitive diversity should be recognized as a resource rather than a source of variability to be minimized. Building on Lean principles of respect for people and value generation, the paper critiques conventional hiring approaches that prioritize uniformity over cognitive fit with task demands. A conceptual framework is proposed that reframes “right people” in Lean construction as cognitively complementary individuals whose strengths can be aligned with varying task complexities and production needs. By linking labour shortages, hiring decisions, and cognitive diversity, this paper extends existing Lean discussions on human resource management and workforce planning. The proposed perspective supports adaptive and human-centered Lean systems that enhance productivity while improving worker sustainability and retention. The findings contribute to ongoing debates on Lean implementation by highlighting hiring as a critical leverage point for designing resilient production systems under constrained labour conditions. KW - Cognitive diversity KW - labour shortage KW - workforce design KW - production systems KW - psychology. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2444/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2444 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Outdoor environment, worker wellbeing, and productivity: a Lean Construction view C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 317 EP - 328 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0116 AU - Ruiz, Maria T. AD - Construction Manager, The Allen Group, San Francisco, CA, USA; M.Sc. in Construction, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile mteresa.ruizs@gmail.com, https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4655-5761 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Worker health directly influences construction project performance by affecting productivity, reliability, and workflow continuity. Motivated by this, the present study frames environmental exposure and workload conditions as sources of variability that impact production system stability, a core principle of Lean Construction. These factors are assessed through workers’ perceived well-being, in construction projects in Peru. The methodology consisted of three steps: (1) a review of Peruvian regulations to identify gaps related to comfort and well-being; (2) a survey of workers across building, infrastructure, and electromechanical projects to assess perceptions of health risks, working conditions, and productivity impacts; and (3) an analysis correlating workers’ perceptions with demographic variables. The results revealed variations across regions and project types, allowing for a structured interpretation. Impacts on productivity, inactivity, and fatigue-related behaviors were found to be greater under higher temperatures. Perceptions of health risks were lowest, and well-being highest, in electromechanical projects. The findings highlight the importance of integrating comfort and well-being considerations into sectoral standards to manage environmental exposure and workload, thereby enhancing workflow reliability. KW - Environmental exposure KW - workload KW - job stress KW - workers’ well-being KW - lean construction. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2445/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2445 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Tiered application of decision quality and Choosing By Advantages across managerial project levels C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1382 EP - 1394 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0118 AU - Lerche, Jon AU - Schöttle, Annett AD - Founder & Advisor, Upscale Performance, jonlerche@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-7076-9630 AD - Independent Consultant, annett.schoettle@web.de, and Founder and Co-Director, CollabDecisions, orcid.org/0000-0001-6001-7320 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Decision-making in megaprojects is challenging due to uncertainty, time pressure, and the involvement of multiple stakeholders with diverse roles and interests. Decision Quality (DQ) provides a structured framework for assessing the quality of the decision-making process, but it offers limited guidance for systematically identifying and evaluating alternatives. Suhr’s Choosing by Advantages (CBA) complements DQ by enabling transparent comparison of alternatives based on the importance of their advantages. This paper investigates how DQ and CBA can be linked to improving decision-making throughout the project life cycle, using a case from the renewables industry. The study proposes a DQ–CBA framework in which DQ serves as an overarching framework to ensure decision readiness, while CBA is applied when clearly defined alternatives require rigorous and bias-resistant evaluation. When no viable alternative is identified, the process loops back to DQ to revisit problem framing and option generation. The paper further distinguishes between strategic and operational decisions, identifying situations where rapid, “quick-and-dirty” decisions are appropriate (often based on a CBA-informed mindset) and where the additional effort of CBA Tabular method is justified. The findings support more effective, transparent, and implementable decisions in megaprojects. KW - Choosing by advantages (CBA) KW - complexity KW - decision-making KW - decision quality KW - value. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2446/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2446 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Tactical Obeyas for production control: visual management with Kaizen, Takt & LPS C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1487 EP - 1498 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0119 AU - Lerche, Jon AU - Etges, Bernardo Martim Beck da Silva AD - Founder &; Advisor, Upscale Performance, jonlerche@gmail.com, Denmark, orcid.org/0000-0001-7076-9630 AD - PhD Candidate, M.Sc. Eng. at Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Founding-Partner at Climb Consulting Group, Porto Alegre, Brazil, bernardo@climbgroup.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-3037-5597 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Offshore wind turbine pre-assembly is a high-stakes construction environment characterised by extreme logistical complexity, crane-dependent operations, and tight vessel/weather constraints where time is the primary currency. Despite the increasing adoption of Lean Construction approaches such as the Last Planner System (LPS) and Obeya rooms, current implementations often lack the operational distinction among management levels needed for tactical production control at the site level. This paper employs a Design Science Research (DSR) approach to develop and evaluate a multi-layered Visual Management (VM) artefact. This Tactical Obeya system integrates (1) a takt production line, (2) LPS make ready, (3) an integrated deviation management layer linking safety, quality, and technical constraints to quantified flow interruptions, and (4) Kaizen layer introducing continuous improvements. The artefact shifts management emphasis from reactive output reporting toward proactive input verification and commitment-based coordination (“Reliable Promising”), enabling collective blocker removal and escalation to strategic kaizen improvement events. The theoretical analysis explains how the system reduces flow variability and enhances value delivery to the installation vessel. Initial evaluation indicates improved predictability and stability sufficient to support a reduction trajectory from a volatile 28-day average loadout cycle toward a consistent 20-day target, enabled by continuous feedback loops and structured deviation learning. KW - Constraint analysis KW - Kaizen KW - Last Planner System KW - Takt Planning KW - visual management. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2447/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2447 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - “Silent partners” of high-performing Lean Construction teams: oxytocin and heart rate C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 947 EP - 956 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0120 AU - Dewlen, Kevin AD - Senior Lean Coach, BA Science, Boulder Associates, Boulder, USA, kdewlen@boulderassociates.com, orcid.org/009-0008-0378-7757 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - The neurobiological factors oxytocin and heart rate in high-performing lean construction teams are introduced alongside human relational elements, including trust, empathy, collaboration, and psychological safety. Researched heavily in traditional business organizations, to date no studies have looked at neurobiological factors in high-performing teams in the integrated project delivery (IPD) and collaborative project delivery (CPD) realms. The unique qualities of IPD/CPD design–construction teams, and the tools and interactions used, are compared with traditional business teams, which have been cultivated over years, versus IPD/CPD team cultures, which are established within weeks, but are expected to perform at comparatively high levels. The intent of this paper is to show, conceptually, how lean design–construction of large commercial projects could potentially benefit from future studies that measure neurobiological factors such as oxytocin and heart rate. An in-process lean construction observational study demonstrates how two neurobiological factors, the “silent partners” oxytocin and heart rate, can be evaluated in IPD/CPD teams. The discussion provides a strong conceptual basis for future research of IPD/CPD design–construction teams that could result in real-time data, biometrics, and returns on investments on different tools used that allow practitioners to achieve better team coaching and leadership, improving overall project success. KW - Communication KW - trust KW - psychological safety KW - oxytocin KW - theory. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2448/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2448 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - A conceptual framework for evidence-based design and Choosing By Advantages synergy C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 582 EP - 593 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0121 AU - Kpamma, Evans Zoya AU - Agyefi-Mensah, Stephen AU - Offei-Nketiah, Justice K. AD - Associate Professor, Department of Building Technology, Sunyani Technical University, Sunyani, Ghana, zekpamma@stu.edu.gh, orcid.org/0000-0002-9976-5323 AD - Associate Professor, Department of Building Technology, Cape Coast Technical University, Cape Coast, Ghana, Stephen.agyefi-mensah@cctu.edu.gh, orcid.org/0000-0001-6290-9058 AD - Lecturer, Department of Architecture and Real Estate, Sunyani Technical University, Sunyani, Ghana, joffeinketiah@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-3277-8314 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Evidence-Based Design (EBD) has been identified as a worthy design approach towards achieving suitable design of healthcare facilities by linking healthcare design decisions to empirical evidence regarding potential impact on recovery rate and effectiveness of care. Choosing By Advantages (CBA), on the other hand, is a decision-making system identified as collaborative, transparent and reliant on the importance of the advantages of alternatives. This study therefore sought to explore the synergies that exist between EBD and CBA. Insights on the synergistic interaction between EBD and CBA were obtained from literature review in line with abductive reasoning in qualitative research. Multiple dimensions of synergy have been found to exist between the EBD process and the CBA process. This involves an interaction among various elements across the respective processes in EBD and CBA. CBA could therefore be explored as a functional decision-making system for operationalizing EBD and vice versa. KW - Evidence-based design KW - Choosing By Advantages KW - healthcare design KW - decision-making KW - synergy. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2449/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2449 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Catalysts for learning and innovation in Takt production C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 668 EP - 679 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0122 AU - Lappalainen, Eelon AU - Peltokorpi, Antti AU - Seppänen, Olli AD - Visiting Scholar, Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, ext-eelon.lappalainen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-7573-344X AD - Associate Professor, Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, antti.peltokorpi@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-7939-6612 AD - Associate Professor, Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-5924 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Takt production (TP) emphasizes enhancing flows and minimizing inventories in alignment with fundamental principles of lean thinking. Nonetheless, the significance of slack in TP has been acknowledged. This aligns with the prevailing view of system dynamics, which underscores inventories as a stabilizing factor in addition to flow regulation. This study investigates the influence of learning and innovation on TP research, as well as the relationship between TP and inventory. The intrinsic sluggishness of inventories facilitates safer experimentation from a learning and innovation standpoint. Moreover, diverse forms of slack enhance the stability of the TP system amid ongoing improvement and learning. This study indicates that learning and innovation play a crucial role in successful TP; however, the literature review reveals that existing research has not thoroughly examined their role in this context, suggesting the need for further research. The study also categorizes six catalysts that support learning and innovation in TP: work design and production logic; feedback loops, control, and continuous improvement; culture, collaboration, and shared meaning; learning capabilities and mechanisms; digital infrastructure for learning and innovation; and structural and contractual enablers, with the latter two identified as under-researched. This paper delineates methodologies for learning and innovation applicable to TP. KW - Lean Construction KW - Takt production KW - learning KW - innovation KW - catalysts. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2450/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2450 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - The cultural dialectics of standardization and innovation from the Japanese ethos to the global practice of Lean Construction C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 594 EP - 605 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0123 AU - Wang, Zhong AU - Davis, Walter AU - Bock, Thomas AU - Mei, Qipei AU - Lee, Gaang AU - González, Vicente A. AD - PhD Candidate, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada, zhong15@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-7113-3439 AD - Associate Professor, Department of Art & Design, Faculty of Art, University of Alberta, Canada, wdavis1@ualberta.ca AD - Chair of Building Realization and Robotics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany, bockrobotics@web.de, orcid.org/0000-0002-1278-7440 AD - Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada, qipei@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0003-1409-3562 AD - Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada, gaang@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-6341-2585 AD - Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada, vagonzal@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0003-3408-3863 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - The global construction industry faces a persistent productivity crisis, often attributing the failure of "Lean Construction" implementation to technical rather than cultural misalignments. This paper investigates the cultural dialectics of standardization and Kaizen as Lean principles move from Japan’s collectivist culture to Western individualistic and transactional construction environments. Using a PRISMA 2020 systematic literature review and comparative cultural analysis, the study examines Wa (harmony), Monozukuri (craftsmanship), and Shu-Ha-Ri (mastery stages). It examines the indigenous Japanese concepts of Wa (harmony), Monozukuri (craftsmanship), and Shu-Ha-Ri (stages of mastery) to elucidate how Japanese culture harmonizes strict standardization with continuous innovation, challenging the Western binary view that standardization stifles creativity. The study reviews related works on Kaizen implementation and Standardized Work (SW) in construction, identifying that Western resistance often stems from a "craftsman" identity that views autonomy as the absence of rules. The analysis concludes that successful Lean adoption requires reframing standardization not as a bureaucratic constraint, but as the necessary cultural foundation for innovation and psychological safety. KW - Standardization KW - continuous improvement/Kaizen KW - innovation KW - Lean culture. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2451/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2451 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - From Lean projects to Lean enterprise: using Hoshin Kanri to make Lean Construction stick C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 957 EP - 967 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0124 AU - Kasih, Richardus N. AU - Tommelein, Iris D. AU - Coelho, Rafael V. AU - Utomo, Richardus B. AU - Kasih, Gerardus B. AD - MS Student, Civil and Envir. Eng. Dept. and Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL), University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, nugrakasih@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0009-0001-9821-0481 AD - Distinguished Professor, Civil and Envir. Eng. Dept., Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL), University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, tommelein@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-9941-6596 AD - PhD Candidate, Civil and Envir. Eng. Dept. and Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL), University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, rvcoelho@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-3298-3622 AD - President, Lean Construction Institute Indonesia (LCII), Jakarta, Indonesia, budiutomo@leanconstruction.id, orcid.org/0009-0001-0913-2494 AD - Consultant, PQI Consultant, Jakarta, Indonesia, gerardusblesto@pqiconsultant.com, orcid.org/0009-0004-8848-2151 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Lean Construction research has shown that project teams can achieve meaningful improvements in planning reliability, coordination, and performance. However, these gains often weaken once projects end, as teams disperse, priorities shift, and improvement routines are not consistently carried forward. This recurring reset highlights a key gap: while Lean Construction has been extensively studied at the project level, limited attention has been given to the enterprise-level governance systems required to sustain implementation over time in project-based firms. This paper addresses that gap by examining Hoshin Kanri (HK) as a strategic management system that may support long-term Lean sustainment. Using an exploratory, interpretive literature synthesis of Lean Construction, Hoshin Kanri, and organizational learning literature, the study identifies recurring implementation barriers and analyzes how HK governance mechanisms may respond. The analysis highlights three sustainment challenges: initiative overload, uneven adoption across projects, and weak cross-project learning. It then shows how HK mechanisms—priority focus, cross-level alignment, and structured review cycles—may help connect enterprise strategy with project execution and ongoing learning. The paper reframes Lean sustainability as an enterprise governance problem rather than a tool deployment issue and proposes propositions to guide future empirical research. KW - Lean Construction (LC) KW - Hoshin Kanri (HK) KW - enterprise-level implementation KW - policy deployment KW - organizational learning. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2452/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2452 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - A minimal-data toolkit for diagnosing loss of flow resilience in interior fit-out work C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1499 EP - 1510 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0125 AU - Asmone, Ashan Senel AU - Murguia, Danny AU - Ling, Zhengyang AU - Rathnayake, Asitha AU - Middleton, Campbell AD - Research Associate, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, UK, asa79@cam.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-2173-3890 AD - Assistant Research Professor, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, UK, dem52@cam.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0003-1009-4058 AD - Research Associate, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, UK, zl461@cam.ac.uk, orcid.org/0009-0005-6755-1741 AD - Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, asithar@uom.lk orcid.org/0000-0002-1389-7801 AD - Emeritus Professor, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, UK, orcid.org/0000-0002-9672-0680 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - This paper proposes and empirically tests a minimal flow performance measurement toolkit for construction fit-out works, designed to characterise flow stability, continuity, and vulnerability to schedule disruption using only routinely collected progress observations. The toolkit operates across activity, trade, and location-levels, requiring no detailed plans or bespoke data capture infrastructure. Drawing on lean construction flow theory and empirical evidence linking variability, discontinuity, and performance loss, the framework generates interpretable diagnostics available during project execution. A case study of interior fit-out works across 11 floors, 111 apartments, 21 activities, and 4 trades were selected. Weekly activity progress was captured using visual data analysed with computer vision. Results demonstrate that similar mean outputs can mask radically different flow patterns. Large schedule slippage is associated with extreme flow instability signatures rather than any single metric. The contribution is a standardisable, empirically grounded diagnostic toolkit that lowers the data and tooling barrier for flow-based performance assessment, supporting managerial sensemaking and early intervention rather than prediction. KW - Flow KW - waste KW - production variability KW - Location-Based Management (LBM) KW - Work in Progress/process (WIP). PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2453/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2453 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Towards a Circu-Lean Construction economy through standardisation C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 426 EP - 437 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0128 AU - Johns, Nathan G. O. AU - Talebi, Saeed AU - Kagioglou, Mike AD - Lecturer/Dr, Engineering and the Built Environment, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom, N.Johns@SHU.ac.uk, orcid.org/0009-0004-2377-3089 AD - Associate Professor, Engineering and the Built Environment, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom, Saeed.Talebi@BCU.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0001-6711-0931 AD - Professor, Built Environment, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom, mike.kagioglou@dmu.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0003-3521-1484 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - As the perpetual advancement of the built environment engulfs the natural environment, sustainable development has been brought to the forefront of innovation within the construction industry. Strategies such as the Circular Economy (CE) and Lean Construction (LC) have been proven to support sustainable goals. However, their application within the construction industry has been hampered by the complexities of the industry’s dynamics. Within both the CE and LC, standardisation has been incorporated to reduce complexity within the industry’s pathology. Using a questionnaire to sample two case studies through an interpretivist perspective, this study seeks to define the foci of standardisation within the CE and LC and investigate the practice’s presence, level of development, and driving force within building construction within the United Kingdom (UK). The findings of this study highlight the increased incorporation of standardisation within building construction in the UK, as well as its sheer driving force and the impact of a lack of standardisation. This study provides a novel contextualisation and conceptual framework for LC and CE standardisation in construction, and an empirical comparison of standardisation between UK house building and residential high-rise projects. KW - Lean Construction KW - standardisation KW - circular economy KW - construction industry. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2454/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2454 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Variation management in prefabricated MEP installations: challenges and opportunities C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 727 EP - 738 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0129 AU - Valkonen, Tuomas AU - Seppänen, Olli AD - Doctoral Researcher, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, tuomas.valkonen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-2710-5190 AD - Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-5924 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Managing variation is an essential lean principle. Tolerance management remains marginal in construction and focuses on architectural and structural trades. Especially mechanical, electrical and plumbing systems have largely been neglected in tolerance management research, despite their critical role in project delivery. This research studies variation management, its challenges and opportunities for improvement in a plumbing renovation project through semi structured interviews and thematic analysis. The interview questions addressed prefabrication practices, planning processes, production and control activities, tolerance management, accuracy, and sources of variation. Three aggregate themes emerged as key results: (1) detection and management of deviations, (2) design information and tolerance management, and (3) management of change and personnel. Together these themes highlight the multifaceted nature and difficulty of variation management. The results emphasize that both technical and human factors must be addressed simultaneously while maintaining constancy of purpose. Improving installation guidelines and accelerating issue resolution were identified as key development areas. Stabilizing the production system provides an opportunity to further enhance productivity and shorten cycle times. KW - Tolerance management KW - variability KW - variation KW - prefabrication KW - MEP. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2455/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2455 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Unravelling the backbone of lean transformation in construction megaprojects C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 606 EP - 617 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0131 AU - Ibrahim, Abdelazim AU - Zayed, Tarek AU - Lafhaj, Zoubeir AD - PhD Candidate, Department of Building and Real Estate, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, abdelazim-ib.mansour@connect.polyu.hk, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4487-4151 AD - Professor, Department of Building and Real Estate, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, tarek.zayed@polyu.edu.hk, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3249-7712 AD - Professor, Laboratoire de Mecanique Multiphysique Multiechelle, LaMcube, UMR 9013, Centrale Lille, CNRS, Universite de Lille, Lille, France, zoubeir.lafhaj@centralelille.fr, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1985-9176 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Despite growing interest in lean construction for megaprojects, implementation remains fragmented. These complex, high-cost endeavors are prone to delays and inefficiencies, yet there is a limited understanding of how practices interrelate and which serve as foundational enablers. This study addresses this gap by uncovering the causal hierarchy among 35 Lean Construction Practices (LCPs) across six categories. The methodology integrates a literature review, expert input from 15 senior practitioners in Hong Kong and Mainland China, and Fuzzy DEMATEL analysis. Results reveal four Cause categories: Customer Focus & Waste Elimination, Standardization & Process Transparency, Planning & Scheduling, and People Involvement & Continuous Improvement, acting as critical enablers. Key backbone practices include TVD, VSM, Gemba Walks, 5S, BIM, LPS, and PCMAT. In contrast, Flow & Pull Systems and Safety & Quality Assurance are Effect categories, dependent on the prior establishment of foundational systems. The findings emphasize that lean transformation must follow a staged, theory-grounded sequence: cultural and structural practices must precede advanced tools, such as Kanban or TQM. Consequently, this study provides an evidence-based roadmap for prioritizing interventions and accelerating lean maturity in megaprojects. KW - Lean Construction KW - megaprojects KW - causal hierarchy KW - fuzzy DEMATEL KW - implementation sequencing KW - backbone practices. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2456/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2456 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - 33 Years of Lean Construction Research: Community Evolution and Authorship Patterns C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 968 EP - 979 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0132 AU - John, Paul Christian AU - Sun, Bernard AU - Engebø, Atle AU - Lædre, Ola AU - Haghsheno, Shervin AU - Drevland, Frode AD - PhD Student, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany, christian.john@kit.edu, orcid.org/0009-0005-0648-9331 AD - Student, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany, bernard.sun@student.kit.edu, www.orcid.org/0009-0003-8624-7927 AD - Researcher, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, atle.engebo@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-5293-0176 AD - Professor, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, ola.laedre@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0003-4604-8299 AD - Professor, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany, shervin.haghsheno@kit.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-0602-6370 AD - Associate Professor, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, frode.drevland@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-4596-1564 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - This paper presents a quantitative analysis of Lean Construction (LC) research contributions at the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC) conferences over a 33-year period (1993–2025). Based on a dataset of 2,413 conference papers and 2,846 authors, the study examines authorship patterns, collaboration structures, and the involvement of students in order to describe how participation in the IGLC community has evolved. The results show that IGLC has developed into a well-established and still expanding research community, with sustained publication activity averaging over 100 papers per year. A relatively small but persistent core of authors (15%) accounts for over 86% of all papers, indicating a strong concentration of research output. At the same time, the number of contributing authors has continued to increase, while the size of the recurring core has remained comparatively stable. Collaboration has intensified steadily, reflected in a rise in the average number of authors per paper to more than 3.5. Also, student involvement is substantial: PhD students contribute to one-third to one-half of annual publications, with Bachelor/Master students also increasingly represented. Overall, the study provides a descriptive baseline of authorship and participation patterns at IGLC, supporting further reflection on the structure and evolution of LC research. KW - Research KW - publications KW - core authors KW - students KW - community. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2457/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2457 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Making People Performance Visible: Connecting Socio-Emotional Competencies and Lean Project Indicators C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 980 EP - 991 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0133 AU - Millón, Gabriel AU - Alvarado-Barriga, Gabriela AU - Atencio, Edison AU - Herrera, Rodrigo F. AD - Civil Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile, gabriel.millon.p@mail.pucv.cl AD - PhD. Student, School of Engineering, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain, GabrielaAlejandra.Alvarado1@alu.uclm.es, https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3024-7183 AD - Associate Professor, School of Civil Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile, edison.atencio@pucv.cl, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2679-5839 AD - Associate Professor, School of Civil Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valpraíso, Chile, rodrigo.herrera@pucv.cl, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2679-5839 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Lean Construction emphasizes the central role of people in achieving reliable workflows and continuous improvement; however, the evaluation of people's performance is poorly operationalized in practice. While socio-emotional competencies such as communication, collaboration, and problem-solving are widely recognized as critical, they are rarely connected to the performance indicators routinely used in Lean project control. This study addresses this gap by proposing a capability–metric linkage framework that connects socio-emotional competencies of Architecture, Engineering, and Construction professionals with commonly used Lean project indicators. Using a constructive research approach, the study combines a structured literature review, comparative analysis of human capability models, and expert-based validation. A set of prioritized socio-emotional competencies is identified and systematically linked to Lean indicators, including PPC, RNCs, Requests for Information, and rework. The results demonstrate that existing Lean metrics can provide diagnostic signals of people's performance under specific conditions when appropriate traceability conditions are met. The proposed framework contributes theoretically by strengthening the socio-technical interpretation of Lean Construction and practically by supporting evidence-informed diagnosis of people's performance without introducing new measurement systems. KW - Lean Construction KW - Design Science KW - collaboration KW - commitment KW - promise KW - reliable promising. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2458/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2458 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Lean-digital-place integration for circular housing design C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1395 EP - 1406 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0137 AU - Awwal, Samira AU - Tzortzopoulos, Patricia AU - Fatahian, Esmaeel AU - Hill, Catherine AU - Mishra, Rakesh AU - Fleming, Leigh AD - Senior Lecturer, Department of Engineering and Built Environment, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom, s.awwal@ljmu.ac.uk , https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7771-1511 AD - Professor, Design and Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University, United Kingdom, patricia.tzortzopoulos@ntu.ac.uk , https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8740-6753 AD - Research Assistant, Department of Engineering & Technology, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom, e.fatahian3@hud.ac.uk , https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6984-5113 AD - Research Assistant, Department of Engineering & Technology, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom, c.hill@hud.ac.uk , https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9305-0594 AD - Professor, Department of Engineering & Technology, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom, r.mishra@hud.ac.uk , https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1620-3238 AD - Professor, Department of Engineering & Technology, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom, l.t.fleming2@hud.ac.uk , https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6962-8686 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Circular economy strategies are increasingly promoted to reduce material waste, embodied carbon, and lifecycle environmental impacts in the built environment. However, practical adoption in housing remains limited due to fragmentation across process, information, and regional infrastructures. Existing studies emphasise design strategies or digital tools but do not appropriately consider the production system conditions required for circular workflows. A structured narrative literature review was conducted across three domains: Lean Construction, digital construction technologies (including BIM, Digital Twins, and AI), and circular economy. Based on this synthesis, the paper proposes a Lean-Digital-Place (LDP) framework that conceptualises circularity as an emergent property of aligned production processes, digital information infrastructures, and regional material ecosystems. The framework extends Lean Construction thinking from the project-level toward lifecycle and regionally embedded production systems. A research agenda and evaluation indicators are proposed to guide empirical validation and support the development of scalable circular housing systems. KW - Circular economy KW - BIM KW - Digital Twins KW - AI KW - Lean Construction KW - lifecycle analysis. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2459/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2459 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Sync or Sink: a simulation to expose variation, mitigate impacts, and improve flow C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 680 EP - 691 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0138 AU - Sobh, Dana AU - Desmarais, Dominic AU - Budiab, Ryan AU - Russell, Jason AU - Hamzeh, Farook AD - PhD Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, dsobh@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0009-0004-2609-054X AD - PhD Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, ddesmar1@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0009-0002-0506-5041 AD - MEng Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, budiab@ualberta.ca AD - MSc Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, jcrussel@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0009-0007-7030-8384 AD - Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-3986-9534 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Games and simulations, with their immersive learning and tactical dimensions, have long been used across many industries to help people shake their biases and make connections between traditional practices and novel ideas. The lean construction community has been active in creating new games and simulations to explain its paradigm to students and practitioners. This paper presents a new game called “Sync or Sink™,” created to support participants' experience when learning the impacts of variation on workflow and project production systems. The game highlights potential sources of variation on projects through narratives and anecdotes and supports meaningful engagement with their peers while respecting their humanity. A preliminary pilot study (n = 7) of the game was conducted with participants followed by a post-game survey. The survey supported the claim that the game was engaging and resonated with real-life experiences. The participants reported that the game helped illustrate the source and impact of variability in workflows and the benefits of collaboration to attenuate its impact. The paper presents the initial version of Sync or Sink™ and establishes the foundation for a new lean simulation game that supports experiential learning. KW - Simulation KW - serious game KW - flow KW - variation KW - collaboration. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2460/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2460 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Digital material flow management in Takt production C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1511 EP - 1522 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0139 AU - Riekki, Jaakko AU - Seppänen, Olli AU - Peltokorpi, Antti AD - Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, jaakko.riekki@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-0306-2165 AD - Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-5924 AD - Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, antti.peltokorpi@aalto.fi:, orcid.org/0000-0002-7939-6612 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Efficient construction requires reliable material flow. Modern methods such as takt production increasingly present challenges to the service level of existing material delivery processes. Some specialized contractors, using material management software, already tackle these challenges but there is scant empirical research on their performance and contribution. Therefore, this study investigates such material flow management and aims to reveal insights that could improve them. To achieve this, we first analyzed data from two projects that employed a material flow contractor and utilized a digital material management system. We then interviewed the managers in charge of the material flow systems in the case projects for additional insight. Our analysis indicated that material planning often failed to meet the intended time horizons and to implement a pull signal. The shortcomings stemmed predominantly from organizational inexperience of rigorous material flow management. We also found defects in data quality and management. Deliveries lacked explicit linkage with production, which resulted in batch-size mismatches, so the site team had to often rely on tacit knowledge. The findings suggest that software improvements and training managers in material planning could enhance efficiency. Future research should address especially the barriers to effective material planning and the pull signal implementation. KW - Material flow management KW - Takt production KW - data-driven management. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2461/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2461 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Ecofix- a PyRevit prototype for a Lean and sustainable renovation decision support tool C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 438 EP - 448 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0141 AU - Bharadwaj, Narmada AU - Ramani, Prasanna Venkatesan AU - Ali, Mushrifa AU - Sureshkumar, Saran Somapalli AU - Tumma, Harshitha AD - Masters Student, School of Civil Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, India,narmada.bharadwaj2024@vitstudent.ac.in AD - Associate Professor, School of Civil Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, India, prasanna.venkatesan@vit.ac.in, orcid.org/0000-0002-6924-9520 AD - Doctoral Research Scholar, School of Civil Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, India, mushrifa.ali2023@vitstudent.ac.in, orcid.org/0009-0000-3444-5874 AD - Masters Student, School of Civil Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, India, saran.ss2024@vitstudent.ac.in AD - Masters Student, School of Civil Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, India, tumma.harshitha2024@vitstudent.ac.in ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Renovation and adaptive reuse offer sustainable alternatives in the construction industry, but are underused due to a lack of integrated decision support tools, which can aid during the design stage. This paper presents Ecofix, a prototype developed using PyRevit, which acts as an integrated sustainable renovation decision support tool inside Autodesk Revit environment. This tool is developed using Python, and it assists designers and engineers to evaluate various retrofit, demolition, demolition with rebuild, retain, and new build scenarios using lean and sustainable design principles. This tool automatically extracts the material and quantity data from Revit, calculates and gives a comparative report for retrofit, demolition, rebuild, reuse, retain and new build. It takes carbon dioxide equivalent, cost, and time required to complete the work based on the quantity selected by the user into account. Ecofix aligns with lean and green by embedding waste-free decision support inside Revit. This tool eliminates lean wastes (information transfer, time, over-processing) by automatically taking Revit quantities and ranking retrofit, demolish, rebuild, and retain options by carbon dioxide equivalent, cost and time. The prototype enables Set-Based Design and material waste elimination through salvage/reuse quantification, prioritising lowest-carbon scenarios while maximising circular economy benefits. KW - Sustainability KW - lean and green KW - set-based design KW - renovation decision support KW - and digitalisation and lean. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2462/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2462 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Pressure capacity – a revolutionary benchmark for promoting healthy work environments C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 992 EP - 1003 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0142 AU - Araki, Matthew S. AU - Smith, James P. AU - Loose, Robert AU - Lechtenberg, Matt AU - Eigen, Rachel AU - Faro, Erick AU - Alfaro, Maria Paula AD - Undergraduate Student, CCE Department, Brigham Young University, UT, USA, ma834@byu.edu AD - Professor, CCE Department, Brigham Young University, UT, USA, jamessmith@byu.edu, orcid.org/0000 0001-8925-5680 AD - Managing Director, Risk & Workplace Mental Health, HSE Global, UT, USA, rjloose@gmail.com AD - Safety Manager, Stout LLC, UT, USA, mattl@stoutllc.com AD - Principal Consultant, Amplify Safety Consulting, AL, USA, rachel.eigen@icloud.com AD - Graduate Student, CCE Department, Brigham Young University, UT, USA, efaro@byu.edu AD - PhD Student, Psychology Department, Brigham Young University, UT, USA, ipaula@byu.edu ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Elevated levels of pressure underscore the urgency for applying the job demands-resources (JD-R) model to the U.S. construction industry. Pressure capacity is introduced as a novel, nuanced terminology with respect to the JD-R theory. Pressure is defined as the demands, obligations, and consequences placed on individuals and groups to meet the expectations of a project, market, individual, group, etc. The word capacity refers to the total ability to absorb pressure through culture, character, processes, skilled labor, and other methods. Through this pioneering theoretical paper, the value of pressure capacity is emphasized through key literature surrounding varying JD-R applications, the Yerkes-Dodson theory, and potentiality as a metric. A series of models is subsequently developed. The Lechtenberg Pressure Flow Model serves as a diagram for mapping the flow of pressure within the traditional OAEC stakeholder model. The Pressure Elasticity Model illustrates individual-level pressure dynamics. Reminiscent of the FICO credit score model, the Pressure Capacity Scale (PCS) model serves the parallel purpose of communicating pressure dynamics, identifying risk, and promoting worker well-being and subsequent performance. Global collaboration is key to unlocking the full potential of pressure capacity for lean and the general construction industry. KW - Pressure capacity KW - job demands-resources KW - psychological safety KW - waste KW - collaboration. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2463/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2463 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Dynamics of creative problem-solving within Last Planner sessions C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1523 EP - 1534 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0143 AU - Khan, Shoib AU - Mutis, Ivan AD - Graduate Civil Engineer, Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering Department, Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT), Chicago, United States of America, skhan144@hawk.illinoistech.edu, https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4854-9324 AD - Associate Professor, Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering Department, Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT), Chicago, United States of America, imutissi@illinoistech.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-2707-2701 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Lean Construction emphasizes reliable workflow, collaboration, and continuous improvement through structured planning practices such as the Last Planner System (LPS). Within this context, collaborative planning is a dynamic process in which project teams collectively respond to uncertainty, constraints, and changing site conditions. This study examines collaborative planning dynamics in LPS environments, focusing on interaction patterns and participants’ experiences related to creative problem-solving. An interpretive research approach is adopted, combining analysis of how communication unfolds among participants in LPS planning sessions with post-session survey and sentiment data collected from these construction professionals. Communication interaction data were analyzed to identify temporal patterns of participation, coordination, and engagement during problem-solving episodes. Survey responses captured participants’ perceptions of creativity, motivation, innovation, and frustration within Lean planning processes. Results indicate that collaborative planning in LPS sessions is structured yet adaptive, shaped by creative dynamics. Creative problem-solving typically emerges through intensified interaction, akin to creative speech (spontaneous, unscripted verbal exchanges), in which a small number of participants initiate solutions and others contribute through responsive coordination, as measured by patterns such as turn-taking balance and idea-building sequences. These findings offer practical insights for improving facilitation and collaboration in Lean planning under uncertainty. KW - Lean Construction KW - Last Planner System KW - collaborative planning KW - creativity KW - problem-solving. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2464/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2464 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Lean practices and the governance of modern methods of construction: articulation of planning horizons in MMC-based production systems C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1535 EP - 1546 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0144 AU - Etges, Bernardo M. B. S. AU - Fireman, Marcus C. T. AU - Reck, Raquel AD - PhD Candidate, M.Sc. Eng., Founding-Partner at Climb Consulting Group, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil, bernardo@climbgroup.com.br , orcid.org/0000-0002-3037-5597 AD - PhD Candidate, M.Sc. Eng., Founding-Partner at Climb Consulting Group, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil, marcus@climbgroup.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-5843-4715 AD - Lean Consultant at Climb Consulting Group and PhD NORIE/UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, raquel@climbgroup.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0003-1928-3461 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - The construction industry is increasingly adopting Modern Methods of Construction (MMC) to improve productivity, predictability, and integration across project stages. While Lean Construction is widely recognized as a key enabler of MMC, existing research has primarily examined Lean practices in isolation or emphasized short-term planning routines, offering limited insight into how these practices are articulated across planning horizons and governed in practice. This study investigates how Lean practices are distributed and articulated across planning horizons in MMC-based production systems, and how digital support shapes the governance of planning and control across off-site and on-site operations. The study integrates empirical evidence from multiple Brazilian construction projects to identify cross-cutting patterns. It finds Lean practices are more mature at the operational level but remain weak at strategic and tactical layers—especially in medium-term planning and off-site logistics. Digital tools improve transparency and coordination, yet they alone do not ensure effective articulation across planning horizons. The paper contributes to Lean Construction theory by showing that, in MMC-based production systems, the Last Planner System (LPS) can be interpreted not only as a planning and control system, but also as a governance-oriented mechanism for aligning decisions, commitments, and information across planning horizons. KW - Lean Construction KW - modern methods of construction KW - planning horizons KW - governance. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2465/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2465 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - A cross-country analysis of Lean Construction Maturity in Japan and Germany using the LCMM C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1004 EP - 1015 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0147 AU - Nesensohn, Claus AU - Shigaki, Jeferson AU - Yamasaki, Hiroaki AD - Professor, University of Applied Sciences Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany / Founder and CEO, Refine Projects AG, Stuttgart, Germany, claus.nesensohn@hft-stuttgart.de, orcid.org/0009-0002-9002-3224 AD - Senior Research, Research & Development Institute, Takenaka Corporation, Inzai, Chiba, Japan, shigaki.jeferson@takenaka.co.jp, orcid.org/0000-0003-4513-6334 AD - Group Leader, Construction Division, Takenaka Corporation, Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan, yamasaki.hiroaki@takenaka.co.jp, orcid.org/0009-0006-6309-9345 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Lean Construction Maturity Models (LCMM) have been proposed to provide organisations with a systemic and holistic overview of where they are on their Lean journey and how they can progress towards greater maturity. While previous work has focused mainly on European and American contexts, empirical evidence from Japan is scarce, despite Japan often being perceived as the “natural home” of Lean thinking. This paper reports on an exploratory, qualitative, international comparative study that applies the LCMM, structured around 11 key attributes, in Japan and Germany. It has employed a structured interview approach, hearing 21 experts in both countries. The findings suggest that Japanese projects, especially those delivered by large general contractors, exhibit relatively high maturity in terms of on‑time delivery, right‑first‑time quality, routines, and kaizen, supported by culturally embedded concepts and long‑term subcontractor relationships. German projects, in contrast, report lower plan stability and more frequent rework, but suggest emerging strengths in transparency, visual management, and novel commercial arrangements, such as IPD‑like risk‑sharing models. The paper concludes that the LCMM can serve as a useful structuring lens for cross-country Lean Construction maturity assessment, while maturity profiles remain strongly shaped by national culture, institutional context, and learning mechanisms. KW - Lean Construction KW - maturity model KW - benchmark KW - culture KW - continuous improvement. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2466/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2466 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - The WIP-Push-Wave: a leading indicator for project production control C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1547 EP - 1558 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0149 AU - Gabai, Doron S. AU - Haronian, Eran AU - Sacks, Rafael AU - Miera, Mark K. AU - Cloyd, Tabitha D. AD - PMP, PgMP, LCI Israel Chairman, Strategic Planner, Intel Corporation, AZ Construction, USA. doron.gabai@intel.com AD - Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel, 40700, Israel, eranha@ariel.ac.il AD - Professor, Virtual Construction Laboratory, Faculty of Civil and Env. Eng. Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, cvsacks@technion.ac.il, orcid.org/0000-0001-9427-5053 AD - PMP, Senior Director of Construction, Intel Corporation, AZ Construction, USA. mark.k.miera@intel.com AD - Director of Construction, Intel Corporation, AZ Construction, USA. tabitha.d.cloyd@intel.com ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Project management has traditionally depended on lagging indicators, such as the ‘Earned Value’, that provide retrospective feedback and support reactive decision-making. In contrast, leading indicators that monitor production conditions and enable proactive control have been proposed in the Lean Construction body of knowledge. Metrics such as Percent Plan Complete (PPC) and subsequent flow-based measures have advanced this shift toward assessing workflow reliability and production status rather than after-the-fact outcomes. This paper introduces the WIP-Push-Wave (WPW), a novel leading indicator that captures and visualizes the wave effect created as Work in Progress (WIP) accumulates and rolls forward across planning cycles. By quantifying the degree to which the planned WIP exceeds the demonstrated capability of the production system, the WPW reveals overload conditions as they emerge, allowing intervention before performance losses occur. We present a case study of a portfolio of 1,300 projects, demonstrating the recurring wave phenomenon where unfinished work rolls forward, inflating WIP and degrading performance. We interpret this pattern as a self-reinforcing feedback loop driven by overcommitment and optimism bias in planning, and propose that a balancing loop, grounded in production principles, is needed to break this cycle and prevent such waves from forming. The WPW enables managers to identify planning biases, guiding them to improve the planning process. KW - Leading indicators KW - optimized cycle-time flow KW - portfolio management KW - production planning and control. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2467/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2467 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - The Lean Construction Visual Taxonomy (LCVT): bridging the semantic gap C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 14 EP - 25 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0151 AU - Sabek, Mohamed AU - Mei, Qipei AU - Lee, Gaang AU - Golabchi, Ali AU - Gonzalez, Vicente AD - PhD Candidate, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, sabek@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0009-0005-2906-9874 AD - Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, qipei@ualberta.ca, AD - Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, gaang@ualberta.ca, AD - Adjunct Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, alireza1@ualberta.ca, AD - Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, vagonzal@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0003-3408-3863 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - The architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry faces productivity stagnation due to ineffective production flow management. Although Lean Construction (LC) aims to minimize waste, manual monitoring lacks the high-frequency data required for timely control. Computer Vision (CV) offers automated monitoring but suffers from a "Semantic Gap," where models detect low-level objects but fail to interpret high-level Lean states (e.g., "waiting"). This study proposes the Lean Construction Visual Taxonomy (LCVT), a three-level hierarchical framework–Category, Indicator, Visual Definition grounded in Transformation-Flow-Value (TFV) theory. Crucially, the LCVT provides standardized class definitions to guide "zero-shot" prompt engineering in Vision-Language Models (VLMs). By injecting formal L3 definitions that address entity types, temporal thresholds (e.g., stationary >60 s), and spatial context into VLM models such as GPT-4o and Gemini 2.5, the framework enables sophisticated, lean reasoning without the need for massive custom-labeled datasets. Pilot validation achieved a 0.946 mAP in distinguishing state-dependent equipment loads. By formalizing the visual signatures of waste, the LCVT establishes the data infrastructure necessary for proactive, VLM-driven decision support in construction AI. KW - AI KW - transformation-flow-value KW - computer vision KW - taxonomy KW - visual management. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2468/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2468 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Application of Lean Construction: a multilevel and multidimensional perspective C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 618 EP - 629 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0152 AU - John, Paul Christian AU - Binninger, Marco AU - Haghsheno, Shervin AD - PhD Student, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany, christian.john@kit.edu, orcid.org/0009-0005-0648-9331 AD - Professor, Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences (HKA), Karlsruhe, Germany, marco.binninger@h-ka.de, orcid.org/0009-0006-3274-2481 AD - Professor, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany, shervin.haghsheno@kit.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-0602-6370 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - This paper addresses the gap between Lean Construction’s (LC) widely promoted potential and its frequently observed Lean light application in practice. Building on insights from a recent study on the status quo of LC in Germany, we developed a multilevel and multidimensional model that captures where LC is applied, how it is applied, and how corresponding effects emerge. The model distinguishes five hierarchical system levels, ranging from the industry level (L5) to the level of individual operational practitioners (L1) and three application dimensions: length (D1; duration), breadth (D2; quantity), and depth (D3; quality). The effect of LC application is thereby linked to the application volume (V), a combined configuration of the three application dimensions, highlighting that a substantial effect is unlikely unless the approach is applied with sufficient duration, quantity, and quality. For each level and dimension, we propose evaluation scales to support an initial qualitative self-assessment. The model was refined iteratively and subjected to expert-based theoretical and practical validation through 10 interviews and illustrative cases for each level. By providing a common understanding and an evaluative structure across industry levels and application dimensions, the model aims to support both research and practice in moving beyond Lean light applications. KW - Application KW - maturity KW - effect KW - evaluation KW - transformation. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2469/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2469 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Revealing Lean-aligned practices in Indonesian small contractors: a preliminary study C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1016 EP - 1027 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0153 AU - Abduh, Muhamad AU - Hasiholan, Budi AU - Puri, Eliza AU - Wirdianto, Anang AU - Linas, Hudan AU - Nainggolan, Patar AD - Professor, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia, abduh@itb.ac.id, orcid.org/0000-0001-6926-6665 AD - Lecturer, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia, hasiholan.budi@itb.ac.id AD - Lecturer, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia, eliza.puri@itb.ac.id AD - Ph.D. student, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia, 35025001@mahasiswa.itb.ac.id AD - Master’s student, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia, 25024029@mahasiswa.itb.ac.id AD - Master’s student, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia, 25025067@mahasiswa.itb.ac.id ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Indonesia’s construction industry is dominated by small contractors, whose operations are inefficient due to limited resources. While Lean Construction offers a solution to enhance performance, small contractors show reluctance to adopt it, as they perceive it as a new technology and complicated. However, little is known about whether Lean principles may already be present in their practices. This preliminary study addresses that gap by examining whether small contractors may implement Lean-aligned practices as internal organizational innovations. Data were gathered using an exploratory mixed-methods approach, including surveys, interviews, and site visits with 20 small contractors in Jakarta and Bandung. The analysis examined the nine types of waste, the production system, and the production processes. Observed practices were categorized into Lean-aligned (reflecting Lean principles) and non-aligned (conventional, standard, but suboptimal). The findings suggest that while most practices remain reactive, some contractors already exhibit Lean-aligned practices informally, such as collaborative planning, learning, and variability management. These results indicate that Lean principles may develop organically in a small contractor environment. Although preliminary, the findings could contribute to the Lean Construction literature by promoting Lean-aligned practices as internal organizational innovations. Moreover, future research could address regional and cultural variations of small contractors in Indonesia. KW - Continuous improvement KW - PDCA KW - production system KW - variability KW - waste. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2470/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2470 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Implementation of the Last Planner® System on a port project – evidence from Ireland C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1559 EP - 1570 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0155 AU - Power, William AU - Daniel, Emmanuel AU - O’Keeffe, Eddie AD - Lean Construction Coach, Lean and Agile Construction, Killarney, Co. Kerry, V93 ND71, Ireland, willie@leanandagileconstruction.ie, orcid.org/0000-0001-5791-846X AD - Associate Professor (Reader) in Sustainable Construction Management, School of Architecture, Computing and Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK, e.daniel2@wlv.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-5675-1845 3 Construction Director, Wills Bros Ltd., Willow House, The Waterways, Oberstown, Sallins, Co. Kildare, W91 FH75. Ireland. eddieokeeffe@willsbros.com AD - ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Evidence of using Last Planner System on Port and Maritime projects is scarce in construction literature. This study presents the benefits and challenges accruing from implementing all functions of the Production Planning and Control process on a Port project in Ireland. This qualitative research adopted a mixed-methods approach utilising a case study design and data collected from semi-structured interviews and observation. Findings highlight productivity and schedule alignment opportunities accruing from a collaborative planning routine and cycle from the Last Planner System application. Challenges included the uniqueness of the Port project and maintaining the team’s diligent focus on adherence to the process. Key lessons reinforce senior leadership support for the implementation, early training and education for the team, effective communication to crew level, utilising digital solutions to support visualisation, and not rushing to digital solutions until a solid understanding of the Last Planner System is in place. Recommendations suggest Planned Percent Complete focuses on critical path performance, Pull Plan milestones address key land and water-based activity interfaces, and consideration is given to on-going coaching and facilitation to embed Last Planner System principles. KW - Last Planner System KW - pull planning KW - lookahead planning KW - constraints KW - Planned Percent Complete. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2471/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2471 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - 33 years of Lean Construction research: academia-industry links and global contributions C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1028 EP - 1039 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0156 AU - John, Paul Christian AU - Sun, Bernard AU - Engebø, Atle AU - Lædre, Ola AU - Haghsheno, Shervin AU - Drevland, Frode AD - PhD Student, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany, christian.john@kit.edu, orcid.org/0009-0005-0648-9331 AD - Student, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany, bernard.sun@student.kit.edu, www.orcid.org/0009-0003-8624-7927 AD - Researcher, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, atle.engebo@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-5293-0176 AD - Professor, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, ola.laedre@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0003-4604-8299 AD - Professor, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany, shervin.haghsheno@kit.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-0602-6370 AD - Associate Professor, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, frode.drevland@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-4596-1564 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - This paper presents a quantitative analysis of institutional and geographical participation in Lean Construction (LC) research as reflected in the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC) proceedings over a 33-year period (1993–2025). Based on a dataset of all 2,413 conference papers, the study examines (i) the affiliation composition of papers (academia-only, mixed, industry-only), (ii) the most contributing organisations and countries, and (iii) patterns of (inter)national co-authorship. Results show that 65% of papers are authored exclusively by academia-affiliated authors, 27% are co-authored by academia and industry, and 9% are authored exclusively by industry. Country participation broadens over time, reaching contributions from 58 countries by 2025, while publication activity remains concentrated in a relatively small set of organisations and countries. At the continental level, Europe accounts for the largest share of contributions, followed by North America and South America. International co-authorship has also increased over time: internationally co-authored papers account for 21% of the full period and exceed 20% in most years since 2015, peaking at 37% (2021). Overall, the study provides a descriptive baseline of the institutional and national contexts from which LC research at IGLC primarily originates and of how cross-domain and cross-country collaboration is reflected in the conference. KW - Research KW - collaboration KW - practitioners KW - organisations KW - countries. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2472/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2472 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Takt Planning and control in Indonesia: structure project twin tower Undip PTPP C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1571 EP - 1582 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0158 AU - Aisyah, Rina Asri AU - Farida, Fifi AU - Gutomo, Ardhianto AU - Putra, Prama AU - Brata, Pundjung Setya AD - Lean Construction Section, Division of Strategic, Planning and Technology, PT PP (Persero) Tbk, Jakarta, Indonesia, aisyah_rina@ptpp.co.id, orcid.org/0009-0005-0637-9925 AD - Scheduler and Lean, Project Twin Tower Undip, PT PP (Persero) Tbk, Jakarta, Indonesia, fififarida@ptpp.co.id AD - Project Manager, Project Twin Tower Undip, PT PP (Persero) Tbk, Jakarta, Indonesia, ardhianto@ptpp.co.id AD - Assistant Professor, Center of Excellence in Predictive Risk and Simulation Modeling, Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB), Indonesia, prama.putra@itb.ac.id, orcid.org/0000-0003-4045-9628 AD - Monitoring Body of Indonesian Professional Society in Lean Construction Management (IAMKRI), Indonesia, pundjungsetyabrata@ptpp.co.id ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Takt planning and takt control are increasingly applied in lean construction to stabilize workflow and improve project performance. However, empirical evidence explaining how performance improvements emerge over time remains limited. This study investigates how schedule performance improvements develop in a takt-based production system through an empirical case of a twin-tower project executed, focusing specifically on structural works. The research questions are how takt planning contributes to initial schedule performance improvements and how deviations between planned and realized production during execution contribute to further performance improvement over time. The project represents the first implementation of takt planning and takt control by PT PP (Persero) Tbk. Using a case-study approach, the study distinguishes performance gains through takt planning and additional improvements during execution through takt control. Our results show that takt planning significantly reduced planned project duration and stabilized workflow. Further schedule gains shown through deviations between planned and realization enabled learning and localized corrective actions. By comparing performance outcomes at the whole project level and zone level, this study demonstrates that early performance losses reflected a learning and adaptation process. Meanwhile, repeated workflows and continuous control supported improved coordination, predictability, and faster delivery over time. It enables the systematic incorporation of lessons learned from the first tower into the second tower in the near future. KW - Lean implementation KW - project production KW - Takt time KW - Takt planning KW - Takt control. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2473/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2473 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - The Six Practice: integrating flow and leadership in production planning and control C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1583 EP - 1594 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0161 AU - Enge, Felix Archibald AU - Mentrup, Lars AU - Vauk, Björn AD - Dr.-Ing., CEO, Makeo, Germany, felix.enge@thesixpractice.de, orcid.org/0009-0006-5605-646X AD - PhD Candidate, TU Berlin, Germany, lars.mentrup@projekte.g-wt.de, orcid.org/0009-0000-2270-5667 AD - PhD Candidate, Institute for Production Technology and Systems (IPTS), Leuphana University Lüneburg, Germany, bjoern.vauk@leuphana.de, orcid.org/0009-0006-3464-3049 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Large construction projects are increasingly characterized by complexity, fragmented organizational structures, and dynamic boundary conditions. Despite the use of detailed schedules and established Lean planning methods, many projects experience persistent gaps between planned targets and actual execution. Deviations are often detected late, addressed locally, or escalated informally, limiting the ability of project organizations to respond effectively. This paper presents a practice-based case study examining the development and application of an integrated flow and leadership approach, here referred to as The Six Practice. The Six Practice integrates project-level production planning and control with line-level execution and leadership systems through cascaded structures that link decisions about what should be delivered and when with decisions about who executes the work and how resources are mobilized. Rather than relying on stable standards, the approach addresses dynamic target states and treats deviations as signals for escalation, decision-making, and learning. Using the Riyadh Metro project as the primary case, the study illustrates how The Six Practice supported early deviation detection, structured escalation, and coordinated action across organizational boundaries. The findings contribute to Lean Construction research by extending existing planning and control concepts toward an integrated, deviation-based and leadership-oriented approach suitable for complex project environments. KW - Complexity KW - flow KW - Last Planner® System KW - production planning and control KW - visual management. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2474/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2474 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Semantic Blindness in Digital LPS Systems C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 26 EP - 37 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0162 AU - Reck, Raquel H. AU - Isatto, Eduardo L. AD - PhD and Lean Consultant at Climb Consulting Group, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, +55 51 998711561, raquel@climbgroup.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0003-1928-3461. AD - Associate Professor, School of Engineering, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil, isatto@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-8790 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Digital tools supporting the Last Planner System (LPS) have expanded rapidly over the past years, encompassing BIM-based planning platforms and constraint ontologies. Although the LPS has demonstrated improvements in production reliability and coordination, evidence of sustained and comparable performance across projects remains limited. Rather than attributing this gap to insufficient data or computational capability, this study suggests it is also associated with how production information is structured and maintained across planning cycles. The study presents a qualitative comparative analysis of 12 digital LPS-related systems reported in the literature between 1999 and 2025. Four representational dimensions are examined: work package definition; representation of location, process, and scope; capture of progress and constraints; and recording of deviations and their causes. The results show that these systems effectively represent operational aspects of production, such as tasks, quantities, timestamps, and execution states, but provide limited support for preserving the contextual and decision-related information required to reuse and compare commitments across planning levels. This paper identifies a structural representational limitation in digital LPS systems — termed semantic blindness — defined as the inability to maintain and reuse contextual and decision-related information across planning levels. KW - Last Planner® System KW - semantic representation KW - work package KW - data reuse. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2475/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2475 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Team building workshop series: laying the foundation of a Lean Construction transformation C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1040 EP - 1051 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0163 AU - Shigaki, Jeferson Shin-Iti AU - Yokoyama, Satomi AU - Ishikawa, Koichi AU - Taira, Shojiro AU - Yamasaki, Hiroaki AD - Senior Research, Research & Development Institute, Takenaka Corporation, Inzai, Chiba, Japan, shigaki.jeferson@takenaka.co.jp, orcid.org/0000-0003-4513-6334 AD - Associate Chief, Construction Division, Takenaka Corporation, Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan, yokoyama.satomi@takenaka.co.jp, orcid.org/0009-0005-7458-3215 AD - Chief Expert, Construction Division, Takenaka Corporation, Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan, ishikawa.kouichi@takenaka.co.jp, orcid.org/0009-0000-4929-2946 AD - Senior Chief Expert, Construction Division, Takenaka Corporation, Chuo-ku, Osaka, Japan, taira.shoujirou@takenaka.co.jp, orcid.org/0009-0000-0451-4867 AD - Group Leader, Construction Division, Takenaka Corporation, Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan, yamasaki.hiroaki@takenaka.co.jp, orcid.org/0009-0006-6309-9345 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - This paper describes the early stages of a Lean Construction journey with a focus on the social aspects of a broader organisational transformation undertaken by a Japanese construction company. The Team Building Workshop Series was designed not to teach methods and tools, but to create team awareness and a constructive communication environment by closing gaps between functions, roles, and generations with different value systems, thereby promoting a more collaborative work style. Action research was the methodological approach selected to guide the continuous improvement of workshop design and implementation in a real-world setting. The empirical activity involved cycles of planning, conducting, and reflecting on the observed impacts of six workshops conducted between 2023 and 2025, involving 176 professionals. Participants reported immediate positive effects on communication and mutual support, noting benefits from attentive listening and increased opportunities to share thoughts in a psychologically safe environment. These workshops have provided the foundation for further Lean activities such as Takt Production training, BIM-based collaborative sessions, and retrospective meetings to transfer lessons learned to future projects. The study demonstrated how systematically designed team-building workshops can address the often-overlooked social foundations of Lean Construction through a scalable approach from individual awareness to organisational change. KW - Lean Construction KW - team building KW - training KW - collaboration KW - organisational change. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2476/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2476 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Lean-green supply chain framework for construction using VSM and DES C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 449 EP - 460 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0164 AU - Jaiswal, Tushar AU - Kadam, Erawati Ravindra AU - Francis, Ann AD - Assistant Manager, Larsen and Toubro Construction, Chennai, India, tusharjaiswal0108@gmail. AD - Ph.D Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India, Erawati.Kadam@civil.iitd.ac.in AD - Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India, annfrancis@iitd.ac.in, orcid.org/0000-0002-0273-9883 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Construction supply chains are often affected by inefficiencies, delays, material wastage, and carbon emissions, with implications for both project performance and sustainability. Although lean and green supply chain management (GSCM) approaches have been studied extensively, evidence on their integrated, project-level application in construction remains limited, especially in developing economies. This study proposes a comprehensive framework designed to enhance operational efficiency while promoting sustainability within the construction sector by integrating Lean and GSCM. The framework integrates Value Stream Mapping (VSM) to identify and redesign inefficient processes, with VSM-based Discrete Event Simulation (DES) to quantitatively demonstrate how lean interventions translate into environmental benefits across the construction supply chain. The proposed framework is validated through a real-world case study of a water supply pipeline distribution project in India. The results demonstrate that lean-driven supply chain redesign leads to an 8% reduction in total cycle time and inventory levels, while simultaneously achieving 7% decrease in carbon emissions. The integration of VSM and simulation enables construction practitioners and project managers to evaluate the operational and environmental implications of lean supply chain redesign in advance, reducing implementation risk and supporting informed decision-making at the project level. KW - Lean Construction practices KW - construction supply chains KW - green supply chain management KW - Value Stream Mapping KW - Discrete Event Simulation. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2477/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2477 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Governing stochastic service demands in lean construction: a hybrid LPS-Scrum model C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1595 EP - 1606 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0166 AU - Vieira, João P. P AU - Reck, Raquel H. AU - Etges, Bernardo M. B. S. AU - Sousa, Mayara C. AU - Costa, Wesley O. AD - M.Sc. Eng., Lean Consultant at Climb Consulting Group, Porto Alegre, Brazil, joao@climbgroup.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0003-0292-2570 AD - PhD and Lean Consultant at Climb Consulting Group, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, +55 51 998711561, raquel@climbgroup.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0003-1928-3461 AD - PhD Candidate, M.Sc. Eng., Founding-Partner at Climb Consulting Group, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil, bernardo@climbgroup.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-3037-5597 AD - Planning Coordinator at Wanderley Constructions, Campina Grande, Brazil orcid.org/0009-0006- 6666-7790 AD - Production Engineer at Wanderley Constructions, Campina Grande, Brazil orcid.org/0009-0001-6350-0593 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Lean Construction planning systems, such as the Last Planner System (LPS), are effective in stabilizing production flows but face limitations when applied to service‑oriented contexts characterized by high variability and stochastic demand. This paper addresses this gap by proposing and evaluating a Lean–Agile governance model that integrates adaptive prioritization mechanisms from Scrum with commitment‑based execution mechanisms from the LPS. Using a Design Science Research approach, a governance artefact was developed and implemented in the technical assistance function of a residential construction company. The model structures governance across three layers: demand discovery, value‑based prioritization, and execution commitment. Results from a 70‑week longitudinal evaluation indicate reductions in service lead time, improved backlog stability, and increased transparency in decision‑making. The study contributes to Lean Construction research by demonstrating how commitment‑based planning systems can be extended to stochastic service environments through context‑sensitive governance design. KW - Lean construction KW - Last Planner System KW - agile project management KW - Scrum KW - governance. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2478/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2478 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Workforce readiness: the need for a competency framework in off-site construction to support Lean transformation C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1052 EP - 1063 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0167 AU - Sobh, Dana AU - Shehab, Lynn AU - Hamzeh, Farook AD - PhD Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, dsobh@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0009-0004-2609-054X AD - Assistant Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, lshehab@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-2708-3550 AD - Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-3986-9534 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Off-site Construction (OSC) has shifted the work from traditional sites to more controlled production environments. However, lean implementation in OSC remains restricted because workforce readiness is often addressed through trades or stand-alone skills rather than as a combination of integrated competencies that enable lean practices and impact performance. Furthermore, existing research on OSC workforce development remains fragmented and offers limited guidance on how workforce capabilities support lean transformation. This study presents a conceptual literature review that examines how workforce competencies are currently framed within OSC, and identifies gaps in how those competencies are defined and structured. Building on this analysis, the research proposes a competency framework that positions workforce capabilities as socio-technical enablers of lean practices in OSC. The framework organizes competencies into four themes: Knowledge, Skills, Abilities, and Other Characteristics, and is embedded within the Toyota Production System (TPS). To demonstrate its applicability, the competencies are identified as primary or secondary enablers of four commonly used lean tools: 5S, Last Planner System (LPS), 5 Whys, and Value Stream Mapping (VSM). The study contributes to the understanding of workforce readiness in OSC and serves as the foundation for future empirical research on competency development and understanding its impact on performance. KW - Off-site construction KW - workforce competencies KW - Lean implementation KW - KSAO. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2479/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2479 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - A boundary-spanning playbook for digital construction innovation C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 38 EP - 49 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0168 AU - Salhab, Diana AU - Hamzeh, Farook AU - Mohamed, Yasser AU - AbouRizk, Simaan AD - Postdoctoral Fellow, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Alberta (UofA), Edmonton, Canada, salhab@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0003-0307-6193 AD - Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, UofA, Edmonton, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-3986-9534 AD - Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, UofA, Edmonton, Canada, yasser.mohamed@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0001-9170-9557 AD - Distinguished Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, UofA, Edmonton, Canada, abourizk@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-4788-9121 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Beyond the prevailing gap between academic research and industry practice, construction enterprises often lack the mechanisms to systematically identify and develop digital innovation opportunities embedded in their everyday operations. In practice, many operational challenges are recognized informally but are not consistently translated into digital tools, data-driven processes, or automation initiatives that can scale across the organization. Hence, this paper introduces the Boundary-Spanner Playbook as a structured framework that supports construction enterprises in systematically identifying and developing their internal innovation potential while institutionalizing collaboration with academia. The methodology adopts a Design Science Research approach and comprises six phases: Elicitation, Coding and Normalization, Prioritization, Mapping to Academic and Research Projects, Governance Setup, and Portfolio Replication. It operationalizes the boundary-spanning role as a repeatable process that translates operational challenges into digital tool-enabled innovation opportunities, integrating organizational learning and research translation. The framework is implemented within a large Canadian construction enterprise. Results demonstrate that the Playbook allows rapid identification and prioritization of digitally mediated innovation opportunities and embeds research collaboration within corporate decision-making structures. KW - Boundary spanning KW - digital innovation KW - industry-academia collaboration KW - research translation. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2480/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2480 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Digital optimization for green construction – reducing rebar waste and carbon emission C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 461 EP - 472 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0169 AU - Rizaldi, Yura Muhammad AU - Ashari, Akbar AU - Permadi, Adi AU - Putro, Bayu Anggoro AU - Thalib, Aminullah AU - Wirdianto, Anang AD - Junior Expert, Strategic Project Management Department, PT Wijaya Karya (Persero) Tbk., Jakarta, Indonesia, yura.mr@wikamail.id, orcid.org/0009-0004-8184-2003 AD - Expert 1, Strategic Project Management Department, PT Wijaya Karya (Persero) Tbk., Jakarta, Indonesia, akbar.ashari@wikamail.id, orcid.org/0009-0009-4036-8313 AD - Junior Expert, Strategic Project Management Department, PT Wijaya Karya (Persero) Tbk., Jakarta, Indonesia, adi.permadi@wikamail.id, orcid.org/0009-0009-6921-5046 AD - Junior Expert, Strategic Project Management Department, PT Wijaya Karya (Persero) Tbk., Jakarta, Indonesia, bayu.ap@wikamail.id, orcid.org/0009-0001-7605-0579 AD - Expert 1, Strategic Project Management Department, PT Wijaya Karya (Persero) Tbk., Jakarta, Indonesia, aminullah@wikamail.id, orcid.org/0009-0008-1031-1570 AD - Expert 2, Strategic Project Management Department, PT Wijaya Karya (Persero) Tbk., Jakarta, Indonesia, anang.wirdianto@wikamail.id, orcid.org/0009-0004-9007-4747 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Reinforcing bar (rebar) is a major cost component and contributor to embodied carbon in reinforced concrete construction. In practice, rebar must be cut from standard stock lengths, and inefficient cutting plans often lead to material waste and disruptions in production flow. This study investigates how digital optimization of rebar cutting plans can reduce waste and support planning processes in construction projects. A case study approach was applied using QCDSMPE and quantified Ishikawa analysis to identify root causes, followed by the development and implementation of a digital optimization system across three pilot projects. The results show 2.4% reduction in rebar waste, corresponding to significant cost savings and an estimated reduction of 132,535 kgCO₂e. In addition, preparation time for cutting plans decreased from 3.7 hours to approximately 1s hour per Bar Bending Schedule (BBS). The findings demonstrate that digital optimization of material planning can improve resource efficiency, support workflow reliability, and contribute to both economic and environmental performance in construction. KW - Lean construction KW - Last Planner System KW - production flow KW - rebar cutting plan optimization KW - embodied carbon. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2481/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2481 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Portfolio change governance and lean control cadence: evidence from 44 projects C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1607 EP - 1617 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0170 AU - Rahmawati, Emilia AU - Putra, Hezekiel Karunia AU - Najwa, Halwati AU - Wirdianto, Anang AU - Aminullah, AU - Persada, Media AD - Junior Expert, Strategic Project Management Department, Transformation and Information Technology Division, PT. Wijaya Karya (Persero) Tbk, Jakarta, Indonesia; emilia.r@wikamail.id, orcid.org/0009-0000 6517-8545 AD - Staff, Strategic Project Management Department, Transformation and Information Technology Division, PT. Wijaya Karya (Persero) Tbk, Jakarta, Indonesia; hezekiel@wikamail.id, orcid.org/0009-0005-3550 6305 AD - Undergraduate Student (Intern), Universitas Negeri Jakarta (UNJ), Jakarta, Indonesia; internship placement: Strategic Project Management Department, Transformation and Information Technology Division, PT. Wijaya Karya (Persero) Tbk, Jakarta, Indonesia; halwati_1503622035@mhs.unj.ac.id, orcid.org/0009-0007 3067-6035 AD - Expert 2, Strategic Project Management Department, Transformation and Information Technology Division, PT. Wijaya Karya (Persero) Tbk, Jakarta, Indonesia; anang.wirdianto@wikamail.id, orcid.org/0009-0004 9007-4747 AD - Expert 1, Strategic Project Management Department, Transformation and Information Technology Division, PT. Wijaya Karya (Persero) Tbk, Jakarta, Indonesia; aminullah@wikamail.id AD - Senior Manager, Strategic Project Management Department, Transformation and Information Technology Division, PT. Wijaya Karya (Persero) Tbk, Jakarta, Indonesia, media_p@wikamail.id, orcid.org/0009 0007-4842-8654 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Construction change control is a key governance mechanism to manage deviations in cost and schedule, yet portfolio-level evidence linking change governance to Lean control cadence remains limited. This paper examines how centralized PMO change control relates to Lean control cadence, operationalized as biweekly reporting, using an anonymized portfolio dataset of 44 ongoing projects (reporting year 2025; data freeze 22 January 2026). Across 1,056 expected project–period rows, 569 reports were submitted (overall adherence 53.9%), indicating substantial variance in cadence and a non-trivial zero-adherence segment that creates portfolio blind spots for timely triage and escalation. The Change Register contains 195 change requests; cost impact is nearly complete, but lane assignment, decision timestamps, and time impact are sparse, constraining robust computation of decision-flow metrics (e.g., over-SLA share) and change-induced schedule-deviation analysis. As a design proposition, we introduce a Lean-friendly three-lane threshold policy aligned with Delegation of Authority and lane-specific SLAs to improve decision-flow efficiency and reduce waiting. The paper contributes a portfolio measurement framework for cadence adherence, governance readiness, and early cost-impact aggregation, and a roadmap to strengthen time-impact evidence aligned with contractual extension-of-time mechanisms. KW - Lean construction KW - flow KW - Last Planner® System KW - change control KW - control cadence. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2482/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2482 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - The symphony of construction: a data-driven comparison of Takt and traditional construction C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 50 EP - 61 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0171 AU - Khan, Mawara AU - Gollee, Paulina AU - Riekki, Jaakko AU - Görsch, Christopher AU - Seppänen, Olli AD - Doctoral Researcher, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, mawara.khan@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0009-0001-1317-2931 AD - Doctoral Researcher, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, paulina.gollee@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0009-0003-5270-7737 AD - Doctoral Researcher, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, jaakko.riekki@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-0306-2165 AD - Senior Scientist, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, christopher.gorsch@vtt.fi, orcid.org/0000-0001-9632-4031 AD - Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-5924 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - The construction industry has been struggling with inefficiencies and operational flow interruptions in traditional project delivery. In contrast, the Takt planning method is emerging as a lean alternative designed to create a robust and streamlined trade flow. Despite growing takt adoption, the granular effects of takt versus traditional construction of individual worker flow have not been explored. This study conducts a comparative analysis of two case studies, one using traditional methods and one using takt planning. Analysis is based on quantitative indoor positioning system (IPS) data from workers on both projects. The findings reveal notable differences in operational flow. The quantitative data suggests that the traditional environment indicates a "stop-and-work" workflow with high variability and weak coordination between workers. In contrast, the Takt environment shows a stable, rhythmic, and highly synchronized workflow. The indicated contrast in the worker movement patterns suggests the practical differences between the two methods. This paper studies the effects of Takt on individual workers and movement-related waste compared to the traditional approach. The findings suggest that takt production is associated with reduced movement-related waste and more controlled operational flow. KW - Worker tracking KW - Takt production KW - construction operations flow KW - indoor positioning KW - lean construction. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2483/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2483 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - What limits effective target value delivery implementation in construction projects? C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1407 EP - 1418 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0175 AU - Giménez, Zulay AU - Vásquez-Hernández, Alejandro AU - Ortega, Jesús AU - Mesa, Harrison AU - Martínez, Jhonattan AU - Alarcón, Luis AD - Assistant professor School of Civil Construction, Faculty of Engineering and Research Associate of Centro Nacional de Excelencia para la Industria de la Madera. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, zmgimenez@uc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0001-9051-1434 AD - Assistant Professor, School of Applied Sciences and Engineering, Universidad EAFIT, Medellín, Colombia, avasquez5@uc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-1073-4038 AD - Academic, Departamento de Obras Civiles, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile, jesus.ortegaf@usm.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-1148-937X AD - Associate professor School of Civil Construction, Faculty of Engineering and Research Associate of Centro Nacional de Excelencia para la Industria de la Madera. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, hmesa@uc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-7050-3610 AD - Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Aarhus University, Denmark, jgmartinez@cae.au.dk, orcid.org/0000-0001-6715-4440 AD - Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-9277-2272 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Target Value Delivery (TVD) has been recognized in the Lean Construction literature for its potential to maximize project value under early-defined cost constraints. However, its practical implementation remains limited and often partial. This study presents a literature review to identify and analyze the barriers to implementing TVD in construction projects. Based on a structured search conducted in Scopus, 35 studies reporting empirical experiences or applications of TVD were analyzed, leading to the identification of 22 barriers grouped into five categories: organizational, contractual and legal, cultural and behavioral, technical and process-related, and client-related. The results indicate that the most recurrently reported barriers are primarily concentrated in the contractual, cultural, and technical dimensions. In particular, misaligned economic incentives, traditional contractual frameworks, lack of trust, and difficulties in defining and operationalizing value emerge as recurrent constraints across the literature. The study proposes a prioritization logic based on the frequency of occurrence of barriers, interpreted as a proxy for their relative relevance, emphasizing the need for integrated and sequential interventions. This review contributes to Lean Construction research by reinforcing the understanding of TVD as a socio-technical system and by providing an analytical foundation for future research and implementation strategies. KW - Target Value Delivery (TVD) KW - implementation KW - target cost KW - barriers KW - literature review. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2484/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2484 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Cognitive load theory in lean construction: a framework for human-centered task design C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 329 EP - 340 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0176 AU - Eltahan, Amira AU - Lee, Gaang AU - Hamzeh, & Farook AD - Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, eltahan@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/ 0000-0003-0501-4906 AD - Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, gaang@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/ 0000-0002-6341-2585 AD - Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/ 0000-0002-3986-9534 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Construction projects depend not only on technical resources but also on workers' cognitive capacity to process information, coordinate tasks, and make rapid decisions in dynamic environments. Excessive cognitive demand often manifests as errors, delays, and safety incidents, yet current Lean practices rarely diagnose or address these hidden “cognitive wastes.” Cognitive Load Theory (CLT), originating in educational psychology, distinguishes between intrinsic load (from task-inherent complexity), extraneous load (from inefficiencies in task design or environment), and germane load (from productive learning). This paper introduces a framework for manifesting CLT in Lean Construction, positioning cognitive overload as a form of waste that undermines flow and value generation. The framework unfolds in four steps: (1) mapping cognitive load sources through task analysis, site observation, and worker feedback; (2) monitoring cognitive load; (3) intervening to optimize task design by reducing extraneous load, scaffolding intrinsic load, and supporting germane load; and (4) integrating cognitive metrics into Lean controls. The framework is demonstrated through the case of cutting fiberglass cable trays in a modular yard. This study advances a human-centred approach to task design and project control by embedding CLT into Lean practice. It reframes cognitive overload as a form of waste, thereby enhancing safety and productivity. KW - Cognitive Load Theory KW - task complexity KW - human-centered task design KW - safety KW - continuous improvement. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2485/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2485 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Critical infrastructures interdependences during extreme weather events: the lean perspective C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 630 EP - 641 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0177 AU - Marion, Guilherme Luiz Canzian AU - Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu AU - Viana, Daniela Dietz AD - Ph.D. Student, Construction and Infrastructure Post-Graduate Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil, canzianguilherme@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-5460-1464 AD - Professor, Industrial Engineering Post-Graduate Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil, saurin@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0003-2929-5888 AD - Adjunct Professor, Construction and Infrastructure Post-Graduate Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil, dietz.viana@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-8958-4708 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Critical infrastructures (CIs) such as those related to transportation, water and electricity supply provide essential services to society, including construction projects. Thus, failure of CIs can hinder lean construction adoption, especially during extreme weather events with prolonged consequences. This article explores the use of lean thinking for the identification of opportunities for systemic improvement in CIs affected by a major flooding in Southern Brazil. To this end, the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) was used for modelling the interdependences among 20 CIs affected by the floods. The FRAM model was developed based on interviews with CI representatives, site visits, and document analysis. Then, five lean construction principles were used for the identification of opportunities to enhance the resilient performance of the CIs. The principle “increase transparency” is especially important as it makes the CI operational status visible to other stakeholders and thus enhances coordination during crisis response. The principle “increase flexibility” also stands out, promoting the repurposing of CI functionalities and investment in a multi-skilled workforce. KW - Extreme weather events KW - FRAM KW - societal resilience KW - lean principles KW - interdependence. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2486/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2486 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Aligning digital safety technologies with lean construction principles C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 62 EP - 73 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0178 AU - Salim, Nelson C. AU - Le, Phuong-Linh AU - Lin, Jacob J. AD - MS Student, Dept. of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan Univ., Taipei City, Taiwan, r13521726@ntu.edu.tw, orcid.org/0009-0005-4440-3017 AD - Ph.D Student, Dept. of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan Univ., Taipei City, Taiwan, d12521021@ntu.edu.tw, orcid.org/0009-0002-8593-9086 AD - Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan Univ., Taipei City, Taiwan, jacoblin@ntu.edu.tw, orcid.org/0000-0002-3781-9402 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Digital safety technologies have been increasingly promoted as tools for enhancing construction site operations. While the value of technological innovation has been well established in management functions such as planning, monitoring, and control, its theoretical integration into construction safety management and its contribution to lean construction principles remains underexplored. Existing studies tend to focus on individual technologies or operational outcomes, offering limited insight into how digital safety activities systematically support lean objectives. To address this gap, this study conducts a literature review to develop an interaction matrix that conceptually aligns digital safety activities, defined in a Taiwanese technical guideline, with lean principles. A total of 44 cross-interactions is identified and substantiated by evidence from the literature. The results indicate that achieving lean principles requires a comprehensive digital safety management system, with particular emphasis on the digitalization of site hazard identification. Digital hazard identification is shown to reduce human effort and error-proneness while supporting multiple lean objectives simultaneously. By mapping these interactions, this study provides a foundation for prioritizing digital safety activities and offers directions for future research on the integration of digital technologies and lean construction safety management. KW - Lean construction KW - lean principles KW - digital technologies KW - safety. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2487/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2487 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Beyond the jobsite: adapting make-ready logic to managerial decision-making in construction C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1064 EP - 1075 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0179 AU - Arsianto, Yovi AD - Junior Expert Quantity Surveyor, Infrastructure 1 Division, PT Wijaya Karya (Persero).Tbk, Jakarta, Indonesia, Yovi.Arsianto@gmail.com, orcid.org/0009-0005-8349-8549 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Despite extensive advances in Lean Construction, particularly through the Last Planner® System (LPS), limited attention has been given to structuring managerial meetings as production systems for decision-making. As a result, managerial processes remain prone to decision latency, information variability, and unreliable commitments. This study addresses this gap by developing the Make-Ready Meeting (MRM) framework, which extends Make-Ready Planning logic from operational workflows to managerial decision contexts. Using a conceptual research approach supported by a narrative literature review, the framework integrates Lean Office (LO), Lean Governance (LG), and LPS into a unified model emphasizing information readiness, constraint management, and commitment reliability. A key contribution is the introduction of a filter gate mechanism that operationalizes shielding at the managerial level by screening decision inputs prior to execution. The framework repositions meetings as commitment-production systems and shifts cognitive effort upstream. This cross-level theoretical extension contributes to Lean theory by linking decision-making reliability with workflow performance, offering a pathway to reduce decision latency in construction projects. KW - Last Planner® System KW - lean construction KW - make-ready planning KW - continuous improvement KW - commitment. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2488/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2488 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - AI-based safety monitoring using SKOPIA for preventing accidents in heavy equipment operations at Jragung Dam construction project C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 74 EP - 84 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0180 AU - Nugroho, Andrianto Widhi AU - Atiekasari, Ayu Nindya AU - Akbar, Satria Maulana AU - Rayadi, Adi Tisna AU - Stiefani, Natasya AU - Setyawan, Bagus Hendri AD - Project Manager, Jragung Dam Construction Project, Division of Infrastructure 1, PT Wijaya Karya (Persero) Tbk, Jakarta, Indonesia, andrianto.nugroho@wikamail.id , orcid.org/0009-0000-6152-9686 AD - Site Manager of HSE, Jragung Dam Construction Project, Division of Infrastructure 1, PT Wijaya Karya (Persero) Tbk, Jakarta, Indonesia, nindya@wikamail.id , orcid.org/0009-0008-1324-3841 AD - Staf of Engineer, Jragung Dam Construction Project, Division of Infrastructure 1, PT Wijaya Karya (Persero) Tbk, Jakarta, Indonesia, satria.maulana@wikamail.id , orcid.org/0009-0007-6704-8876 AD - Manager of Quantity Survey, Division of Infrastructure 1, PT Wijaya Karya (Persero) Tbk, Jakarta, Indonesia, aditisna@wikamail.id , orcid.org/0009-0004-3242-9941 AD - Junior Expert of Risk Management, Division of Infrastructure 1, PT Wijaya Karya (Persero) Tbk, Jakarta, Indonesia, natasya.s@wikamail.id , orcid.org/0009-0003-2877-696X AD - Staff of Quantity Survey, Division of Infrastructure 1, PT Wijaya Karya (Persero) Tbk, Jakarta, Indonesia, bagus.hs@wikamail.id , orcid.org/0009-0006-3419-4597 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Construction projects involving heavy equipment operations present significant safety risks due to close interactions between workers and heavy equipment, limited visibility, and reliance on manual supervision. Heavy equipment-related accidents remain one of the leading causes of fatal incidents in infrastructure projects. This study examines the implementation of an artificial intelligence (AI)-based safety monitoring system, SKOPIA (Smart Kit & Observation Platform for Industrial Awareness), to prevent heavy equipment accidents in a dam construction project. A case study approach was adopted at the Jragung Dam Construction Project Package V in Indonesia. The system utilizes computer vision, machine learning, and real-time alert mechanisms to monitor worker and equipment movements within hazardous zones. Data were collected through field observations, near-miss records, and operational comparisons before and after implementation. The signalman observation period is January – May 2025 while the SKOPIA observation period is June – September 2025. Observations are carried out every day when work is carried out with the Transport Lift Aircraft. The findings indicate that AI-based monitoring enhances early hazard detection, reduces response time, and minimizes dependency on manual signalmen. This study contributes empirical evidence on integrating AI-enabled monitoring into proactive safety management, supporting lean construction principles and risk-based accident prevention in large-scale infrastructure projects. KW - AI KW - safety KW - lean construction KW - heavy equipment operations KW - dam projects. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2489/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2489 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Enhancing sustainability in Indonesian dam construction: a lean optimization approach C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 473 EP - 481 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0182 AU - Napitupulu, Ferdinand AU - Irtanto, Edi AD - Project Manager, Infrastructure 2 & Building Division, PT. Wijaya Karya (Persero) Tbk., Jakarta, Indonesia. ferdinand.napitupulu@wikamail.id, orcid.org/0009-0007-3089-7671 AD - Project Engineering Manager, Infrastructure 2 & Building Division, PT. Wijaya Karya (Persero) Tbk., Jakarta, Indonesia. edi.irtanto@wikamail.id, orcid.org/0009-0004-1522-4717 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Dams represent critical infrastructure supporting Indonesia’s food security, energy supply, flood control, and water resource management. Yet dam construction projects frequently experience time and cost overruns due to process inefficiencies, rework, and inadequate coordination among stakeholders. To enhance performance and sustainability, this study investigates the application of Lean Construction (LC) principles—particularly the Last Planner System (LPS)—as a systematic approach to waste reduction and process optimization in dam construction. Using an explanatory sequential mixed-method design (interviews, site observations, document analysis) on an ongoing dam project in Indonesia, the results show that LPS improves workflow reliability and reduces non–value-added activities, yielding measurable gains in schedule adherence, cost efficiency, productivity, and environmental sustainability through a 10–15% reduction in material waste. Key success factors include commitment-based planning, early constraint identification, and enhanced stakeholder collaboration. The study contributes a practical framework for integrating LC tools to achieve sustainable performance outcomes in complex project environments aligned with national infrastructure goals and optimize resource utilization. KW - Last Planner System KW - lean construction KW - waste reduction KW - dam construction KW - sustainable infrastructure. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2490/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2490 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Contractor experiences with competitive dialogue in a Norwegian road infrastructure project C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1 EP - 13 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0183 AU - Røksland, Joakim AU - Lædre, Ola AU - Wondimu, Paulos Abebe AU - Lohne, Jardar AD - Graduate student, Civil and Environmental Engineering (IBM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway/Project engineer, Contur AS, Norway, joakim.roksland@contur.no AD - Professor, IBM, NTNU, Norway, ola.laedre@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0003-4604-8299 AD - Adjunct associate professor, IBM, NTNU, Norway/Contract advisor, Norwegian Public Roads Administration, Oslo, Norway, paulos.wondimu@vegvesen.no, orcid.org/0000-0001-9421-594X AD - Research scientist, IBM, NTNU, Jardar.lohne@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-2135-3468 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Competitive dialogue enables early contractor involvement (ECI) in complex public projects, yet contractor perspectives remain limited. This paper examines how the joint venture KSR (Contur & Risa) experienced and worked within competitive dialogue in the Norwegian road project Fv. 44 Bussveien (Stasjonsveien-Gauselvågen), and what lessons are transferable. A qualitative single-case study used twelve semi-structured interviews and analysis of procurement and project documents. Findings are structured by competitive dialogue phases and linked to reported execution effects. KSR operated as an integrated contractor-consultant team and invested substantial effort between dialogue meetings to mature and optimise solutions against the award criteria with client feedback. Reported outcomes include constructability and risk-reducing redesigns and stronger solution maturity at contract award. Collaboration routines were perceived to carry on into execution, supporting method optimisations, time/material savings, and fewer changes. The loser’s fee was perceived as insufficient, though not determining. Competitive dialogue provides an effective ECI when clients provide competent, actionable feedback and when the criteria are clear enough to steer supplier work. The competitive dialogue supported a lean design process. High transaction costs and limited compensation may nevertheless restrict participation and should be addressed in process and incentive design. KW - Early contractor involvement KW - public procurement KW - infrastructure KW - award criteria. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2491/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2491 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Industrialized Construction Index (ICI): a project indicator for industrialization assessment. C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 739 EP - 750 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0184 AU - R., Daniel F. Sanchez AU - Attouri, Emna AD - Innovation Project Manager, Bouygues Construction, Paris, France, daniel-felipe.sanchez_ruiz@edu.devinci.fr, orcid.org/0009-0009-0820-1062 AD - Market Innovation Developer, Aperam Stainless Europe, Lille, France; emna.attouri@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-5563-6431 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Industrialized Construction represents a fundamental paradigm shift toward a product-based approach to address chronic productivity and quality issues in the sector. However, the lack of a standardized, scientifically rigorous metric to quantify industrialization maturity hinders strategic goal-setting and cross-project benchmarking. This paper presents and validates the Industrialized Construction Index (ICI), a quantitative framework measuring maturity across five pillars: Standardization, Prefabrication, Modularization, Automation, and Digitalization. Utilizing a multi-case study approach, the ICI was deployed across 61 residential projects in Colombia and 33 projects in France. Findings demonstrate the indicator's sensitivity to diverse market realities, revealing a 33% industrialization maturity in the Colombian market-driven primarily by design standardization, while French projects exhibited higher variability through advanced off-site solutions like volumetric modules and timber-frame facades. The research confirms the ICI as a robust, cross-border assessment tool that allows construction companies to move beyond subjective classifications toward verifiable metrics, facilitating the correlation between industrialization levels and global project performance. KW - Industrialization KW - prefabrication KW - standardization KW - modularity KW - automation KW - digitalization. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2492/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2492 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Balancing decarbonisation and climate resilience through lean and digital twins C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 85 EP - 96 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0186 AU - Muzaffar, Adnan AU - Charlesraj, V. Paul C. AD - Student, Department of Design and Architecture, School of Arts and Humanities, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom, adnanbhat72@gmail.com, orcid.org/0009-0004-3649-9090 AD - Senior Lecturer in Construction Project Management, Department of Design and Architecture, School of Arts and Humanities, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom, P.C.Vasantharaj@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-9868-3350 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - The construction sector is a major contributor to global carbon emissions and is also highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Balancing decarbonisation with climate resilience has emerged as an important industrial goal. However, both these objectives are usually addressed independently in current practices and research, with limited attention to integrated strategies. The synergy between Lean methodology and Digital Twin technology has been explored in this study that can help balance decarbonisation and climate resilience in construction projects. A qualitative research design was adopted, including a systematic literature review and semi-structured interviews with five industry experts. The findings suggested that Lean and Digital Twins can complement to balance decarbonisation and climate resilience, but their adoption is influenced by organisational and cultural hurdles, stakeholder influence, and strategic integration for long-term benefit. They also indicated that climate resilience is frequently considered as a secondary objective, underlining the importance of a framework that combines Lean and Digital Twins to successfully balance decarbonisation and climate resilience. The findings of this study facilitated the establishment of a proposed framework that presented Lean and Digital Twins as equal promoters for balancing decarbonisation and climate resilience, rather than focusing solely on efficiency improvements. KW - Climate resilience KW - decarbonisation KW - digital twins KW - lean construction KW - sustainability. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2493/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2493 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Performance measurement in Takt production: an exploratory study on metrics, practices and challenges C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1618 EP - 1630 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0187 AU - Formoso, Carlos T. AU - Zani, Carolina M. AD - Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, formoso@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-4772-3746 AD - Lecturer, School of Project Management, University of Sydney, Australia, carolina.zani@sydney.edu.au, orcid.org/0000-0002-2649-2432 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Takt production gained attention in construction as a lean planning and control method that synchronizes workflows and enables product continuous flow. However, limited research has addressed performance measurement in takt production. This paper aims to identify research gaps in takt performance measurement, based on core concepts related to takt production, and the need for mechanisms to cope with unexpected variability. Several metrics for measuring takt performance were identified in the literature, organized into seven categories. Three exploratory case-studies were conducted in Chile, USA, and Japan, chosen due to the context heterogeneity and takt production methods diversity. Data analysis revealed different takt performance measurement approaches across different contexts. Company A developed a performance measurement system based on a production status matrix, used for controlling WIP, cycle time variation, and batch completion. Company B implemented takt production within an Integrated Project Delivery framework, in which performance measurement was based on Last Planner® System metrics. Company C employed a type of takt production system based on daily progress reports. The findings highlight improvement opportunities for takt performance measurement, including exploring leading metrics related to intermediate takt production goals, extend takt production metrics to other processes, and devise metrics for supporting adaptive capacity. KW - Takt production KW - location-based planning and control KW - performance measurement systems KW - complexity KW - slack. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2494/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2494 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Metrics-based process mapping for MEPF design process efficiency analysis C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1419 EP - 1429 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0191 AU - C, Silambarasan AU - Prabaharan, Ragavi AU - Devkar, Ganesh AD - Student, Ranbir and Chitra Gupta School of Infrastructure Design and Management, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur , India, silambarasanck2020@gmail.com, orcid.org/ 0009-0000-5740-7846 AD - Assistant Manager, Department of Research and Development, URC Construction (P) Ltd, India, +919788933592, ragavi.prabaharan@urcc.in, orcid.org/0000-0002-2901-7047 AD - Sr. Associate Professor, Faculty of Technology, CEPT University, Ahmedabad – 380009, India, +919099010303, ganesh.devkar@cept.ac.in, orcid.org/0000-0002-5482-1221 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Mechanical, Electrical, Plumbing and Fire Protection (MEPF) design process in Engineering, Procurement, and Construction (EPC) project delivery faces process bottlenecks and coordination issues leading to delay and cost overruns. Yet, most existing research address these qualitatively without operational-level measurement frameworks. This research adapts the Metrics-Based Process Mapping (MBPM) framework for MEPF design, using swimlane diagrams to visualize cross-disciplinary workflows and to measure activity-level metrics. The classification and analysis of waste sources is carried out with a waste identification framework . A case study of the EPC healthcare project validates this approach across Fire Protection System (FPS), Public Health Engineering (PHE), Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC), and Electrical disciplines during the schematic and detailed design phases. Through process mapping, document analysis using Document Control Index (DCI) records, and stakeholder interviews, the study identifies how MEPF design effort is diverted to non-value-adding activities, such as waiting, rework from revisions, and extra processing due to complex workflows. This work identifies significant performance gaps and the sources of waste in design processes. The framework provides a simple yet quantitative approach that helps MEPF teams and EPC contractors identify the causes of design process bottlenecks and supports structured collaboration and early stakeholder engagement to enhance Lean implementation. KW - Lean design KW - process mapping KW - design management KW - wastes KW - metrics-based. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2495/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2495 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Accelerating construction of public infrastructures leveraging lean concepts: a case study C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1076 EP - 1086 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0192 AU - Rastogi, Dr Subhash AU - Misra, Manoranjan AU - Ghadai, Narendra Kumar AU - Jacob, Tony AD - Retired Professor, IIM Mumbai, India, dr.subhash.rastogi49@gmail.com, orcid.org/0009-0008-8756-3071 AD - Former Engineer-in-Chief and Special Secretary, Govt of Odisha, India, manoranjanmisra@gmail.com, orcid.org/0009-0000-1849-8909 AD - Superintending Engineer, Works Department, Govt of Odisha, India, narendraghadai@gmail.com, orcid.org/0009-0001-3386-0192 AD - Director, Constask Management Solutions LLP, India, tony.jacob@constask.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-6393-6787 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Public infrastructure projects often face schedule overruns due to fragmented planning, poor coordination, and weak workflow reliability. This paper presents a Lean Construction case study from India involving the construction of a 650-bed government teaching hospital, developed as an academic extension to an existing medical college. The project was part of a programme comprising four identical hospital facilities. After delays of nearly fifteen months, a pilot Lean intervention was initiated on one hospital. The intervention shifted project control from traditional quantity-based monitoring to modular and sub-modular workflow planning using physically measurable work packages. Constraint management was prioritised, and repetitive work patterns across floors and building zones were systematically analysed. Lean planning was implemented through structured monthly, weekly, and daily collaborative planning cycles involving contractors, the Project Management Office (PMO), and client representatives, aligned with the Last Planner System®. The outcomes included improved workflow reliability, effective debottlenecking of critical finishing activities, and enhanced coordination across project stakeholders. The pilot hospital was completed nearly three months ahead of the remaining projects without any increase in budget. The study demonstrates the practical applicability of Lean principles in public sector infrastructure projects characterised by complexity and multiple interfaces. KW - Collaborative Planning System KW - Last Planner System® KW - workflow KW - constraint management KW - production. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2496/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2496 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - A lean framework for modern methods of construction workforce transition in Australia C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 751 EP - 762 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0193 AU - Gutierrez-Bucheli, Laura AU - Maxwell, Duncan W. AD - Research Fellow, Future Building Initiative, Monash Art, Design & Architecture, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia, laura.gutierrezbucheli@monash.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-3764-7855 AD - Associate Professor, Future Building Initiative, Monash Art, Design & Architecture, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia, duncan.maxwell@monash.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-9039-1441 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Modern Methods of Construction (MMC) are gaining momentum globally as a response to construction productivity challenges and housing shortages. While previous research has documented changes required in business models, supply chains, and production processes to facilitate MMC adoption, recent studies reveal that MMC demands new skillsets across the built environment value chain and new roles that differ from traditional construction occupations. Yet formal qualification systems have been slow to respond, creating misalignment between what MMC requires and what education systems can deliver. This paper proposes a lean framework for MMC workforce transition that addresses three systemic challenges: qualification systems that cannot keep pace with industry needs, occupational boundaries that inhibit cross-functional skill development, and governance structures that impede coordinated response. Drawing on lean principles supported by platform thinking, the framework is designed to embed responsiveness into workforce development. The framework is grounded in two applied research projects conducted in partnership with skills organisations, vocational education providers, and industry peak bodies in Australia. While focused on the Australian context, the paper situates these challenges within international MMC adoption trends, offering insights for other jurisdictions. The paper contributes to Lean Construction scholarship by integrating lean and platform thinking for MMC workforce development. KW - Modern methods of construction KW - industrialised construction KW - lean construction KW - platform thinking KW - construction education. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2497/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2497 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Can lean construction improve site readiness to facilitate modern methods of construction integration? C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 763 EP - 774 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0194 AU - Daniel, Emmanuel Itodo AU - Power, William AD - Associate Professor (Reader) in School of Architecture, Computing and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK, e.daniel2@wlv.ac.uk. orcid.org/0000-0002-5675-1845 AD - Lean Construction Coach, Lean and Agile Construction, Killarney, Co. Kerry, V93 ND71, Ireland, willie@leanandagileconstruction.ie, orcid.org/0000-0001-5791-846X ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - The advantages of Modern Methods of Construction (MMC) are frequently compromised when on-site construction activities are not adequately prepared to deliver and integrate MMC components. This study investigates challenges encountered by both MMC organisations and on-site teams in coordinating MMC with traditional building practices. Employing a mixed-methods case study approach, the research comprises semi-structured interviews with representatives from MMC providers and construction companies, as well as systematic observations conducted during multiple site visits. The findings highlight significant challenges in reconciling the standardisation inherent in MMC processes with the adaptability expected of contractors on site. This often results in friction between production-focused perspectives and entrenched conventional approaches. To address these issues, the study recommends fostering a culture that values innovation and cultivates trust in MMC solutions. Key strategies include encouraging early, proactive collaboration among design, manufacturing, and on-site stakeholders; adopting a focused quality mindset for on-site activities; and directly addressing concerns about increased on-site workload or approval delays. Supporting measures, such as targeted training initiatives, clear communication of programme expectations, and visible leadership endorsement of MMC adoption, are essential for dispelling misconceptions and creating an environment conducive to successful integration. KW - Modern Methods of Construction KW - Last Planner System KW - Just-In-Time KW - quality. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2498/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2498 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Integrating lean construction and BIM for enhanced planning in construction projects C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 97 EP - 106 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0195 AU - Jovin, Milan AU - Peško, Igor AD - Teaching Assistant, Department of Civil Engineering and Geodesy, Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia, mjovin@uns.ac.rs, orcid.org/0009-0004-4422-4230 AD - Full Professor, Department of Civil Engineering and Geodesy, Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia, igorbp@uns.ac.rs, orcid.org/0000-0001-9098-3642 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Construction projects persistently fail to meet planned time, cost, and quality targets due to fragmented planning, late constraint discovery, and reactive decision-making. Despite growing interest in both Lean Construction and Building Information Modeling (BIM), a structured, planning-phase-focused conceptual framework that explicitly links Last Planner System (LPS) workflows to BIM functionalities remains absent from the literature. This paper addresses that gap through a structured literature synthesis of 50 peer-reviewed sources. The principal contribution is a Lean-BIM Planning Framework that maps each LPS planning level - master scheduling, phase planning, lookahead planning, and weekly work planning - to specific BIM tools and mechanisms, including 4D simulation, clash detection, automated quantity take-off, and common data environment. Synthesized findings indicate that Lean-BIM integration can increase plan reliability, reduce waste from rework and idle time, improve resource coordination, and enhance cross-disciplinary collaboration. The paper also consolidates key implementation barriers: BIM interoperability constraints, level-of-detail mismatches, investment and training demands, and organizational resistance to change. The framework is intended to guide future empirical research and early-stage practical implementation of integrated Lean-BIM planning approaches. KW - Lean construction KW - Building Information Modeling (BIM) KW - Lean-BIM integration KW - Last Planner System (LPS) KW - 4D BIM. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2499/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2499 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Lean construction and the “Good House” value system in China: developing a synergistic framework C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 341 EP - 352 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0196 AU - Fang, Yanqing AU - Gao, Shang AD - Lecturer, School of Management Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Finance and Economics, China, fangyanqing@tjufe.edu.cn, orcid.org/0000-0003-2989-9737 AD - Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, The University of Melbourne, Australia, Shang.gao@unimelb.edu.au, orcid.org/0000-0002-4161-5592 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - China has recently introduced the concept of “good house” and incorporated it into the government work report. Nevertheless, the construction sector still struggles with persistent issues including poor quality, low efficiency, and limited sustainability. This study addresses the gap between China’s “good house” policy and persistent industry challenges by pioneering the integration of Lean Construction principles into the good house value system, proposing a synergistic framework grounded in Transformation-Flow-Value (TFV) production theory and its extensions (TFV–Institutional Logic Perspective and TFV–Service-Dominant Logic Perspective). Through logical deduction and systematic mapping, the framework elucidates how Lean Construction principles contribute to key good house value indicators. It extends TFV theory beyond the production phase by integrating an institutional logic perspective (e.g., locational value) and a service-dominant logic perspective (e.g., operational co-creation value). The framework provides a conceptual basis for empirical testing and offers policymakers an actionable pathway to deliver user-centered good houses. KW - Lean construction KW - good house KW - quality housing KW - value KW - quality. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2500/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2500 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Strategic risk management through lean construction–enhanced mitigation: the Sitinjau Lauik flyover project, Indonesia C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1631 EP - 1641 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0197 AU - Alfrianto, Rifki AU - Pramono, Fitriana Prahastiwi AU - Naufal, Achmad Luthfi AU - Widyastuti, Amy Rachmadhani AU - Rahman, Arif AU - Wresniwira, Sastria AU - Soekharjo, Gunadi AU - Hermawan, Iwan AU - Wiranata, Halim AD - Vice President, Corporate Secretary Division, PT Hutama Karya (Persero), Jakarta, Indonesia, rifki.alfrianto@hutamakarya.com, orcid.org/0009-0000-5278-6138 AD - Operation, Infrastructure I Division, PT Hutama Karya (Persero), Jakarta, Indonesia, fitriana.prahastiwi@hutamakarya.com, orcid.org/0009-0008-0504-5749 AD - Lean Coordinator, Engineering, Research & IT Division, PT Hutama Karya (Persero), Jakarta, Indonesia, achmad.luthfi@hutamakarya.com, orcid.org/0009-0002-3464-7673 AD - Executive Vice President, Engineering, Research & IT Division, PT Hutama Karya (Persero), Jakarta, Indonesia, amy.rachmadhani@hutamakarya.com, orcid.org/0009-0006-7600-6064 AD - Executive Vice President, Infrastructure I Division, PT Hutama Karya (Persero), Jakarta, Indonesia, arif.rahman@hutamakarya.com AD - Analyst, Engineering, Research & IT Division, PT Hutama Karya (Persero), Jakarta, Indonesia, sastria.wresniwira@hutamakarya.com, orcid.org/0009-0007-5137-7253 AD - Directors, Operational I, PT Hutama Karya (Persero), Jakarta, Indonesia, gunadi@hutamakarya.com AD - Directors, Operational III, PT Hutama Karya (Persero), Jakarta, Indonesia, iwan.hermawan@hutamakarya.com AD - Vice President, Engineering, Research & IT Division, PT Hutama Karya (Persero), Jakarta, Indonesia, halim.wiranata@hutamakarya.com ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - The Sitinjau Lauik Flyover Project is a strategic infrastructure initiative in West Sumatra designed to address severe geometric constraints and safety risks along a critical logistics corridor. Delivered under a Design–Build–Finance–Operate–Maintain–Transfer (DBFOM) Public–Private Partnership (PPP) scheme with an investment value of IDR 2.793 trillion (approximately USD 175 million), the project operates within a complex planning environment characterized by geotechnical instability, environmental constraints, and an aggressive construction timeline. These conditions require robust risk mitigation planning at an early project stage. This study adopts a scenario-based comparative approach to examine how Lean Construction can enhance risk mitigation planning compared to conventional practices. Using a project risk register as the primary data source, inherent and residual risk profiles are compared under two mitigation scenarios: conventional mitigation and Lean Construction–enhanced mitigation. Residual risk values are assessed through scenario-based estimation to support comparative analysis rather than predict actual performance outcomes. The results indicate that Lean Construction enhances mitigation robustness by reducing risk probability and exposure through improved planning reliability, early alignment, and constraint management. The findings suggest that Lean Construction can function as a planning-level risk mitigation enhancer, complementing conventional controls in complex infrastructure PPP projects. KW - Risk management KW - lean construction KW - PPP KW - infrastructure project KW - risk mitigation. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2501/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2501 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Translating 5S planning into physical site practices through BIM-based visualization: a case study of the BRI Ragunan building project C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 353 EP - 364 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0199 AU - , Mardiansyah AU - Sasongko, Andung Damar AU - Kurniawan, Robby AU - Rachman, Nadhila Afiati AU - Naufal, Achmad Luthfi AU - Wardana, Wisnu AU - Nugroho, Andika Hendry AU - Dewantoro, Wisnu AU - Adam, Rivaldo AD - Director, Operation II, PT Hutama Karya (Persero), Jakarta, Indonesia, mardiansyah@hutamakarya.com AD - Executive Vice President, Construction Department, PT Hutama Karya (Persero), Jakarta, Indonesia, andung.damar@hutamakarya.com AD - BIM Manager, Building Division, PT Hutama Karya (Persero), Jakarta, Indonesia, robby.kurniawan@hutamakarya.com, AD - BIM Officer, Building Division, PT Hutama Karya (Persero), Jakarta, Indonesia, nadhila.afiati@hutamakarya.com, orcid.org/0009-0007-0381-3196 AD - Lean Coordinator, Engineering, & Information Technology, PT Hutama Karya (Persero), Jakarta, Indonesia, achmad.luthfi@hutamakarya.com, orcid.org/0009-0002-3464-7673 AD - Project Manager, BRI Ragunan IT Center Area Development Project Package 2, PT Hutama Karya (Persero),Jakarta, Indonesia, wisnu.wardana@hutamakarya.com AD - Site Engineering Manager, BRI Ragunan IT Center Area Development Project Package 2, PT Hutama Karya (Persero), Jakarta, Indonesia, dikanugroho250391@gmail.com , orcid.org/0009-0001-2846-1373 AD - Cost Control, BRI Ragunan IT Center Area Development Project Package 2, PT Hutama Karya (Persero), Jakarta, Indonesia, wisnu.dewantoro.ind@gmal.com, orcid.org/0009-0008-3548-9797 AD - BIM Coordinator, BRI Ragunan IT Center Area Development Project Package 2, PT Hutama Karya (Persero), Jakarta, Indonesia, rivaldo.adam@hutamakarya.com , orcid.org/0009-0007-2303-6830 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Projects with storage constraints face issues like unclear material locations, excessive materials shifting, and poor waste handling. Although the 5S concept is not new in the Lean Construction movement, it is not easy to implement on-site. This paper aims to explore the integration of 5S-based storage planning with the visual medium of BIM, which can make it more embedded in the site process. The process follows three steps: using 5S to plan the storage locations, converting the 5S plan into BIM, and finally visualizing the plan on-site using paper media and visual aids. In this paper, BIM was used as a visual management tool, not for automating or managing inventories. The findings suggest improved material flow clarity, reduced unnecessary movement, and better identification of reusable waste materials. The study demonstrates that effective Lean implementation can be achieved through simple planning decisions reinforced by visual tools that connect digital models with physical site practices. KW - 5S KW - BIM KW - visual management KW - material flow KW - waste management. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2502/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2502 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Decarbonizing construction through logistics: insights from cold climates C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 482 EP - 494 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0200 AU - Tetik, Müge AU - Pikas, Ergo AU - Vendel, Kädi-Riin AU - Moghimi, Nima AU - Hamzeh, Farook AD - Postdoctoral Researcher, Department of Civil Engineering, School of Energy Systems, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology, Lahti, Finland, muge.tetik@lut.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-4013-0577 AD - Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, School of Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia, ergo.pikas@taltech.ee, orcid.org/0000-0001-5691-685X AD - Early Stage Researcher, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, School of Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia, kadiriin.vendel@taltech.ee, orcid.org/0009-0004-1702-1817 AD - Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, AB, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-3986-9534 AD - Ph.D. Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, AB, Canada, nmoghimi@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0009-0008-4733-1276 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Construction logistics and site operations are significant sources of emissions, especially in cold climates where heating, lighting, and equipment use are intensified. Design and early planning decisions determine material flows, site organization, and the duration of temporary energy-intensive systems. Although lean construction is known for reducing waste and variability, its potential to support emission-aware logistics planning is still under-explored. As a result, the links between logistics reliability, efficiency, and emissions remain unclear. This study investigates how design and production planning can be better aligned with low-emission strategies in cold climates. The study adopts an integrative qualitative review that synthesizes literature, certification and policy documents, and contextual material from Finland, Estonia and Canada. Findings show that design and production planning decisions influence construction phase emissions by shaping logistics system configuration, material flow reliability, transport intensity and duration of energy-intensive operations. These relationships are amplified in cold climate contexts where seasonal access constraints and energy demand increase emissions from logistics inefficiencies. Based on these, the study develops a framework that links improvements through lean in material flow and site coordination to systematic, emission aware planning. Results support researchers, policymakers, and practitioners in embedding emission-aware thinking into planning and logistics. KW - Logistics KW - design for logistics KW - lean construction KW - cold climate construction KW - sustainability. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2503/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2503 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Enhancing lean-oriented safety management through BIM: a socio-technical perspective C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 365 EP - 377 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0201 AU - Turkyilmaz, Osman Hulusi AU - Le, Tiendung AU - Abbasnejad, Behzad AU - Oswald, David AD - PhD Candidate, School of Property, Construction and Project Management, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia, s4034304@student.rmit.edu.au, osmanturkyilmaz@iyte.edu.tr, orcid.org/0000-0002-9820-9552 AD - Associate Professor, School of Property, Construction and Project Management, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia, tiendung.le@rmit.edu.au, orcid.org/0000-0002-6048-8883 AD - Senior Lecturer, School of Property, Construction and Project Management, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia, behzad.abbasnejad@rmit.edu.au, orcid.org/0000-0002-0415-239X AD - Associate Professor, School of Property, Construction and Project Management, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia, david.oswald@rmit.edu.au, orcid.org/0000-0002-3013-5681 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Building Information Modelling (BIM) is widely adopted to support construction safety management; however, its implementation remains predominantly technology-driven and inconsistently aligned with Lean Construction principles. This study examines how the conceptualisation of BIM shapes its alignment with Lean Construction principles, drawing on the Transformation–Flow–Value (TFV) theory of production as a theoretical lens. A qualitative study was conducted based on 22 semi-structured interviews with professionals from contractor, consultant, and client organisations within the Australian AEC industry. Using a deductive analytical framework, the study analyses how BIM-enabled safety practices align with Lean Construction principles. The findings reveal a pattern of selective alignment, where BIM strongly supports operational Lean Construction principles such as visualisation, coordination, and information integration, while providing limited support for system-level Lean Construction principles including standardisation, variability reduction, and production control. This imbalance stems from the predominant application of BIM as a technological tool rather than an integrated socio-technical methodology, limiting its potential to enable adaptive, learning-oriented safety practices. Consequently, the study highlights the importance of socio-technical implementation of BIM for operationalising Lean Construction principles and achieving more integrated and sustainable Lean-oriented safety management, when integrated with organisational processes, stakeholder roles, and governance structures. KW - Building Information Modelling KW - construction safety management KW - lean construction KW - theory of production KW - BIM-Lean integration. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2504/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2504 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Understand the relationships between communication behaviors and team performance in last planner system implementation C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1087 EP - 1098 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0202 AU - Liu, Canlong AU - González, Vicente A. AU - Lee, Gaang AD - Lecturer, School of Architecture and Design, Hunan University of Science and Technology, China, canlongliu@hotmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-6653-9920 AD - Professor and Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Digital Lean Construction, Infrastructure Human Tech (IHT) Lab, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada, vagonzal@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0003-3408-3863 AD - Assistant Professor, Hole School of Construction Engineering, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada, gaang@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-6341-2585 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Drawing on sociotechnical systems theory, the effective implementation of the Last Planner® System (LPS) requires the motivation and empowerment of individuals to collaborate effectively. To improve LPS implementation performance, it is necessary to examine how social mechanisms within LPS influence team performance, with particular attention to social interactions. Although prior case studies suggest that certain communication behaviors may be associated with LPS performance, their analyses often involve substantial uncertainty and limited capacity to isolate and quantify behavioral effects. To address this gap, this study conducted an immersive virtual reality (IVR) experiment, where LPS was implemented while minimizing involvement of potentially confounding factors, thereby exclusively examining the association between communication behaviors and team performance. Correlation and regression analyses indicate that frequency of formative communication was positively correlated with team performance, while negotiation and identification behavior were the two strongest predictors. These findings provide empirical grounding for improving commitment management system (CMS) and for developing behavior-based machine-learning models to predict team performance in LPS contexts. KW - Last Planner® System KW - collaboration KW - language action perspective KW - performance KW - immersive virtual reality. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2505/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2505 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Prototyping a construction-stage platform for as-built sustainability data management C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 107 EP - 119 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0203 AU - Pikas, Ergo AU - Pügi, Ranar AU - Robal, Tarmo AU - Vendel, Kädi-Riin AU - Tetik, Müge AU - Koskela, Lauri AD - Associate Professor, Dep. of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Tallinn University of Technology (TalTech), Tallinn, Estonia, ergo.pikas@taltech.ee, orcid.org/0000-0001-5691-685X AD - Merko Ehitus AS, Tallinn, Estonia. AD - School of Information Technology, TalTech, Tallinn, Estonia, orcid.org/0000-0002-7396-8843 AD - Dep. of Civil Engineering and Architecture, TalTech, Tallinn, Estonia, orcid.org/0009-0004-1702-1817 AD - Civil Engineering Dep., Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology, Lahti, Finland, orcid.org/0000-0002-4013-0577 AD - Dep. of Civil Engineering and Architecture, TalTech , Tallinn, Estonia, orcid.org/0000-0003-4449-2281 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - New regulations and voluntary green certification schemes mandate the disclosure of as-built life-cycle global warming potential (GWP). Current construction-phase data management is a bottleneck because contractors and subcontractors manage data using fragmented digital workflows. This study utilizes an Action Design Research (ADR) approach to develop and pilot a low-code/no-code (LCNC) digital platform designed to integrate BREEAM reporting and automated A1 to A5 carbon calculations into routine site operations. This preliminary study was implemented over a two-month pilot on a commercial project in Tallinn, Estonia, involving five subcontractors. The System Usability Scale (SUS) method yielded an average score of 89.5, indicating good usability and successful workflow integration. Pilot demonstration and expert feedback confirmed that domain-specific, structured data capture significantly improves reporting quality, auditability, and calculation readiness. The findings demonstrate that digitizing the reporting responsibility enables lean-aligned carbon performance feedback, providing a solution for meeting emerging "as-built" environmental disclosure requirements. KW - Construction-phase LCA KW - as-built carbon reporting KW - Low-code/no-code (LCNC) KW - data management standardization KW - lean construction. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2506/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2506 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Establish a lean AI-driven defect management framework C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 120 EP - 131 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0204 AU - Tolulope, Akande AU - Shang, Gao AU - Oraee, Mehran AD - Doctorate Candidate, Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia, akandetc@student.unimelb.edu.au, orcid.org/0009-0008-1291-2281 AD - Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia, shang.gao@unimelb.edu.au, orcid.org/0000-0002-4161-5592 AD - Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia, mehran.oraee@unimelb.edu.au, orcid.org/0000-0002-5928-4760 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - The construction industry continues to face significant performance challenges due to defective work, with rework estimated to account for a substantial portion of project costs. Despite the adoption of Lean Construction principles, effective learning from defects remains hindered by fragmented workflows and the unstructured nature of defect data. Furthermore, while Artificial Intelligence (AI) has shown promise in quality management, existing research predominantly focuses on Computer Vision for reactive detection rather than leveraging textual data for proactive prevention. To address this gap, this study adopts a conceptual research methodology to propose the Lean AI-Driven Defect Management Framework. This framework integrates the philosophical pillars of Lean Construction: Respect for People, Flow, and Value, with the analytical capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). The proposed model conceptualises defect data not as a compliance metric, but as a strategic resource for organisational learning. By utilizing LLMs to process unstructured defect records and identify recurring patterns, the framework supports "just-in-time" decision-making and targeted Lean interventions, such as strategic "Muda walks." This study contributes to the field by offering a theoretical foundation for integrating human-centric Lean values with AI-driven knowledge systems, shifting defect management from reactive correction to continuous, data-driven improvement. KW - Lean construction KW - defect management KW - artificial intelligence KW - large language model KW - Lean Construction 4.0. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2507/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2507 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Recognition as an engagement mechanism in Kaizen programs in construction C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1099 EP - 1109 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0205 AU - Freitas, Melissa A. AU - Reck, Raquel H. AU - Bonkowski, Pedro H. A. AU - Fireman, Marcus C. T. AD - Lean Consultant at Climb Consulting Group, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil, +55 31 995183808, melissa@climbgroup.com.br, orcid.org/0009-0004-1824-5054 AD - PhD and Lean Consultant at Climb Consulting Group, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, +55 51 998711561, raquel@climbgroup.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0003-1928-3461 AD - Project Manager at Climb Consulting Group, Caçapava, SP, Brazil, +55 12 992474048, pedro@climbgroup.com.br, orcid.org/0009-0005-9836-5482 AD - Founding partner of Climb Consulting Group and PhD candidate at NORIE/UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, +55 51 8216-9070, marcus@climbgroup.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-5843-4715 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - This paper examines the implementation of a structured Kaizen program in the construction industry, focusing on the tension between initial employee engagement and the difficulty of sustaining continuous improvement. The study analyzes a three-month pilot project in a paving company, which linked Kaizen to an internal recognition system for implemented improvements. The research, descriptive and exploratory in nature, combined operational participation data with a survey of employees. The questionnaire assessed nine dimensions, including knowledge, motivation, cross-functional collaboration, recognition, and psychological safety. The results indicate high conceptual clarity and engagement: 94.4% of participants strongly agree that the program objectives are clear, and 88.9% report increased motivation. However, 72% identify the maintenance of improvements as the main challenge. The findings reveal a central tension: recognition mechanisms stimulate participation but are not sufficient to institutionalize continuous improvement as a sustainable practice. The study contributes to Lean Construction by positioning recognition as a key engagement mechanism, highlighting the need to combine it with governance structures and standardization. KW - Kaizen KW - lean construction KW - recognition KW - engagement KW - sustainability. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2508/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2508 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Embedded machine learning as an enabler of lean construction C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 132 EP - 142 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0206 AU - Vauk, Björn Bernhard AU - Mentrup, Lars Eric AU - Enge, Felix Archibald AD - PhD Candidate, Institute for Production Technology and Systems (IPTS), Leuphana University Lüneburg, Germany, bjoern.vauk@leuphana.de, orcid.org/0009-0006-3464-3049 AD - PhD Candidate, TU Berlin, Germany, lars.mentrup@projekte.g-wt.de, orcid.org/0009-0000-2270-5667 AD - Dr.-Ing., CEO, Makeo, Germany, felix.enge@thesixpractice.de, orcid.org/0009-0006-5605-646X ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Lean Construction aims to continuously improve construction processes through consistent alignment with customer value. Accordingly, research indicates the necessity of objective and scalable methods for the continuous capture of construction processes. Manual observations enable in-depth contextual analysis but produce discontinuous and sample-based data. Observer-independent measurement approaches for continuous acquisition of time expenditures per construction activity support the provision of scalable data across workers, work packages, shifts, trades, and construction projects. To address this need, an approach is presented for automated recognition of construction activities using embedded machine learning. In a painting trade case study, a single wrist-worn sensor system classifies main activities at 6 s intervals, achieving an accuracy of 96.4 %. Time-series analysis under open-set site conditions consistently aggregates activity sequences, validated against video-based ground truth. This enables the reconstruction of chronological process sequences and their quantification in terms of time expenditures per activity. This approach can make production flow observable, support the assessment of performance targets within work packages and takts and the analysis of trade-offs between flow and resource efficiency. Linking activity-based time expenditures with construction outputs may support the derivation of labour consumption rates and thereby contribute to the implementation of Lean Construction in construction management. KW - Lean construction KW - process KW - production KW - work flow KW - AI. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2509/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2509 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Understanding barriers to IPD adoption in construction SMEs: insights from a collaborative workshop C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1110 EP - 1121 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0207 AU - Aguirre, Yuly Andrea Sanchez AU - Hamzeh, Farook R. AU - Gonzalez, Vicente A. AD - MSc Graduate, Construction Engineering and Management, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, yuly@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0009-0007-2915-6825 AD - Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-6606-3165 AD - Professor and Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Digital Lean Construction, Infrastructure Human Tech (IHT) Lab, Strategic Projects Insight Centre in Engineering (SPICE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada, vagonzal@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0003-3408-3863 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) is a collaborative project delivery approach intended to address fragmentation in construction projects. Despite documented benefits, its adoption among small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) remains limited, particularly due to challenges related to organizational practices, culture, and readiness for collaboration. Existing literature acknowledges these issues, yet empirical evidence capturing how such barriers are perceived and discussed by practitioners in SME contexts is still limited. This paper reports findings from a structured collaborative workshop conducted with construction professionals from SMEs operating in Alberta, Canada. The workshop was informed by Lean Construction principles and designed to facilitate practitioner discussion and reflection on IPD adoption. Qualitative data generated during the workshop were analyzed using thematic coding. Five thematic areas were used to structure the analysis: trust-based collaboration, knowledge and training gaps, implementation challenges, financial and risk-related concerns, and limitations in performance measurement. The findings indicate that IPD adoption among SMEs is shaped primarily by human and organizational conditions rather than technical considerations. The study indicates that structured collaborative workshops can support the identification of organizational barriers while enabling shared understanding of IPD-related challenges within SME environments. KW - Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) KW - collaboration KW - trust KW - lean construction KW - small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2510/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2510 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Digital twins as a catalyst for sustainable construction transport policies? A critical review C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 495 EP - 506 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0208 AU - Tetik, Müge AU - Brusselaers, Nicolas AU - Pikas, Ergo AD - Postdoctoral Researcher, Department of Civil Engineering, School of Energy Systems, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology, Lahti, Finland, muge.tetik@lut.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-4013-0577 AD - Postdoctoral Researcher, Department of Business Technology and Operations, Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences and Solvay Business School, Mobilise Research Group & House of Sustainable Transitions (HOST), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium, orcid.org/0000-0003-4572-4080 AD - Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, School of Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia, orcid.org/0000-0001-5691-685X ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - The construction industry plays a critical role in shaping urban freight systems while contributing to environmental impacts through material transport and on-site activities. These activities exacerbate congestion, noise and air pollution, particularly due to inefficient planning and limited coordination of material flows. As Europe advances toward climate-neutral urban freight targets, the sector faces a major challenge: absence of integrated systems planning to support sustainable transport policies. Despite isolated examples of logistics control such as cross-site material consolidation, there remains a lack of scalable and data-driven approaches to manage construction logistics sustainably. This study critically reviews how digital twins (DT) can act as catalysts for zero-emission construction logistics planning. Drawing on an analysis of literature, EU policies and expert interviews, it identifies key gaps in current practices. The results translate into DT requirements for measurable, coordinated and policy-relevant construction transport planning capable of supporting life cycle emissions accounting based on logistics and on-site activity. By synthesizing knowledge across construction, logistics, digitalization and sustainability domains, this study proposes a strategic framework showing how DTs act as a catalyst for sustainable construction transport and informing policy innovation. KW - Digital twin KW - governance KW - sustainability KW - construction transport KW - policy innovation. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2511/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2511 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Integrity assurance architectures for lean construction – the case of seriøsitet in Norway C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1122 EP - 1132 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0210 AU - Lohne, Jardar AU - Drevland, Frode AU - Engeset-Nordanger, Morten AU - Lædre, Ola AD - Research Scientist, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (IBM), Norway, jardar.lohne@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-2135-3468 AD - Associate professor, NTNU, IBM, Norway, frode.drevland@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-4596-1564 AD - Special advisor, Sykehusbygg HF, Norway, morten.nordanger@sykehusbygg.no AD - Professor, NTNU, IBM, Norway, ola.laedre@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0003-4604-8299 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Lean Construction (LC) targets flow, learning, and reliable production. Still, crime and unethical behaviour can surface in LC-oriented delivery. This paper examines whether the Norwegian concept of “seriøsitet” (seriousness), and the practices grounded in it, can function as an integrity assurance architecture (IAA) enabling LC. Following an analysis of IGLC research on ethics, corruption, and crime, it explores Norwegian strategies, audits, and guidance on seriøsitet and work-life crime from 2006 to 2025. The analysis maps measures and their intended mechanisms across procurement, contracts, and follow-up. The findings indicate that seriøsitet is currently operationalised as an IAA, consisting of qualification requirements, standard contract clauses, verification routines, tier limits, and sanction ladders. The key mechanisms involve traceability of labour and money, supply chain supervision, and stronger client follow-up. However, outcomes depend on how these measures are enacted in practice, since weak monitoring can undermine deterrence and organisational learning. The paper suggests integrating seriøsitet checks into production planning and control rather than treating them as parallel compliance work. It also cautions against paper-driven compliance that adds administrative burden without improving integrity. KW - Corruption KW - social dumping KW - work-life crime KW - traceability KW - dark side. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2512/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2512 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Resident-facing renovation decision support tool for collaborative decision-making C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 507 EP - 518 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0211 AU - Vendel, Kädi-Riin AU - Pikas, Ergo AU - Tetik, Müge AU - Tammaru, Tiit AD - Early Stage Researcher, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, School of Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia, kadiriin.vendel@taltech.ee, orcid.org/0009-0004-1702-1817 AD - Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, School of Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia, ergo.pikas@taltech.ee, orcid.org/0000-0001-5691-685X AD - Postdoctoral Researcher, Department of Civil Engineering, School of Energy Systems, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology, Lahti, Finland, muge.tetik@lut.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-4013-0577 AD - Professor, Department of Ecology and Earth Sciences, School of Geography, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia, tiit.tammaru@ut.ee, orcid.org/0000-0003-1590-1269 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Energy renovation in multi-family apartment buildings is a socially complex decision-making process where collective action often stalls due to financial uncertainty, perceived fairness issues, and the difficulty of comparing options across many households. These challenges are further amplified in district-level programmes that aim to accelerate renovation by bundling multiple buildings, increasing the coordination burden and making the need for decision support more critical for reaching consensus. This paper presents a Design Science Research of a resident-facing decision support tool developed and demonstrated in a renovation pilot involving four similar Soviet-era apartment buildings, where public co-funding was available conditional on housing association approval. The tool defines a bounded decision space and translates renovation scope into household monthly cost terms under explicit financing and energy performance inputs. Rather than relying on technical indicators alone, it presents monthly loan payments together with before-and-after household costs, expressed per square meter and typical apartment size. In facilitated resident discussions, the tool was used as a shared comparison frame, and each building group shortlisted two renovation scenarios for subsequent voting. The case illustrates how simple, transparent cost translation can make scope uplifts discussable and support structured comparison in complex collective renovation decisions. KW - Sustainability KW - collaboration KW - stakeholder engagement KW - visual management KW - design science. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2513/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2513 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Understanding performance limits in off-site structural frame construction C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 775 EP - 786 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0212 AU - Rathnayake, Asitha AU - Murguia, Danny AU - Asmone, Ashan Senel AU - Middleton, Campbell AD - Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, asithar@uom.lk, orcid.org/0000-0002-1389-7801 AD - Assistant Research Professor, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, UK, dem52@cam.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0003-1009-4058 AD - Research Associate, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, UK, asa79@cam.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-2173-3890 AD - Deceased; formerly, Emeritus Professor, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, UK, orcid.org/0000-0002-9672-0680 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Off-site construction is promoted as a means of improving productivity in the construction industry. Its standardised production processes create a favourable environment for applying lean principles. However, evidence suggests it does not always result in faster construction. We investigate the reasons by analysing the superstructure work package of a 14-storey residential building in London, using installation data for 2,070 precast columns, twin-wall cores, and lattice slab components. Construction speed, measured as the production rate (m² of floor area per day), showed a significant linear relationship with installation variability. Variability arose from factories producing similar components in batches for multiple projects, delays in issuing designs to factories, and out-of-sequence deliveries to sites with limited storage capacity. Handovers between off-site and on-site activities also exhibited greater variability than purely on-site handovers. The findings suggest that, if variability were minimised, construction speed would follow an inverse U-shaped trend, with initial improvements due to workers’ learning effects, followed by subsequent reductions associated with longer transportation distances for pre-manufactured components at higher levels. This study quantifies the variability-performance relationship in off-site construction and identifies the interface variability gradient between off-site and on-site handovers. KW - Modular and off-site construction KW - productivity KW - variability KW - logistics KW - learning. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2514/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2514 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Enabling lean production through digital planning systems C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 143 EP - 154 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0215 AU - McHugh, Kevin AU - Tzortzopoulos, Patricia AU - Manu, Emmanuel AD - Consultant,/Researcher/McHugh, Lean construction, Ireland, Nottingham Trent University U.K mchughleanconstruction@gmail.com  orcid.org/0000-0002-6017-4585 AD - Professor, Department of Architecture, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University UK, patricia.tzortzopoulos@ntu.ac.uk,  orcid.org/0000-0002-8740-6753 AD - Associate Professor, Department of Construction Management, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University UK, emmanuel.manu@ntu.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-9002-3681 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Programdriven project environments emphasise adherence to master programmes, often overshadowing flow reliability, transparency, and collaborative problemsolving, which can undermine the Last Planner System® (LPS), particularly during commissioning when prerequisite complexity intensifies. This study examines how deliberately configured digital tools aligned with Lean principles can support—rather than constrain—LPS behaviours during the transition from construction to commissioning. Using a designscienceinspired approach and an embedded qualitative case study of a major industrial energycentre project in Ireland, data were gathered from surveys, observations, weekly work plans, readiness indicators, and digital planning artefacts. Results show notable improvements in planning reliability, evidenced by increased Planned Percent Complete (PPC), as enhanced readiness processes reduced the commissioning readiness gap. Once readinessfirst routines were integrated into digital workfeedback systems, this gap became more visible. The study identifies sociotechnical interventions—including readiness dashboards, structured digital feedback mechanisms, and improved task definitions—through which Lean principles shaped digital tool use. These interventions reframed digital reporting from programme compliance toward shared diagnosis of constraints, supporting broader participation and psychologically safer conversations. Rather than offering a full framework, the research provides empirical insights to guide practitioners configuring digital planning systems and inform future Leandigital integration. KW - Last Planner System KW - digital visual management KW - psychological safety KW - behavioural change KW - commissioning readiness. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2515/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2515 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Safety risk factors associated with a lean wood-framing prefabrication facility: a case study C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 787 EP - 797 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0216 AU - Sharma, Vishal AU - Mah, Don AU - Sharma, Neetu AU - Al-Hussein, Mohamed AU - Bouferguene, Ahmed AU - Yu, Haitao AD - Instructor, J.R. Shaw School of Business, Northern Alberta Institute of Technology, Edmonton, Canada, vishals@nait.ca, orcid.org/0009-0004-9617-7640 AD - Instructor, Construction Engineering Technology, Northern Alberta Institute of Technology, Edmonton, Canada, dmah@nait.ca, orcid.org/0009-0004-5954-9273 AD - Assistant Professor, Department of Accounting and Finance, MacEwan University, Canada, sharman52@macewan.ca, orcid.org/0009-0001-4723-4862 AD - Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, malhussein@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-1774-9718 AD - Professor, Campus Saint-Jean, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, ahmedb@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0003-4629-6620 AD - Research and Development director, Landmark Group of Companies, Canada, haitaoy@landmarkgroup.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-7798-4867 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - The construction industry in North America has a disproportionate share of job-site incidents. Numerous studies have been performed to identify a multitude of macro and micro factors that impact the safety in construction workplaces. Prefabricated construction in North America is experiencing significant growth, evolving from a niche approach to a mainstream construction method. Due to advances in prefabrication, the construction sector is beginning to undergo a transformation, with favourable impacts on the safety of the construction workforce. Prefabrication has improved the safety and lifestyle of construction workers by lowering fatigue and reducing short- and long-term disability claims. However, despite these improvements, worker safety in prefabrication facilities still lags behind that of other industries operating in highly controlled environments. This paper systematically gathers and analyses safety incident data to identify risk factors associated with a wood-framing prefabrication facility that operates under lean principles. Mitigation measures are recommended to address the identified critical risk factors. The findings of this paper can serve as guidelines for addressing risk factors in similar wood-framing prefabrication facilities operating under lean manufacturing principles. KW - Lean construction KW - prefabrication KW - off-site construction KW - safety KW - risk. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2516/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2516 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Developing balanced production flow: a simulation on Mura reduction via Line of Balance C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 692 EP - 703 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0217 AU - Nasserzadeh, Fazel AU - Karkare, Manik Suresh AU - Kulkarni, Saeel Yogin AU - Long, Travis AU - Hedge, Chahana AU - Rybkowski, Zofia K. AU - Devkar, Ganesh AU - Naik, Dev Hiren AU - Goudar, Harikrishna AU - Durugkar, Ashwin Mahavir AU - Khan, Faisal AD - Ph.D. Student, Department of Construction Science, School of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, fazel@tamu.edu, orcid.org/0009-0003-2250-5667 AD - Master’s Student, Department of Construction Science, School of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA AD - Master’s Student, Department of Construction Science, School of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA AD - Master’s Student, Department of Construction Science, School of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA AD - Master’s Student, Department of Construction Science, School of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA AD - Professor, Department of Construction Science, School of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, zrybkowski@arch.tamu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-0683-5004 AD - Sr.Associate Professor, Faculty of Technology, CEPT University, Gujarat, India, ganesh.devkar@cept.ac.in, orcid.org/0000-0002-5482-1221 AD - Master’s Student, Department of Construction Science, School of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA AD - Master’s Student, Department of Construction Science, School of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA AD - Master’s Student, Department of Construction Science, School of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA AD - Master’s Student, Department of Construction Science, School of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Mura (unevenness) is one of the three fundamental wastes in lean thinking, along with Muda (waste) and Muri (overburden). In construction, Mura appears as irregular resource allocation, unpredictable durations, and unstable workflows that disrupt flow and reduce productivity. While Mura has been widely discussed in lean construction, fewer studies use Line of Balance (LOB) to quantify and visualize unevenness across repetitive work, which limits practical, schedule-based assessment. This study investigates Mura using a simulation that replicates pipe-laying operations. Two cycles are compared: one with unbalanced labor and one applying lean principles such as redistribution of resources and standardization. LOB is used to represent production rate and workflow stability across locations, allowing unevenness and its reduction to be observed directly. Results show that addressing Mura improves flow reliability and overall project performance, supporting more efficient construction planning for repetitive operations. KW - Mura KW - lean construction KW - flow KW - simulation KW - line of balance. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2517/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2517 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - From tools to behaviors: how a VDC implementation influences a construction company C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1133 EP - 1144 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0218 AU - Gutierrez L., Frederick AU - Piña L., Karina AU - Lizzet Macedo V., AU - Izquierdo R., Jorge L. AD - Doctoral Candidate Phd(c), Centrum Catolica Graduate Business School, Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru, Lima, Peru frederick.gutierrez@pucp.edu.pe, orcid.org/0000-0003-4559-276X AD - VDC Consultant, Idear Consultores, Lima, Peru, karpinloz@gmail.com AD - VDC Consultant, Idear Consultores, Lima, Peru, lizzetmacedov@gmail.com, orcid.org/0009-0009-0680-9672 AD - General Manager, VyV Bravo Constructora, Lima, Peru, jizquierdo@vyvbravo.pe ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Although VDC is often promoted to improve project performance, empirical evidence explaining how and when such improvements occur remains limited. This study examines VDC implementation from a behavioral perspective, focusing on observable changes in commitment-making, and learning routines. Using longitudinal data from a Peruvian construction company implementing VDC across eight residential and mixed-use building projects, the study analyzes behavioral indicators that readers can directly inspect. The findings show that VDC primarily functions as a behavioral catalyst, with the stabilization of social routines preceding technical proficiency. Early routines were socially fragile and required scaffolding through mentoring and visible leadership reinforcement. Staff turnover was identified as a significant moderating variable, creating an 11% gap in behavioral maturity between stable and unstable teams The study contributes empirical evidence to the Lean Construction literature by demonstrating how VDC functions as a socio-technical and behavioral intervention. It offers methodological guidance for grounding Lean research in observable data and provides practical insights for more sustainable VDC implementation. KW - Virtual Design and Construction KW - lean construction KW - behavioral change KW - socio-technical systems KW - organizational routines. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2518/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2518 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Evaluating lean construction impacts on waste, lead time, rework, and cost: a case study of a commercial building project C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1642 EP - 1653 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0219 AU - Alsharqawi, Mohammed AU - Mohammadpour, Atefeh AU - Salama, Tarek AD - AD - Associate Professor, Department of Construction Management, California State University, Sacramento, USA, a.mohammadpour@csus.edu AD - Associate Professor, Department of Construction Management, California State University, Sacramento, USA, salama@csus.edu ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Construction projects often suffer from workflow variability, coordination breakdowns, and material waste that drive delays, rework, and avoidable environmental impacts. This study examines how lean planning and logistics interventions affect quality and environmental performance in a large commercial office building project. A mixed-methods case study was conducted using document review, stakeholder interviews, structured site observations, and a before-and-after comparison of performance indicators. The intervention combined Value Stream Mapping to redesign sequencing, Just-in-Time material handling to reduce shortages and excess inventory, and pull planning supported by the Last Planner System®, complemented by daily stand-ups and selective preassembly. Reported outcomes indicate that material waste decreased from approximately 50 tons (projected) to 37 tons (actual), lead time and average task duration improved by about 30%, and schedule reliability increased from roughly 55% to 80% Percent Plan Complete. Rework declined from 15 to 12 incidents, labor productivity improved by about 10%, and the project finished approximately 5% under budget, consistent with an estimated 15% cost improvement. These results suggest lean production control and logistics integration can improve reliability, quality, and resource efficiency when supported by leadership, training, and clear performance measurement. KW - Lean construction KW - Last Planner System® KW - pull planning KW - Value Stream Mapping KW - Just-in-Time KW - sustainability. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2519/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2519 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Evaluation categories to measure the lean adoption for organizations C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1145 EP - 1155 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0221 AU - Hirata, Nozomi James AU - Leicht, Robert AU - Messner, John AD - PhD Candidate, Department of Architectural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA, njh5734@psu.edu, orcid.org/0009-0006-7121-2838 AD - Professor, Department of Architectural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA, rml167@psu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0001-6705-8141 AD - Charles and Elinor Matts Professor, Department of Architectural Engineering, Director, Computer Integrated Construction (CIC) Research Group, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA, jim101@psu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-7957-1628 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - There have been several assessment tools developed to evaluate the adoption of lean in construction industry organizations, but there is no generally accepted approach to consistently measure the adoption. Further, the existing models lack structure and use limited reference to the existing models outside of the construction domain. Some models have also excluded the involvement of industry experts in the development and evaluation process. Capability maturity models have been found to be a valuable approach for self-assessment, continuous improvement, and benchmarking. This study aims to formally identify categories for lean organization adoption as a foundational step to create a maturity model to evaluate the lean maturity of an organization. The authors found a total of 214 different categories in the literature and subsequently grouped, removed, and refined them with assistance from lean experts. This analysis yielded a total of 33 potential categories. These categories were then rated by industry experts to determine their inclusion in the maturity model. Future work will include developing a model, validating it, and disseminating the maturity model to the community. KW - Lean construction KW - continuous improvement/Kaizen KW - standardization KW - organization maturity. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2520/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2520 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Agile-lean hybridisation in construction C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1156 EP - 1167 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0222 AU - Ng, Pearl Li AU - Rahmani, Farshid AU - Le, Tiendung AU - Maqsood, Tayyab AD - PhD Candidate, School of Property, Construction and Project Management, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT), Melbourne, Australia, S3817516@student.rmit.edu.au, orcid.org/0000-0002-2172-9605 AD - Lecturer, School of Property, Construction and Project Management, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT), Melbourne, Australia, farshid.rahmani@rmit.edu.au, orcid.org/0000-0002-2312-807X AD - Associate Professor, School of Property, Construction and Project Management, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT), Melbourne, Australia, tiendung.le@rmit.edu.au, orcid.org/0000-0002-6048-8883 AD - Associate Dean, School of Property, Construction and Project Management, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT), Melbourne, Australia, tayyab.maqsood@rmit.edu.au, orcid.org/0000-0001-7166-8110 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Persistent fragmentation and slow feedback at the design and construction phases undermine planning reliability and increase waste. While Lean Construction and Agile Ways of Working are often seen as complementary, empirical evidence explaining how Agile is hybridised in practice and how such hybrids reinforce Lean outcomes remains limited. This paper reports findings from a Straussian Grounded Theory study of 22 professionals across the Australian Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) sector. The authors identified five clusters of hybrid practices enacted across design and construction: short-cycle planning and coordination, visual management, iterative design with early validation, rapid issue escalation, and hybrid Agile–Lean teaming. The findings demonstrated how these practices contribute to Lean outcomes, including waste reduction, improved flow, planning reliability, and continuous improvement. Building on these findings, the authors propose an Agile-Lean Hybridisation Model that explains when and why particular practice patterns are effective across project phases and governance contexts, positioning Agile learning cycles at points of high uncertainty and low irreversibility while Lean practices maintain stable flow and reliable commitments. This study contributes a practice-level theory of hybridisation and a contextual selection framework for designing phase-appropriate Agile–Lean hybrids in construction. KW - Lean construction KW - agile KW - flow KW - waste reduction KW - planning reliability. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2521/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2521 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Mapping AI and lean construction integration: a network analysis framework for construction productivity C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 155 EP - 168 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0223 AU - Bidhendi, Ali AU - Golsorkhi, Sina AU - Poshdar, Mani AU - Jelodar, Mostafa Babaeian AD - Auckland University of Technology (AUT), New Zealand, ali.bidhendi@autuni.ac.nz, orcid.org/0000-0002-8285-5859 AD - Auckland University of Technology (AUT), New Zealand, sina.golsorkhi@autuni.ac.nz, orcid.org/0009-0003-3047-3634 AD - Auckland University of Technology (AUT), New Zealand, mani.poshdar@aut.ac.nz, orcid.org/0000-0001-9132-2985 AD - Massey University, New Zealand, M.B.Jelodar@massey.ac.nz, orcid.org/0000-0003-1956-7384 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - The construction industry continues to face persistent productivity challenges, including inefficiencies, schedule delays, and resource underutilisation. While artificial intelligence has shown potential in construction applications for sensing, predicting, and explaining process behaviour, capabilities that align with lean construction's focus on flow reliability, waste visibility, and continuous learning, their systematic integration with lean principles remains fragmented. This study employs Social Network Analysis to systematically examine relationships between AI approaches and lean construction constructs. A systematic literature review of peer-reviewed studies (2015–2025) was conducted to map interconnections between AI approaches and 14 lean construction constructs, using weighted adjacency matrices and degree centrality measures to quantify relationship patterns. Key findings reveal significant variation in connectivity, with real-time analytics, machine learning, and computer vision showing the broadest coverage across lean constructs. The analysis identifies natural alignment opportunities: predictive analytics with continuous improvement processes, and computer 14vision with visual management and waste reduction. Based on these findings, we propose a three-tier integration framework enabling organisations to prioritise AI approaches based on (i) breadth of lean alignment and (ii) their lean priorities and implementation readiness. This research provides evidence-based prioritisation guidance for construction practitioners and contributes to theoretical understanding of digital transformation in lean construction. KW - AI KW - lean construction KW - construction productivity KW - digital transformation. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2522/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2522 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Immigrant mental health and lean construction – a bibliographic analysis C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1168 EP - 1179 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0224 AU - Faro, Erick AU - Hale, Ian G. AU - Araki, Matthew S. AU - Smith, James P. AU - Alfaro, Maria A. AD - Graduate Student, Civil Engineering, Brigham Young University, Utah, USA, efaro@byu.edu / faroerick@gmail.com AD - Undergraduate Student, Construction Management, Brigham Young University, Utah, USA, iangh@student.byu.edu AD - Undergraduate Student, Construction Management, Brigham Young University, Utah, USA, ma834@byu.edu AD - Professor, Civil and Construction Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Utah, USA, jamessmith@byu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0001-8925-5680 AD - Graduate Student, Psychology, Brigham Young University, Utah, USA, ipaula@student.byu.edu ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - The mental health of construction workers is a topic that has received increasing attention in academic circles in recent years. Today, the crisis related to workers’ psychological well-being directly affects the Lean Construction (LC) community, which seeks to increase productivity by reducing waste and promoting respect for people. This study focuses on immigrants, who represent a substantial portion of the global workforce, and examines the existing literature that connects LC and mental health to assess whether this body of research explicitly considers the immigrant population. This examination was performed using VOSviewer software and a visual bibliographic analysis of Keyword Co-occurrence Network mapping over time. After a thorough screening process, 19 articles were selected from a sample of 821 based on their connection to the main topic of this study. These articles showed no connection between mental health of immigrants in the LC literature. The ultimate goal of this paper is to consider immigrants within the conversation of social wastes in LC and to present the gap in the literature involving this group. In addition, it aims to promote future research for the benefit of the area and the creation of a sector that effectively supports all types of workers. KW - Lean construction KW - mental health KW - immigrants KW - social waste KW - human potential. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2523/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2523 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Systematising the creation of Line of Balance: an automated tool for multi-storey building C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1654 EP - 1665 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0226 AU - Gonçalves, Bruna Milán AU - Corrêa, Fabiano Rogério AD - Lean Consultant at Climb Consulting Group, M.Sc., University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil, bruna@climbgroup.com.br, orcid.org/0009-0003-4972-5993 AD - Professor, PhD, Department of Civil Construction, University of Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil, fabiano.correa@usp.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-9742-3971 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Planning in multi-storey buildings is often constrained by manual processes and tacit knowledge, which hinders the systematic application of Lean principles. This paper presents the formalisation of a structured method based on three deterministic spatio-temporal rules—stable rhythm, vertical continuity, and non-crossing—and its instantiation in a computational artefact developed in Excel/VBA under the Design Science Research approach. The automation reduced the processing effort of an otherwise exhaustive manual procedure to a few seconds, allowing the agile exploration of multiple rhythm scenarios. Its application to a real residential project provided a real-data environment for the artefact instantiation, supporting the identification of a schedule recovery potential of 21%, assessed significantly faster and more consistently than through conventional planning approaches. The results demonstrate that the integration between the method and its technological instantiation enhances data-driven decision-making, strengthens operational predictability, and supports the transition towards a more flow-oriented planning system. KW - Lean construction KW - location-based management KW - Line of Balance KW - scenario simulation KW - BIM. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2524/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2524 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Value Stream Mapping in machine allocation for construction logistics – a case study C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1834 EP - 1845 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0227 AU - Gloser, Franz-Ferdinand AU - Welle, Jörn AU - Wursthorn, Nico AU - John, (Paul) Christian AU - Haghsheno, Shervin AD - PhD Student, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Technology and Management in Construction, franz-ferdinand.gloser@kit.edu, orcid.org/0009-0006-7692-6194 AD - Site manager, Implenia AG, Germany, joern.welle@gmx.de AD - PhD Student, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Technology and Management in Construction, Germany nico.wursthorn@kit.edu, orcid.org/0009-0007-4146-808X AD - PhD Student, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Technology and Management in Construction, Germany, christian.john@kit.edu, orcid.org/0009-0005-0648-9331 AD - Professor, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Technology and Management in Construction, Germany, shervin.haghsheno@kit.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-0602-6370 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Construction projects are frequently affected by coordination problems, unreliable information flows, and logistical disruptions. In construction SMEs, these issues become particularly visible in machine allocation, where limited resource pools, cross-site competition, and incomplete visibility of machine status can create waste and reduce planning reliability. This paper investigates the machine allocation process of a medium-sized construction company through an exploratory case study that combines Value Stream Mapping (VSM), detailed process reconstruction, and a follow-up survey of those involved in the process on perceived usefulness. The analysis shows that major bottlenecks arise from fragmented availability checks, insufficient transparency of maintenance status, weak return notifications, and repeated clarification loops across process participants. Based on these findings, improvement features were developed and discussed with the core process participants interviewed. The follow-up survey indicates that time-based visibility of machine availability, stronger links to construction schedules, and improved resource transparency are perceived as particularly useful. The results are primarily beneficial to practitioners, as they provide their dispatchers and on-site employees with an improved overview of the machinery fleet. The features should be aligned with the needs of the employees in order to have a positive impact on machine utilization rates. KW - Construction logistics KW - machine allocation KW - value stream mapping KW - information flow KW - lean construction PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2525/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2525 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - A general contractor's lean journey C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1180 EP - 1191 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0228 AU - Arroyo, Paz AU - Dierks, Chris AU - Alves, Thais da C. L. AD - Senior Project Manager, DPR Construction, San Francisco, CA, USA, paza@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-8098-8172 AD - Healthy Teams & Lean Leader, DPR Construction, South Florida, FL, USA, chrisd@dpr.com AD - Professor, AGC-Paul S. Roel Chair in Construction Eng. & Mgmt., Civil, Construction, and Env. Engineering Dept. San Diego State University. San Diego, USA. talves@sdsu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0001-7928-9190 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Lean has been part of DPR Construction's culture since the company's founding in 1990. This is evidenced in the Employee Point of View, an internal document that tells the founders' vision and acceptable social norms, and in the involvement of the company in several pioneering projects implementing a Lean approach. This company has been a pioneer in adopting approaches such as The Last Planner System®, Target Value Delivery, and Integrated Project Delivery. However, when DPR started, it was a small company based in California; now it is a large company with over 13,000 employees in the US, Europe, and parts of Asia. Few companies have been on a Lean journey from the beginning like DPR has. This paper documents the evolution of the Lean culture at DPR Construction, including a timeline of significant events and current challenges, providing a unique perspective on how an organization that has grown so much has adapted its Lean strategies over the years to support its growth. This paper presents a case study of DPR's strategies and its journey to implement Lean and integrate it into the organization. KW - Lean organization KW - lean strategy KW - lean journey KW - culture PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2526/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2526 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Beyond lean production: interpreting the Last Planner System from a resilience engineering perspective C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1666 EP - 1676 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0230 AU - Hamerski, Douglas C. AU - Formoso, Carlos T. AU - Saurin, Tarcisio. A. AU - Isatto, Eduardo L. AD - Assistant Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil, douglas_hamerski@hotmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-3804-4047 AD - Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, formoso@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-4772-3746 AD - Professor, Industrial Engineering Post-Graduation Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil, saurin@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0003-2929-5888 AD - Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, isatto@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-8790 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - The literature generally agrees that understanding the theoretical assumptions underlying the Last Planner System (LPS) is key to its successful implementation. However, most theoretical studies on LPS are based only on core Lean Production concepts and principles. Although valuable, this perspective alone does not fully explain why LPS is particularly suited to complex construction projects. To address this gap, this study analyses LPS from the perspective of Resilience Engineering (RE). The study draws on empirical evidence collected in an empirical study developed in collaboration with a Brazilian department store company that had implemented LPS in a large portfolio of projects. Sources of data included documents, semi-structured interviews, participant observation, and secondary data. The findings offer an alternative and complementary perspective for understanding LPS, with direct implications for practice. Specifically, this perspective supports: (i) more accurate assessments of LPS implementation; (ii) identification of LPS practices that should be emphasised when dealing with complex projects; (iii) recognition of complementary practices that should be integrated into the LPS; (iv) understanding informal practices that can facilitate the evaluation of their cost-effectiveness; and (v) setting as a basis for reviewing procedures and training programmes. KW - Last Planner System KW - resilience engineering KW - complex construction projects. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2527/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2527 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Developing a mistakeproofing mindset to increase safety capacity C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 378 EP - 389 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0231 AU - Cheung, Eugene H. AU - Eigendorf, Tim AU - Kehinde, Tomisin AU - Saragih, Gregory F. AU - Tommelein, Iris D. AD - MS Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department and Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL), University of California, Berkeley, USA, ehcheung@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0009-0006-0343-0243 AD - P2SL Researcher, Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL) and Berkeley International Study Program, University of California, Berkeley, USA; MS Student, Civil Engineering, Technical University of Berlin, Germany, timeigendorf@icloud.com, orcid.org/0009-0005-1073-9444 AD - MS Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department and Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL), University of California, Berkeley, USA, tomisin.kehinde@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0009-0001-0865-3204 AD - MS Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department and Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL), University of California, Berkeley, USA, gregory.saragih@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0009-0001-4698-3722 AD - Distinguished Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL), University of California, Berkeley, USA, tommelein@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-9941-6596 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Safety capacity is the ability to increase the likelihood that work will go right under variable- and uncertain conditions. In construction projects, safety has traditionally been managed using lagging indicators, but these offer limited insights to develop safety capacity. Whereas safety management practices can be reactive and compliance-driven, they can also be proactive and anticipation-driven. Specific mistakeproofing (poka yoke) practices can be either one. In this paper, we argue that mistakeproofing practiced with a proactive mindset helps to build safety capacity. We present an approach for developing and sustaining a mistakeproofing mindset by drawing on concepts from uncertainty management (including risk management), Safety-I, Safety-II, and resilience engineering. To demonstrate this mindset, the Work Operation Framework was applied to analyze two construction examples of mistakeproofing related to safety management. Developing this mindset may narrow the gap between work-as-imagined and work-as-done. It recognizes that making adaptations is a part of doing work and reflects the intelligence of a (group of) worker(s). The reason for developing a mistakeproofing mindset is to support organizations with continuous improvement to increase their safety capacity. KW - Mistakeproofing KW - Poka Yoke KW - health KW - safety KW - Safety-I KW - Safety-II KW - safety capacity KW - mindset KW - resilience engineering. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2528/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2528 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Choosing by Advantages for better decision quality in construction procurement: a case study C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1192 EP - 1203 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0232 AU - Schöttle, Annett AD - Dr.-Ing., Independent Consultant, Founder and Co-Director, CollabDecisions, annett.schoettle@web.de orcid.org/0000-0001-6001-7320 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Decision-making in construction procurement is characterized by high complexity, multiple stakeholders, and competing technical, economic, and organizational objectives. Conventional evaluation methods, such as weighting rating calculating (WRC), are widely used in practice but often lack transparency and provide limited support for systematic reasoning and collaborative learning. This study investigates the impact of Choosing by Advantages (CBA) on decision quality in a real-world procurement context. Using a quasi-experimental field case study design, two participant groups evaluated an interior fit-out package and a technical building equipment (TBE) package using both WRC and CBA. Data were collected through post-intervention and follow-up surveys that combined quantitative ratings with structured qualitative justifications and were analyzed using repeated-measures comparisons and qualitative content analysis. The results show that CBA improves perceived transparency, traceability, and fairness of decisions while reducing frustration. Participants reported more focused discussions, stronger shared understanding, and greater acceptance of outcomes. Learning effects were observed over successive applications, suggesting increasing familiarity and confidence in using the method. Although CBA requires initial training and facilitation, most participants expressed a strong intention to apply the method in future projects. The study provides field-based empirical evidence that CBA enhances the quality and defensibility of procurement decisions under real project conditions. KW - Choosing by Advantages KW - decision quality KW - procurement KW - group decision-making KW - case study. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2529/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2529 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Analysis of suicide rates in construction and how lean can help reverse the trends C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 390 EP - 401 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0233 AU - Liu, Min AU - Alves, Thais da C. L. AU - He, Weilin AD - Professor, Abdallah H. Yabroudi Endowed Prof. in Sustainable Civil Infrastructure, Dept. of Civil and Env. Eng., Syracuse Univ., Syracuse, NY 13244, USA, mliu92@syr.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-3070-7109 AD - Professor, AGC-Paul S. Roel Chair in Construction Eng.& Mgmt., Civil, Construction & Env. Eng. Dept., San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA, talves@sdsu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0001-7928-9190 AD - PhD Student, Dept. of Civil and Env. Eng., Syracuse Univ., Syracuse, NY 13244, USA, hweilin@syr.edu, orcid.org/0009-0001-2881-7499 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Suicide rates in Construction are among the highest in the industry, a problem that appears to have been amplified after the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper presents an analysis of data obtained from the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) from 2003 to 2023, including 27,388 deaths by suicide across the top five occupations where these deaths occurred. The authors present the data and discuss potential solutions based on another study which points out how Lean Construction tools and practices can improve the sense of belonging in construction projects. KW - Construction workers KW - suicide KW - belongingness KW - stress KW - depression. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2530/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2530 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Impacts of waiting-type non-physical waste on schedule deviation in lean-managed building projects in Indonesia C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1677 EP - 1688 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0234 AU - Gazali, Abdhy AU - Wirdianto, Anang AU - Aminullah, Aminullah AU - Anisah, Anisah AU - Alaida, Refia AU - Sari, Lintang Tirta AD - Lecturer, Building Engineering Education, State University of Jakarta (UNJ), Jakarta, Indonesia, abdhy.gazali@unj.ac.id, orcid.org/0009-0004-1391-6533 AD - Lean Cosntruction Expert, Transformation & Information Technology Division, PT. Wijaya Karya (Persero), Jakarta, Indonesia, anang.wirdianto@wikamail.id AD - Lean Cosntruction Expert, Transformation & Information Technology Division, PT. Wijaya Karya (Persero), Jakarta, Indonesia, aminullah@wikamail.id AD - Lecturer, Building Engineering Education, State University of Jakarta (UNJ), Jakarta, Indonesia, anisah@unj.ac.id AD - Student, Building Engineering Education, State University of Jakarta (UNJ), Jakarta, Indonesia, refiaald@gmail.com AD - Student, Building Engineering Education, State University of Jakarta (UNJ), Jakarta, Indonesia, lintangtsari@gmail.com ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Waiting-type non-physical waste remains a common issue in construction projects, yet prior studies have mainly focused on identifying its causes rather than measuring its impact on schedule performance. Limited research has examined how waiting relates to activity-level schedule characteristics in Lean Construction practices. This study investigates how waiting-type non-physical waste contributes to schedule deviation in Indonesian building construction projects. A descriptive–quantitative approach was applied using data from four projects implementing the Last Planner System (LPS). Waiting events were identified and classified at the activity level using operational indicators derived from Lean Construction literature and LPS documentation. Schedule deviation attributable to waiting was then analyzed using a CPM-based approach incorporating activity duration and slack. The results show that labor shortages were the most frequent cause of waiting, followed by unprepared work areas and material shortages. However, waiting frequency did not directly correspond to schedule impact. Waiting affecting activities with limited slack contributed disproportionately to deviation, while shorter-duration activities showed higher proportional delays and longer-duration activities accumulated greater absolute delays. These findings highlight that waiting impacts should be assessed not only by frequency, but also by activity characteristics and schedule structure. KW - Lean construction KW - waiting waste KW - non-physical waste KW - schedule deviation KW - Last Planner System KW - Critical Path Method. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2531/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2531 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - To improve performance in complex environments, you must first understand ambiguity C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1217 EP - 1228 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0236 AU - Chesterman, Jared AU - Rocha, Cecilia Gravina Da AD - Director and Co-Founder, ProgressAmp, Australia, jared@progressamp.com, orcid.org/0009-0004-1461-4991 AD - Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Engineering & IT, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Australia, cecilia.rocha@uts.edu.au, orcid.org/0000-0001-6764-1724 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Construction delivery has traditionally treated ambiguity as a defect to be designed out through greater definition, risk transfer, and compliance to plan. Building on the IGLC complexity stream, this paper argues that this logic is increasingly inverted in major projects delivered through multi-organisation, multi-discipline systems. In complex work, ambiguity is not only a lack of information in documents, but a normal operating condition shaped by both indeterminacy in the work itself and divergent interpretations across dense stakeholder interfaces. Drawing on Cynefin, Lean Construction complexity literature, and cognitive science, the paper explains why ambiguity persists even when technical scope is clarified, and how fragmentation of scopes, contracts, and responsibilities can stabilise local certainty while reinforcing cross-boundary misalignment. This misalignment may remain locally coherent yet systemically incompatible, accumulating as coordination debt that later appears as rework, delay, escalation, claims, and exhaustion. The paper concludes that reducing ambiguity in complex work is not a one-time front-end task, but an ongoing need. LPS and Scrum are interpreted as recurring convergence mechanisms that use cadence, transparency, planning readiness, and learning loops to shorten the lifespan of misalignment and improve delivery reliability. KW - Last Planner® System KW - complex/complexity KW - psychological safety KW - agile/scrum KW - cognition. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2532/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2532 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - The need to better manage information in field rework C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1689 EP - 1701 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0237 AU - Albarrami, Mohammed AU - Bosché, Frédéric AU - Smith, Simon D. AD - PhD Candidate, School of Engineering, University of Edinburg, Edinburg, UK, m.k.s.al-barrami@sms.ed.ac.uk, orcid.org/0009-0004-4832-6269 AD - Reader, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, f.bosche@ed.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-4064-8982 AD - Reader, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, simon.smith@ed.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-3570-6471 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Field Rework remains a persistent and disruptive feature of construction projects, contributing to delays, cost overruns, and coordination problems. Despite extensive research on rework causes, reduction, and prevention, limited attention has been paid to how rework is managed once it occurs, particularly from an information-management perspective. To address this gap, this paper examines how information is managed during field rework in construction projects through a qualitative study based on eight semi-structured interviews with experienced practitioners, to identify patterns in current practices and decision-making processes. The findings show that the impact of rework is shaped by activity interdependencies and the speed at which reliable information and approvals are obtained. Practitioners commonly operate within a mixed communication environment that combines formal and informal channels to respond under time pressure, which improves responsiveness but also increases the risk of misalignment and further rework. This study contributes by advancing the study of rework once it occurs, particularly from an information management perspective, and lays the groundwork for future research aimed at expediting its delivery while reducing its adverse impacts. The paper concludes by highlighting the need for a standardised framework to strengthen information management during field rework and better integrate digital tools with contractual and quality management processes. KW - Rework KW - rework management KW - field rework KW - information management KW - lean construction. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2533/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2533 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - A lean-BIM operational traceable model for 5D cost-schedule integration in structural works C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 169 EP - 180 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0238 AU - Becerra, Gerardo AU - Ortega, Jesús AU - Sepúlveda, Italo AU - Barkokebas, Beda AU - Alarcón, Luis F. AD - Student Researcher, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile, gerardo.becerra@cloud.uautonoma.cl, orcid.org/0009-0005-1332-3014 AD - Academic, Departamento de Obras Civiles, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Avenida España 1680, Valparaíso 2390123, Chile, jesus.ortegaf@usm.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-1148-937X AD - PhD Candidate, Department Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. Professor, Faculty of Architecture, Construction and Environment, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile, ilsepulveda@uc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-6019-9344 AD - Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, bbarkokebas@uc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-0054-1320 AD - Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, lalarcon@uc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-9277-2272 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - The construction industry faces persistent challenges in cost control, schedule reliability, and data consistency, particularly during the structural phase of high-rise buildings. Although Building Information Modeling (BIM) offers the potential to integrate quantities, costs, and schedules, its operational application remains limited due to the lack of standardized modeling practices and weak alignment between digital models and conventional cost–schedule structures. This study addresses this gap by developing and validating an operational, model-centered integration method that embeds a common itemized structure directly within the BIM model to support consistent cost–schedule integration. The research adopts a quantitative, applied methodology comprising four phases: (i) diagnosis of conventional ERP-based practices, (ii) design of a common itemized structure, (iii) iterative development of a parametric BIM model, and (iv) comparative evaluation against traditional workflows using data from real high-rise projects. The results demonstrate substantial improvements in traceability, automation, and data consistency, increasing cost–schedule coverage from approximately one-third of the items to over 95%. These findings show that effective 5D integration depends primarily on semantic structuring and standardized modeling logic rather than increased geometric detail, providing a practical and replicable approach for improving cost–schedule integration in structural works. KW - BIM 5D KW - cost-schedule integration KW - common itemized structure KW - structural works KW - lean-BIM integration. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2534/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2534 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Aligning lean project delivery with industrilized construction: a project-level, requirements-based analysis C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 798 EP - 810 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0239 AU - Ortega, Jesús AU - Mesa, Harrison AU - Giménez, Zulay AU - Vásquez-Hernández, Alejandro AD - Academic, Departamento de Obras Civiles, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Avenida España 1680, Valparaíso 2390123, Chile, jesus.ortegaf@usm.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-1148-937X AD - Associate professor, School of Civil Construction, Centro Nacional de Excelencia para la Industria de la Madera (CENAMAD, ANID BASAL FB210015), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, hmesa@uc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-7050-3610 AD - Assistant professor School of Civil Construction, Centro Nacional de Excelencia para la Industria de la Madera (CENAMAD, ANID BASAL FB210015), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, zmgimenez@uc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0001-9051-1434 AD - Assistant Professor, School of Applied Sciences and Engineering, Universidad EAFIT, Medellín, Colombia, avasquez5@uc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-1073-4038 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Existing industrialized construction (IC) and lean construction research have mainly addressed IC adoption at organisational and industry levels, identifying barriers, mapping lean techniques, and proposing strategic frameworks, while offering limited insight into the project-level requirements of industrialized construction projects (ICPs) and how these relate to Lean Project Delivery (LPD). This paper develops a requirements-based perspective on ICPs and examines to what extent LPD characteristics address these requirements. A structured literature review was used to consolidate key LPD characteristics into three dimensions: project organisation, contractual relationships, and operational system. In parallel, an expert focus group in the Chilean context elicited, refined, and prioritised ICP requirements, which were clustered into nine thematic categories. Both structured sets were then cross-referenced through thematic analysis. The results indicate strong alignment between LPD and requirements related to early stakeholder integration, collaboration and organisational governance, and factory–site planning and coordination, while in other areas LPD mainly offers a collaborative platform to better address ICP requirements, particularly those linked to regulatory and contractual (RC) aspects and digitalization and information technologies (D&I). KW - Industrialized construction KW - lean project delivery KW - collaboration/collaborative KW - industrialized requirements. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2535/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2535 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Language Action Perspective (LAP) and its influence on communication in project teams C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1229 EP - 1240 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0240 AU - Klous, Jason AU - Manu, Emmanuel AU - Asnaashari, Ehsan AU - Arab, Zakwan AD - Alumni Fellow, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK, jason.klous@ntu.ac.uk, orcid.org/0009-0009-6385-2642 AD - Associate Professor, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK, Emmanuel.manu@ntu.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-9002-3681 AD - Senior Lecturer, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK, ehsan.asnaashari.ntu.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0001-5552-9428 AD - Senior Lecturer, Civil Engineering, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK, mzakwan.arab@ntu.ac.uk ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Communication failures remain a persistent barrier to effective collaboration in lean construction projects, leading to breakdowns in coordination, trust, and reliable delivery. The Language Action Perspective (LAP) offers a framework for understanding communication as a performative process, where structured speech acts such as requests, promises, and declarations create and manage commitments among project participants. This study was conducted to explore how the LAP influences key aspects of communication practice within construction project teams. A single-case study was conducted on a major U.S. healthcare construction project, where project leaders participated in workshops to apply LAP concepts, including speech acts, conditions of satisfaction, and relational elements such as trust, listening, and mood, with data analysed using content analysis. Findings from observations and pre- and post-intervention surveys and interviews revealed improvements in communication practices across the five areas of trust, quality of communication, clarity of requests, reliability of promises and meeting effectiveness. The findings provide some evidence that LAP focused training can provide the skills for project participants to improve and develop the softer skills for improving communication and team dynamics during projects. The LAP can offer a human-centred approach to communication improvement despite the increasingly dominant technology-centric focus on communication in construction. KW - Lean construction KW - language action/linguistic action perspective KW - trust reliable promising KW - commitment. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2536/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2536 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Parade of Trades with transfer batching C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1749 EP - 1760 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0242 AU - Saragih, Gregory F. AU - Tommelein, Iris D. AD - MS Student, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Researcher, Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL), University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, gregory.saragih@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0009-0001-4698-3722 AD - Roy W. Carlson Distinguished Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL), University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, tommelein@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-9941-6596 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - The Parade of Trades game demonstrates how variability that propagates across sequential trades degrades work flow reliability. Prior work pertaining to the use of takt to manage the Parade of Trades explores how planning for handoffs at a fixed beat can accommodate variability. It also shows where waiting occurs and capacity is lost, and how those influence each trade’s time on site and the total project duration. This paper builds on prior work related to the Parade of Trades by adding transfer batching to study how handoff sizing between trades relates to the production system’s performance. The study uses discrete-event simulation. Alternative model variants represent capacity variability and vary in transfer-batch sizes. Results show how transfer-batch sizing affects production system performance. Understanding these results can inform work structuring efforts, for example when developing a takt plan or when sizing capacity buffers and timing handoffs between trades. KW - Parade of Trades KW - Takt planning KW - variability KW - discrete-event simulation KW - transfer batch. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2537/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2537 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - An adaptive WIP controller framework for dynamic buffer management in modular construction C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 811 EP - 823 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0243 AU - Moghimi, Nima AU - Shamaee, Sahar H. AU - Yu, Haitao AU - Mei, Qipei AU - Gonzalez, Vicente A. AU - Hamzeh, Farook AD - Ph.D. Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada, nmoghimi@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0009-0008-4733-1276 AD - Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada, hamedsha@ualberta.ca AD - R&D Lead, Landmark Homes, Edmonton, Canada, haitaoy@landmarkgroup.ca AD - Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada, qipei@ualberta.ca AD - Hal Kvisle Professor and Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Digital Lean Construction, Infrastructure Human Tech (IHT) Lab, Strategic Projects Insight Centre in Engineering (SPICE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada, vagonzal@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0003-3408-3863 AD - Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-3986-9534 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Lean construction principles emphasize maintaining production flow and managing variability to eliminate waste. However, in modular construction, high product mix and strict spatial constraints frequently disrupt this flow, rendering static buffering strategies ineffective. To address this challenge, this paper proposes an Adaptive WIP Control Framework structured in three integrated layers: a Digital Twin for stochastic simulation, an optimization layer for policy development, and a real-time execution layer. At the core of this framework is a novel hysteretic "Store-and-Release" control logic that dynamically regulates Work-in-Process (WIP) based on real-time buffer inventory, transforming the buffer from a passive queue into an active decoupling mechanism. The control logic was evaluated through a simulation-based case study of a prefabricated wall assembly line. Results demonstrate that the adaptive controller reduces downstream workload by 22% compared to unbuffered flow, effectively eliminating starvation waste. Unlike static time-buffers which sacrifice upstream speed for downstream stability, the adaptive approach optimizes total system performance without physical footprint expansion. This research contributes to Lean construction theory by establishing dynamic inventory control as a superior alternative to static scheduling for maintaining reliable flow in off-site construction. KW - Lean Construction KW - flow KW - work in progress/process (WIP) KW - buffer/buffer management KW - modular construction. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2538/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2538 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Choosing By Advantages to select a drone for an educational surveying project C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 181 EP - 193 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0244 AU - Paucar, Anthony AU - Romaní, Jordan AU - Rivera, Coraima AU - Villar, Jesús AU - Erazo, Andrews AU - Braul, Andrea AU - Rojas, Jorge AD - Researcher, School of Civil Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Ingenieria, Lima, Peru, apaucare@uni.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-5369-1584 AD - Student Researcher, School of Civil Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Ingenieria, Lima, Peru, jordan.romani.c@uni.pe, orcid.org/0009-0007-3327-9713 AD - Student Researcher, School of Civil Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Ingenieria, Lima, Peru, coraima.rivera.n@uni.pe, orcid.org/0009-0008-3629-0288 AD - Student Researcher, School of Civil Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Ingenieria, Lima, Peru, jesus.villar.v@uni.pe, orcid.org/0009-0008-8461-9711 AD - Teaching Assistant, School of Civil Engineering, Universidad Continental, Huancayo, Peru, aerazo@continental.edu.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-5639-573X AD - Instructor, School of Civil Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru, andrea.braul@pucp.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-1379-2591 AD - PhD. Candidate, Lyles School of Civil and Construction Engineering, Purdue University, Indiana, USA, rojas27@purdue.edu, orcid.org/0000-0001-9372-0864 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Selecting drones for surveying and monitoring in construction projects is a complex multi-criteria decision-making problem, particularly in the context of Construction 4.0 and engineering education. This study applies the Choosing by Advantages (CBA) method to support the selection of a drone for photogrammetric surveying in an academic construction case study. Four commercially available drones were evaluated using nine technical factors grouped into three categories: environmental (wind resistance, waterproof protection, operating temperature range), operational (maximum flight time, payload capacity, maximum flight speed), and data acquisition (camera resolution, frame rate, field of view). The results indicate that the drone achieving the highest total Importance of Advantages (IoA) score was the most suitable option, primarily due to the site’s environmental and climatic requirements. Overall, the findings highlight that advantages associated with environmental and contextual factors are the most influential in selecting drones for construction management education, surpassing operational performance and data capture capabilities. This provides an evidence-based reference framework for educational stakeholders when selecting drones for adoption in construction-related teaching, research, and training. KW - Decision-making KW - Choosing by Advantages KW - drone KW - Construction 4.0. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2539/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2539 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - A digital-twin based CONWIP framework for work in progress (WIP) management in modular construction C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 824 EP - 836 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0245 AU - Moghimi, Nima AU - Shamaee, Sahar H. AU - Yu, Haitao AU - Mei, Qipei AU - Gonzalez, Vicente A. AU - Hamzeh, Farook AD - Ph.D. Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada, nmoghimi@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0009-0008-4733-1276 AD - Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada, hamedsha@ualberta.ca AD - R&D Lead, Landmark Homes, Edmonton, Canada, haitaoy@landmarkgroup.ca AD - Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada, qipei@ualberta.ca AD - Hal Kvisle Professor and Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Digital Lean Construction, Infrastructure Human Tech (IHT) Lab, Strategic Projects Insight Centre in Engineering (SPICE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada, vagonzal@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0003-3408-3863 AD - Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-3986-9534 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Effective Work-in-Process (WIP) management is a principle of lean production, and pull-based control methods such as Kanban and CONWIP have been shown to regulate WIP levels and improve production flow. However, conventional implementations based on physical cards or visual signals are often impractical in modular construction environments, where high product customization, limited floor space, and heterogeneous WIP units complicate traditional control mechanisms. This paper presents a digital-twin-based CONWIP framework designed to overcome these challenges. The framework replaces physical signaling with automated, real-time WIP tracking enabled by Internet of Things (IoT) technologies and introduces a WIP harmonization method that standardizes diverse product configurations into a single reference unit for consistent system-wide control. A centralized CONWIP controller regulates job release based on the harmonized WIP level relative to a predefined cap. The feasibility of the proposed framework is demonstrated through a simulation of a wall assembly line in a panelized prefabrication factory in Edmonton, Canada. Performance evaluation using Factory Physics benchmarks shows that the framework effectively controls WIP, absorbs production variability, and achieves near-maximum throughput, constrained primarily by the system bottleneck. These results validate the framework’s practicality and highlight the potential of digital twins to extend CONWIP to high-variability, space-constrained modular construction environments. KW - Modular construction KW - work-in-progress (WIP) KW - CONWIP KW - digital twin KW - hybrid simulation. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2540/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2540 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - A proactive digital twin framework for dynamic pull scheduling in modular construction factories C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 837 EP - 848 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0246 AU - Moghimi, Nima AU - Shamaee, Sahar H. AU - Mei, Qipei AU - Gonzalez, Vicente A. AU - Hamzeh, Farook AD - Corresponding Author, Ph.D. Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada, nmoghimi@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0009-0008-4733-1276 AD - Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada, hamedsha@ualberta.ca AD - Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada, qipei@ualberta.ca AD - Hal Kvisle Professor and Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Digital Lean Construction, Infrastructure Human Tech (IHT) Lab, Strategic Projects Insight Centre in Engineering (SPICE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada, vagonzal@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0003-3408-3863 AD - Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-3986-9534 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Achieving continuous flow in modular construction is challenging due to high-mix variability, where traditional static methods often fail, leading to excess Work-in-Process (WIP) and flow stagnation. This study proposes a Digital Twin framework utilizing a novel "Offline Learning, Online Control" architecture. The methodology employs Simulation-Based Optimization to derive optimal control policies offline, which are synthesized into a lightweight surrogate model. This model drives an autonomous Scheduler Agent that acts as a virtual pacemaker, regulating real-time flow to shift production from a 'push' to a dynamic 'pull' strategy. Specifically, the agent monitors the cumulative count of finished units at critical downstream constraints, throttling upstream releases until the cumulative count of finished units from the current project surpasses a dynamically calculated threshold. To validate this approach, a case study was conducted on a wall panel assembly line in Edmonton, Canada. For this specific implementation, a Genetic Algorithm was used to train a linear regression surrogate policy against stochastic demand scenarios. Experimental results demonstrate a 38.5% reduction in average Cycle Time (Lead Time) compared to the facility’s baseline practice. These findings confirm that integrating simulation-based learning with real-time surrogate control successfully stabilizes flow efficiency, minimizes WIP accumulation, and prevents gridlock in constrained manufacturing environments. KW - Lean construction KW - pull scheduling KW - modular construction KW - digital twin KW - simulation-based optimization PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2541/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2541 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Identifying dynamic bottleneck in modular construction using simulation and probabilistic analysis C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 849 EP - 861 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0247 AU - Moghimi, Nima AU - Tetik, Müge AU - Mei, Qipei AU - Gonzalez, Vicente A. AU - Hamzeh, Farook AD - Corresponding Author, Ph.D. Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada, nmoghimi@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0009-0008-4733-1276 AD - Postdoctoral Researcher, Department of Civil Engineering, School of Energy Systems, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology, Lahti, Finland, muge.tetik@lut.fi AD - Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada, qipei@ualberta.ca AD - Hal Kvisle Professor and Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Digital Lean Construction, Infrastructure Human Tech (IHT) Lab, Strategic Projects Insight Centre in Engineering (SPICE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada, vagonzal@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0003-3408-3863 AD - Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-3986-9534 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Bottleneck identification is fundamental to Lean production, as system constraints limit throughput and generate waste through waiting, excess Work-in-Process (WIP), and flow interruptions. Lean practices such as Value Stream Mapping and takt–cycle time analysis, together with indicators including utilization, queue length, and active-period methods, are commonly used to diagnose flow restrictions. However, these approaches assume relatively stable conditions and sufficient buffering—assumptions that rarely hold in modular construction factories. High product variability, reliance on manual labor, limited space, and stochastic task interactions cause bottlenecks to shift dynamically, making conventional diagnostics inconsistent. To address this challenge, this study introduces a probabilistic diagnostic principle for dynamic production environments. The approach employs Interdeparture Time (IDT) analysis and Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) matching to distinguish true system constraints from stations experiencing temporary flow disruptions. The diagnostic logic is implemented within a hybrid Discrete-Event and Agent-Based simulation framework and applied to a timber wall assembly line. Results show that traditional Lean and utilization-based indicators produce conflicting bottleneck locations, while the probabilistic approach consistently identifies predominant constraints. The study further introduces a decision-support mechanism using sequential sensitivity analysis to quantify capacity thresholds and anticipate bottleneck migration. KW - Dynamic bottleneck KW - modular construction KW - probabilistic analysis KW - simulation KW - production controls. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2542/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2542 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Operationalising Transformation–Flow–Value in lean construction via SMART-enabled awareness C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1702 EP - 1712 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0248 AU - Prabhu, Prajwal AU - Singh, Vishal AD - PhD Student, Department of Design and Manufacturing, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India, prajwalp@iisc.ac.in, orcid.org/0000-0002-6943-3571 AD - Associate Professor, Department of Design and Manufacturing, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India, singhv@iisc.ac.in, orcid.org/0000-0001-6878-4081 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Lean Construction’s transformation, flow, and value (TFV) objectives rely on teams maintaining sufficient situational awareness (SA) of production conditions at the point of decision making. In construction projects, this awareness is often uneven and unmanaged, leading to weak commitments, unstable flow, and value loss despite the use of established Lean planning and control practices. This paper develops a mechanism-based explanation that treats SA as a controllable production condition. The theory is derived from a synthesis of Lean Construction and SA literature, together with observed limits of digital sensing and procedural coordination. Situation Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Teams (SMART) are positioned as a Monitor–Analyse–Report sequence that supports SA within existing Lean routines. The analysis shows that managing SA upstream improves downstream production outcomes. Improved perception reduces specification gaps and rework, stabilising Transformation. Shared comprehension increases early constraint visibility and coordination reliability, stabilising Flow. Short-horizon projections enable timely resequencing and buffer adjustments, protecting Value under change. Positioning SA as a production condition creates a practical opportunity to stabilise Lean performance by improving decision quality upstream rather than correcting failures downstream. The paper concludes with testable propositions and guidance for embedding SMART into TFV-based production planning and control. KW - Lean construction KW - Transformation-Flow-Value KW - situational awareness KW - SMART KW - production control. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2543/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2543 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Mind the chasm: integrating facility management requirements in design C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1430 EP - 1441 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0249 AU - Arshang, Oldouz AU - Sheikhkhoshkar, Moslem AU - Hamzeh, Farook AD - MSc Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept, Hole School of Construction Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, arshand@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0009-0008-9770-1247 AD - Visiting Scholar, University of Greenwich, School of Engineering, London, UK, m.sheikhkhoshkar@greenwich.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0001-9067-2705 AD - Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept, Hole School of Construction Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-3986-9534 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Operation and maintenance (O&M) costs include approximately 80% of a facility’s overall expenses, while facility managers are often excluded from decisions made during the design phase. This disconnect results in a mismatch between the actual performance of the facility and what the design outcome is intended to be, leading to higher O&M costs and transfer of inadequate information during handover. While Lean Principles and digital platforms are proposed as solutions, practitioners lack a shared understanding of FM problems to meaningfully integrate FM requirements during design. This study addresses the gap through the lens of Transformation-Flow-Value (TFV) theory, and uses a DSR methodology combining problem identification from literature, extraction, and consolidation of FM requirements. The extraction produced 55 factors, which were grouped into 22 categories spanning stakeholder involvement timing, information quality, maintainability, and sustainability. The proposed taxonomy is lean-consistent and uses TFV theory also as a rule to classify ambiguous factors. This research methodologically contributes to the body of knowledge by developing a practical and structured taxonomy of FM requirements that supports early FM involvement and strengthens designers’ ability to address FM needs in design reviews across different project delivery settings. KW - Facility management KW - design KW - integration KW - lean construction KW - taxonomy. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2544/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2544 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Green and digital innovations for managing construction supply chain in the Net Zero Economy (NZE) C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 194 EP - 203 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0250 AU - Al-Zaini, Ali AU - Chan, Melissa AU - Arowoiya, Victor AU - Aramesh, Saaed AU - Masrom, Asrul AD - Graduate/Mr, College of Sport, Health and Engineering, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia, ali.alzaini1@live.vu.edu.au AD - Senior Lecturer/Dr, College of Sport, Health and Engineering, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia, melissa.chan@vu.edu.au, orcid.org/0000-0003-1589-6850 AD - PhD Graduate/Dr, College of Sport, Health and Engineering, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia, victor.arowoiya@vu.edu.au, orcid.org/0000-0002-7436-9762 AD - PhD Graduate, Mr, School of Property, Construction and Project Management, RMIT, Melbourne, Australia, saeed.aramesh@vu.edu.au AD - Associate Professor/Dr, Faculty of Technology Management and Business, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia, asruln@uthm.edu.my, orcid.org/0000-0001-5221-2855 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - The construction industry is a major contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions, requiring clear pathways toward net-zero outcomes. One promising approach is adopting green and digital innovations in construction supply chain management. Grounded in Lean Construction philosophy particularly value generation, waste elimination, flow efficiency and continuous improvement, this study examines factors that drive and facilitate the adoption of green and digital innovations. It also explores policy and regulatory barriers, innovative business models and industry-specific strategies supporting the transition to a Net Zero Economy (NZE). From a lean perspective, carbon-intensive supply chain activities can be understood as systemic waste resulting from variability, overproduction, rework and inefficient logistics. The circular economy aligns closely with lean thinking by promoting lifecycle value optimisation and resource efficiency to support decarbonisation. However, research on developing lean-enabled NZE supply chains in the building sector remains limited. Using a systematic literature review, this study synthesises strategies to advance the adoption of eco-friendly and digital technologies within lean-oriented supply chain management. The findings extend current knowledge by integrating green and digital innovations with lean principles to support a more sustainable, efficient and net-zero construction production system. KW - Digitalization KW - supply chain KW - lean construction KW - Net Zero Economy (NZE) KW - systematic review PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2545/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2545 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Aligning research and adoption through agile roadmapping in construction innovation C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1241 EP - 1251 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0252 AU - Itani, Anas AU - Golabchi, Ali AU - Lee, Gaang AU - Mohamed, Yasser AU - Abourizk, Simaan AD - Postdoctoral Fellow, Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, aitani@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0001-5516-8829 AD - Adjunct Professor/Executive Director, Mechanical Engineering/Construction Innovation Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, alireza1@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-5499-3218 AD - Assistant Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering/, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, gaang@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-6341-2585 AD - Professor/Director, Civil and Environmental Engineering/Construction Innovation Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, yaly@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0000-0000-0000 AD - Distinguished University Professor/Dean, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, abourizk@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-4788-9121 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Construction innovation initiatives frequently fail to achieve sustained adoption despite significant research investment. These challenges are driven less by technical limitations than by fragmented governance, misaligned incentives, and organizational resistance to change. This paper proposes an agile, evidence-based roadmapping approach that reframes roadmapping as a governance and change mechanism within construction innovation ecosystems. The approach integrates literature synthesis, benchmarking of innovation centers, structured stakeholder interviews, and foresight analysis to align research priorities with adoption readiness across short-, medium-, and long-term horizons. Illustrated through the Construction Innovation Center at the University of Alberta, the findings demonstrate how integrating diverse evidence streams enhances stakeholder alignment, reduces uncertainty, and shifts attention from research outputs toward adoption outcomes. The study contributes to the People, Culture, and Change track by positioning roadmapping as a dynamic coordination and learning process grounded in lean principles of pull-based prioritization, transparency, and iterative improvement. KW - Research roadmapping KW - lean construction KW - governance KW - innovation adoption KW - organizational change. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2546/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2546 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Speech-to-update BIM: a lean, voice-enabled workflow for real-time site progress capture C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 204 EP - 213 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0255 AU - Singhal, Avi AU - Garg, Sahil AD - Post Graduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IITD), New Delhi, India, singhalavi111@gmail.com, orcid.org/0009-0000-0702-840X AD - Assistant Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IITD), New Delhi, India, gargsahil@iitd.ac.in, orcid.org/0000-0002-1303-3288 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Progress reporting on construction sites is often separated from digital model updating by several manual handling steps. Information is first noted in the field, later transcribed into reports or spreadsheets, and only afterwards reflected in BIM environments. This sequence introduces delay, repeated data handling, and opportunities for error, all of which conflict with Lean Construction principles that emphasize flow and reduction of non-value-adding activities. This paper examines a voice-enabled reporting workflow designed to shorten this information pathway. Instead of periodic transcription, site personnel communicate progress through natural speech, allowing updates to be recorded digitally with minimal intermediate handling. The work is presented as a process intervention rather than a technology deployment. A functional prototype is used to illustrate representative use situations, and the workflow is analysed in terms of reporting cycle compression, administrative effort, and relevance to production control practices such as the Last Planner System. The findings suggest that speech-based reporting can reduce reporting effort while helping project teams maintain more up to date visibility of site progress. KW - Lean construction KW - visual management KW - digital twin KW - voice user interface (VUI) KW - real-time monitoring. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2547/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2547 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Development of lean maturity in an earthmoving mining project C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1761 EP - 1772 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0257 AU - Ronceros, Kevin AU - Bendezu, Clever AU - Aroquipa, Marco AU - Mio, Luis AU - Chicoma, Jose AU - Miranda, Oscar AU - Neyra, Mauricio AD - Production Engineer, National University of Engineering, Lima, Perú, kevin.ronceros.p@uni.pe, orcid.org/0009-0005-1205-3833 AD - Site Resident, Tecnomin Data S.A.C, Lima, Perú, Bendezuromeroclever @gmail.com AD - Project Engineer, Volcan S.A.C, Lima, Perú, MAroquipa@volcan.com.pe AD - Civil Engineer, National University of Engineering, Lima, Perú, luis.mio.r@uni.pe, orcid.org/0009-0004-4832-9232 AD - Civil Engineer, National University of Engineering, Lima, Perú, jose.chicoma.m@uni.pe AD - Civil Engineer, National University of Engineering, Lima, Perú, omiranda@uni.edu.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-0949-5295 AD - MSc Student, Postgraduate Program in Civil Engineering (PPGCI), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil, mauricio.neyra@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0009-0007-7379-5798 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Earthmoving projects in mining face persistent challenges to production reliability due to high operational variability, changing constraints, extreme weather conditions, and flow instability. While Lean thinking has demonstrated benefits in other industries, its adoption in mining remains limited and insufficiently documented. This article investigates how a maturity model facilitates the adoption of Lean Construction (LC) while explicitly integrating Operations Science principles into a tailings dam raising project at the Alpamarca Mining Unit in Junin, Perú. The research follows a case study approach and applies a structured five-stage method: (1) defining the adoption challenge and target maturity; (2) diagnosing the current state using the MMDPLC maturity model; (3) establishing realistic evolution targets for the production system; (4) experimenting to achieve the target condition through iterative and structured Kaizen events and flow-centric diagnostics; and (5) reassessing the achieved maturity using the same instrument. After 35 weeks of implementation, most maturity components reached Level 2 (Formal), supported by improved flow stability, clearer value identification, and a systematic reduction in waste. The study provides empirical evidence that maturity models translate operations science principles into operational routines in complex and highly variable mining environments and motivates replication and evaluation in other types of mining projects. KW - Lean construction KW - maturity model KW - kaizen KW - design science KW - production. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2548/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2548 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Minimizing rework in offsite construction: error propagation analysis and quality control C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 862 EP - 874 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0258 AU - Ammar, Baseel Andres AU - Yu, Haitao AU - Sheikhkhoshkar, Moslem AU - Hamzeh, Farook AD - MSc Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, baseelan@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0009-0008-3650-619X AD - Research and Development, Landmark Group of Companies Inc., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, haitaoy@landmarkgroup.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-7798-4867 AD - Visiting Scholar, University of Greenwich, School of Engineering, London, UK, m.sheikhkhoshkar@greenwich.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0001-9067-2705 AD - Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-3986-9534 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Offsite construction (OSC) is increasingly used to enhance productivity, quality, and schedule reliability through industrialized, standardized production processes. However, OSC systems remain susceptible to local execution errors that propagate across interconnected production stations, resulting in rework, delays, and waste. This research examines error propagation within an off-site wall manufacturing line by applying lean principles and techniques. An explanatory case study methodology integrates both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Gemba walks, and a Five Whys root cause analysis was conducted to identify recurring quality defects at stud locations where nails were missing. Subsequently, statistical analysis compared design and as-built dimensions of wall panels to quantify absolute and percentage errors originating from framing and nailing operations. The cumulative impact of these errors was assessed against allowable tolerance limits to determine the likelihood of defects at downstream stations. Findings demonstrate that minor geometric deviations introduced at upstream stations accumulate and surpass tolerance thresholds, substantially increasing defect rates as production advances. These results underscore the necessity of quality-at-the-source practices and intermediate quality checks in OSC systems. This study advances lean construction knowledge by providing empirical evidence of station-level error propagation and recommending targeted remedial actions to improve production flow stability and built-in quality. KW - Offsite construction KW - lean production KW - error analysis. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2549/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2549 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Analysis of key success factors of lean construction performance C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 519 EP - 532 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0259 AU - Wiguna, I Putu Artama AU - Adi, Tri Joko Wahyu AU - Waliulu, Yusroniya Eka Putri Rachman AU - Candraningtyas, Devita AD - Lecturer in Construction Project Management, Civil Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia, artama.wiguna@gmail.com AD - Lecturer in Construction Project Management, Civil Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia, trijoko.riset@gmail.com AD - Lecturer in Construction Project Management, Civil Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia, yusronia.putri@gmail.com AD - Master’s in Construction Project Management, Civil Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia, devitacandra1@gmail.com ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Inefficiency, material waste, schedule delays, and cost overruns remain major issues affecting Indonesia’s construction projects, especially in high-rise projects. Lean construction gains recognition as a solution to these problems, though its application does not always lead to better project performance. By separating managerial practices from actual performance outcomes, this study aims to examine the hypothesized relationships between critical success factors and lean construction performance. A standardized questionnaire was distributed to professionals working in high-rise building projects, including project managers, site managers, engineers, consultants, and other experienced professionals. A total of 125 valid responses were analyzed using the Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) method. The study examined direct and indirect effects of management commitment, human resource development, internal client focus, technical planning & continuous improvement, and lean construction performance. The results showed that Technical Planning & Continuous Improvement had the greatest direct influence on Lean Construction Performance at 58%. Meanwhile, when enabled through Human Resource Development, the indirect effect on Lean Construction Performance is at 28.8%. Followed by direct influence of Communication and Collaboration on Lean Construction Performance at 28.8%. These findings indicate that lean construction performance improves most effectively through planning systems and continuous improvement, then communication and collaboration. KW - Lean construction KW - collaboration KW - commitment KW - continuous improvement KW - waste. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2550/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2550 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - A decision-support framework for prioritising lean construction techniques in the planning stage of Indonesian construction projects C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 533 EP - 546 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0260 AU - Wiguna, I Putu Artama AU - Adi, Tri Joko Wahyu AU - Waliulu, Yusroniya Eka Putri Rachman AU - Prastyo, Satriyo Agus Adi AD - Lecturer, Civil Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia, artama.wiguna@gmail.com AD - Lecturer, Civil Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia, Indonesia, trijoko.riset@gmail.com AD - Lecturer, Civil Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia, Indonesia, yusroniya.putri@gmail.com AD - Graduate Student, Civil Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia, satriyo.prast@gmail.com ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Lean construction has gained increasing attention as a strategy to enhance project performance; however, its effectiveness is largely determined by decisions made during the planning stage, where workflow reliability and resource efficiency are established. In developing countries such as Indonesia, weak planning practices often lead to material waste, rework, and schedule variability, highlighting the need for structured decision-support in selecting appropriate lean techniques. This study develops a decision-support framework to prioritise critical success factors (CSFs) and lean construction techniques for improving planning reliability and reducing planning-related waste. A two-stage quantitative approach is employed, integrating the Relative Importance Index (RII) and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Data are obtained from ten experts with experience in construction planning and lean implementation. The results indicate that managerial readiness—particularly top management commitment, financial transparency, responsibility assignment, and effective use of improvement tools—plays a dominant role. Among the evaluated lean construction techniques, Building Information Modelling (BIM) is identified as the most suitable for the planning stage, followed by the Last Planner System (LPS) and Value Stream Mapping (VSM). The proposed framework provides a structured basis for selecting context-appropriate lean techniques and improving planning reliability while contributing to waste reduction and more sustainable construction practices. KW - Lean construction KW - planning reliability KW - decision-support framework KW - construction planning KW - waste reduction KW - BIM KW - last planner system PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2551/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2551 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Operationalizing lean project control through data-driven weekly reasoning C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 214 EP - 226 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0261 AU - Mengiste, Eyob T. AU - Soto, Borja Garcia de AD - Instructor, Civil and Urban Engineering Program, Researcher, S.M.A.R.T Construction Research Group, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE, eyob.mengiste@nyu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-4841-7476 AD - Associate Professor, Civil and Urban Engineering Program, Director, S.M.A.R.T Construction Research Group, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE, garcia.de.soto@nyu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-9613-8105 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Lean construction emphasizes flow, pull-based planning, and continuous risk management; however, its practical implementation still is very labor-intense and relies heavily on periodic meetings, manual interpretation of fragmented data, and lagging indicators of project performance. This paper presents an automated operationalization framework for Lean project management decision-making. The framework fuses standard project documentations such as periodic site observations, structured textual reports, and approvals into a continuously updated temporal representation of the project state. This fusion of information is used to evaluate constraints and estimate the execution readiness level of tasks. Moreover, this framework helps project managers detect workflow disruptions and constraint-related risks and generate Lean-consistent execution alternatives. The paper provides the system architecture, data integration logic, and reasoning mechanisms, and validates the approach through an automated deployment over 16 consecutive weekly planning cycles of a real construction project, demonstrating its feasibility as an operational tool for Lean project control. KW - MCTS KW - multi-armed bandits strategy KW - constraint management KW - LPS KW - lookahead. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2552/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2552 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Interpreting and operationalizing enterprise agility in construction: a safe-based case study C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1252 EP - 1264 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0263 AU - Lee, Chun-Ying AU - Tan, Bryan D. AU - Lin, Jacob J. AD - Vice President, Formosa Builders Inc., Master’s Student, Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, sophia.lee@formosa94.com.tw, orcid.org/0009-0004-1684-3915 AD - Master’s Student, Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, r13521725@ntu.edu.tw, orcid.org/0009-0003-7498-388X AD - Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, jacoblin@ntu.edu.tw, orcid.org/0000-0002-3781-9402 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Despite its large economic scale, global construction productivity has stagnated over the past two decades, with fewer than 1% of mega-projects meeting cost, schedule, and benefit targets. These persistent performance challenges are a result of the high complexity, non-standard nature, and high multi-stakeholder coordination demand of construction projects, which strain rigid conventional management models. Enterprise agility has been widely adopted in other industries to address similar limitations in flexibility and coordination; however, there is a lack of empirically grounded interpretations of how agility transformation frameworks can be meaningfully adapted to the construction industry. This study examines how enterprise agility can be interpreted and operationalized within a construction organization. Using the Scaled Agile Framework for Enterprise (SAFe) as an analytical reference architecture, a qualitative case study is conducted of a large-scale general contractor in Taiwan, with analyses interpreted within the context of Lean Construction principles. An explicit competency mapping procedure is used to analyze observed lean-agile organizational practices against SAFe’s five core competencies. The results show that enterprise agility in construction emerges selectively across SAFe competencies, manifesting most strongly in leadership enablement, cross-functional coordination, and pre-construction value planning, while portfolio-level agility remains fundamentally constrained by contractual and financial commitments. KW - Value stream KW - Transformation-Flow-Value KW - collaboration KW - agile transformation KW - lean construction. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2553/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2553 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Prediction of logistics performance and allocation optimization in construction projects using Catboost, LightGBM, and XGboost based on lean construction principles C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 227 EP - 237 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0265 AU - Shidqi, Arif H. N. AU - Wibowo, Mochamad A. AU - Fatchur, Adian AU - Ramdhan, Alfain AD - Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Indonesia, haidarsanath@gmail.com, orcid.org/0009-0005-1957-2820 AD - Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Indonesia, agung.wibowo@ft.undip.ac.id, orcid.org/0000-0002-5434-9107 AD - Professor, Department of Computer Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Indonesia, adian@ce.undip.ac.id, orcid.org/0000-0002-1921-9358 AD - Bachelor’s, Department of Civil Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Indonesia, alfainnaga@gmail.com, orcid.org/0009-0003-7544-9507 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Supply Chain Management performance and strategic optimization allocation are essential determinants of construction project productivity and operational efficiency. Delays in material distribution, misallocation of workforce, and underused equipment often result in workflow interruptions and waste, which contradict the Lean Construction ideals of continuous flow and waste minimization. While the use of machine learning in construction management has expanded in recent years, research focusing on predictive frameworks for logistics and resource utilization grounded in lean methodology remains scarce. This study introduces a machine learning framework designed to forecast logistics outcomes and resource allocation efficiency in construction projects through the application of CatBoost, LightGBM, and XGBoost algorithms. The dataset comprises variables such as material delivery attributes, workforce capacity, task complexity, and project operating conditions, whereas logistics performance metrics and resource utilization indicators form the prediction targets. Model evaluation employs suitable regression and classification criteria. The experimental results reveal that boosting based techniques can effectively model intricate relationships within construction logistics data. Among the algorithms tested, CatBoost performs most effectively, particularly in managing categorical attributes. The proposed framework enables data driven, proactive decisions to optimize resource deployment and support lean oriented project execution by minimizing idle time, delays, and inefficiencies. KW - Construction logistic KW - lean construction KW - machine learning. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2554/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2554 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - A multi-agent data-to-model workflow for make-ready assessment C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 238 EP - 249 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0266 AU - Qi, Ruixuan AU - Xu, Jinying AU - Zheng, Ruiyan AD - Graduate student, National University of Singapore, Singapore, e1538237@u.nus.edu AD - Assistant Professor, Department of the Built Environment, National University of Singapore, Singapore; jinying.xu@nus.edu.sg, orcid.org/0000-0001-9589-6396 AD - PhD student, Department of the Built Environment, National University of Singapore, Singapore; zhengruiyan@u.nus.edu, orcid.org/0009-0009-8421-0614 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - The Last Planner System (LPS) is widely recognized as an effective lean approach for improving workflow reliability. Although the theoretical framework of LPS has been well established, its practical implementation remains challenging in real projects. A major barrier lies in initiating and maintaining Lookahead planning, which is intended to connect phase scheduling with commitment planning. Current practice often shows gaps, including lack of detailed data required for Make-Ready assessment in Lookahead planning. This paper proposes a multi-agent, data-to-model workflow that lowers the entry barrier to Lookahead planning by extracting project-specific Lookahead rules and readiness assessments directly from commonly available progress schedule data. Instead of training a generalized predictive model, the workflow coordinates specialized agents to sequentially normalize tasks, infer dependencies, reconstruct production states, and support readiness scoring with an interpretable learning component. The workflow is demonstrated using real data from a high-rise building project. The case suggests that meaningful Make-Ready assessments can be derived from standard project schedule data. It may help practitioners reduce reliance on subjective judgment and fragmented information in Lookahead planning, while offering a practical method to push near-term work commitments further in LPS adoption. KW - Last Planner System KW - lookahead planning KW - make-ready assessment KW - multi-agent systems KW - data-to-model workflow. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2555/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2555 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Data-driven decision support system for resource allocation to cast in-situ piles of linear projects C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1713 EP - 1724 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0268 AU - Anantharaam, Ramachandran AD - Master of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India, ananthu_357@alumni.iitm.ac.in, orcid.org/0009-0007-8503-1867 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Field observations from an active cast-in-situ piling site revealed that resource-related waiting contributed to 54% of total operation lead time, disrupting workflow and production reliability. This study investigates whether near-term resource requirements in piling operations can be predicted using process-state information available during execution. A data-driven framework is developed to predict demand for key piling resources (water, tremie pipe, rebar cage, casing, etc.) within a 30-minute lookahead window. Time-stamped operational data was collected from 13 piles, capturing features such as pile geometry, current activity state, depth progression rate, subsurface conditions and recent execution disruptions. Resource demand was framed as a binary classification problem for each resource type. Random Forest classifiersI were trained on 80% of the data and validated with the rest. The models achieved strong performance: F1-scores of 0.90 (water), 0.97 (tremie pipe), 0.95 (rebar cage) and so on. Deploying these predictors reduced resource-induced waiting to 12% and increased Kelly efficiency by 16%. This work operationalizes predictive resource planning at the activity level, advancing lean construction practice by enhancing flow reliability. Future research could integrate these predictors into Last Planner System workflows, couple them with discrete-event simulation or digital twins for system-level impact assessment, and generalize to other resource-sensitive construction activities. KW - Resource prediction KW - make-ready planning KW - waiting time KW - production planning KW - machine learning for construction. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2556/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2556 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Safety climate in a state-owned construction company: gap analysis and practical recommendations C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 402 EP - 413 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0269 AU - Handayani, Nia Dwi AU - Hapsari, Alfina AU - Luturmas, Willem AU - Abdi, Muhamad AU - Fanani, Fafan Khoirul AD - Expert of HSE, Division of Risk Management & QHSE, PT Wijaya Karya (Persero) Tbk, Jakarta, Indonesia, babyniavah@gmail.com, https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5853-0229 AD - Expert of HSE, Division of Infrastructure 1, PT Wijaya Karya (Persero) Tbk, Jakarta, Indonesia, alfina_hapsari@wikamail.id, https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0829-586X AD - Senior Manager of QHSE, Division of Risk Management & QHSE, PT Wijaya Karya (Persero) Tbk, Jakarta, Indonesia, willemluturmas@gmail.com, https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2747-2700 AD - Senior Vice President, Division of Risk Management & QHSE, PT Wijaya Karya (Persero) Tbk, Jakarta, Indonesia, m.abdi1709@gmail.com , https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4851-1094 AD - Director of Risk Management & Legal, PT Wijaya Karya (Persero) Tbk, Jakarta, Indonesia, fafankf@yahoo.com, https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8909-886X ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Safety is a mandatory requirement in Indonesia's construction industry. As part of continuous improvement efforts, a state-owned construction company conducted a safety climate assessment to identify implementation gaps, and formulate recommendations for improvement. This study utilizes a quantitative survey of 1,165 respondents and interprets the measured value in the NOSACQ-50 index to identify the implementation gap of the assessed company‘s safety climate. The assessment result indicates that the company‘s safety climate is in the "Good" category (mean 4.31) with strengths in formal rules and communication. However, the assessment shows that the assessed company‘s safety climate scores a lower point in the workplace condition, individual risk appreciation, and leaders‘ commitment categories, which implies a pattern of "strong formality, weak reality." The persistence of unsafe conditions (UC) despite high scores suggests that safety aspects are not yet embedded in the production system design. Procedures alone are not enough to encourage mature safety implementation. Individual awareness of safety risks in the field is also necessary, and this awareness must be actively promoted by top management. KW - Safety KW - safety climate KW - lean construction. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2557/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2557 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Carpenters’ workday: Between value-adding work and physical strain C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1265 EP - 1275 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0270 AU - Holth, Fillip AU - Fosse, Roar AU - Drevland, Frode AD - M.Sc. Graduate, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, fillip.holth@skanska.no, orcid.org/0009-0009-0637-877X AD - Chief Advisor, Operational Excellence, Skanska Norway, Oslo, Norway, roar.fosse@skanska.no, orcid.org/0009-0005-9374-7326 AD - Associate Professor, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, frode.drevland@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-4596-1564 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Productivity improvement efforts in construction often rely on Work Sampling (WS) to increase Direct Work (DW) and reduce Wasted Work (WW). Such time-based metrics rarely account for how shifts in activity change workers’ physical workload. This study examines the descriptive relationship between work categories and observed physical workload in a carpentry team on a Norwegian project. Over five workdays, a dual-coding WS protocol recorded activity type (DW, Indirect Work (IW), WW) and workload. Overall, DW accounted for 41.31% of observations, IW 47.89%, and WW 10.80%. Workload was predominantly Moderate (45.79%), with substantial shares in High (29.39%) and Low (24.83%). Descriptive linear fits showed a positive association between DW and High workload shares (R² = 0.28), and an inverse association between WW and High workload shares (R² = 0.36). Daily questionnaires indicated mental load peaked on the day with the highest WW, linked to organisational challenges. Findings suggest efforts to increase DW may create a denser physical workload profile for carpenters, requiring parallel ergonomic and work structuring measures. KW - Work structuring KW - waste KW - value KW - work sampling KW - ergonomics. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2558/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2558 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Integrating SCRUM with the last planner system: an AI-enhanced framework C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1725 EP - 1736 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0271 AU - Lujan, Guillermo Prado AU - Engineer-Manriquez, Felipe AD - Production Manager, Project Delivery Services, The Boldt Company, San Francisco, California, USA, guillermo.prado@boldt.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-5325-1132 AD - Project Delivery Services Director, Project Delivery Services, The Boldt Company, San Francisco, California, USA, Nick.Loughrin@boldt.com, ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - While both the Last Planner System (LPS) and SCRUM have demonstrated benefits independently, existing research lacks a practitioner-grounded framework that integrates these approaches across planning horizons. Grounded in a shared epistemological foundation of empiricism (where planning is continuously adjusted through feedback and learning) this study adopts an inductive, case-based approach to develop an initial framework outline. This research consists of a comparative analysis of LPS and SCRUM across six key dimensions, the synthesis of an integrated framework with AI as an augmentation layer, and an illustrative case study of a complex construction project. Results indicate that LPS provides stability through multi-horizon planning and commitment management, while SCRUM enhances short-cycle coordination, learning, and role clarity. AI further supports these processes by improving information synthesis, visibility, and anticipatory decision-making, while maintaining a human-in-the-loop approach. This study contributes a structured, practitioner-informed starting point for integrating Lean, Agile, and AI in construction, highlighting the need for further validation and development through future research. KW - Last Planner System KW - SCRUM KW - Lean Construction KW - Integration KW - Artificial Intelligence PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2559/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2559 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Toward an industry standard for LPS maturity using a company-grounded framework C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1773 EP - 1784 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0272 AU - Lujan, Guillermo Prado AU - Loughrin, Nick AD - Production Manager, Project Delivery Services, The Boldt Company, San Francisco, California, USA, guillermo.prado@boldt.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-5325-1132 AD - Corporate Director of Project Delivery Services, Project Delivery Services, The Boldt Company, Appleton, Wisconsin, USA, felipe.engineer@boldt.com ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Lean Construction maturity frameworks have been widely used to assess the implementation of Lean and the Last Planner® System (LPS); however, most approaches emphasize diagnostic evaluation of practices rather than the development of enterprise production strategy. This paper addresses this limitation by proposing an initial, practitioner-grounded outline of a company-level LPS maturity framework. The study adopts an inductive, empirically grounded approach based on the Boldt Production System (BPS) as a reference case. First, existing Lean Construction and LPS maturity frameworks are comparatively analysed to identify their primary purposes, structures, and measurement focus. Second, key omissions are identified from a company-level perspective, particularly the limited integration of estimating, production system design, execution control, and organizational learning. Third, insights from this analysis and the BPS case are synthesized into a structured set of maturity dimensions that conceptualize LPS maturity as an integrated organizational capability. The contribution is a conceptual starting point for reframing maturity beyond implementation quality toward enterprise production strategy, providing a foundation for future validation and refinement. KW - Last Planner System KW - lean construction KW - maturity framework KW - production system design. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2560/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2560 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Lean post-typhoon recovery: multi-agent look-ahead and constraints for the Last Planner System C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 250 EP - 259 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0273 AU - Zeng, Xianghui AU - Jiang, Liu AU - Cheng, Zhiyuan AU - Chen, Yu AD - PhD Student, School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Hainan University, Haikou, China, 25110814000020@hainanu.edu.cn, orcid.org/0009-0008-5084-8575 AD - Associate Professor, School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Hainan University, Haikou, China, oxazajl@hainanu.edu.cn, orcid.org/0000-0002-3355-2157 AD - Undergraduate student, School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Hainan University, Haikou, China, 20223005212@hainanu.edu.cn AD - Master Student, School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Hainan University, Haikou, China, 19989716938@163.com, orcid.org/0009-0008-1120-6393 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Post-typhoon recovery involves high-variability work in which plan reliability is frequently undermined by late discovery of constraints, fragmented information, and rework. Rapid post-typhoon building recovery requires integrating heterogeneous evidence and converting it into actionable and auditable plans. This paper proposes a Lean Construction informed, knowledge-driven framework that combines a multi-modal knowledge graph (MMKG) with multi-agent orchestration for end-to-end building damage assessment and recovery planning, aligned with the Last Planner System (LPS) through look-ahead planning, make-ready checks, and explicit constraint management. The MMKG captures emergency management criteria, typhoon evolution and exposure status, building-level damage evidence, and reusable post-disaster recovery templates. The approach uses the MMKG as a shared and traceable evidence base, enabling multi-agent orchestration to generate a constraint log, assign make-ready status, and support weekly work plan release under explicit rule-based conditions. Typhoon Yagi is used as an illustrative proof-of-concept case to demonstrate how heterogeneous post-typhoon evidence can be translated into LPS-oriented planning artifacts. The results indicate that the framework is feasible for generating traceable planning outputs under multi-source uncertainty; however, quantitative field-scale validation and execution stage performance assessment remain future work. KW - Last Planner System KW - multi-agent KW - knowledge-driven KW - multi-modal knowledge graph KW - Typhoon disaster. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2561/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2561 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Relating Non-Physical Waste in Lean Construction to Carbon Emissions during Project Execution C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 547 EP - 557 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0274 AU - Gazali, Abdhy AU - Nugroho, Muhammad Sapto AU - Nachdy, Wildan AU - Nurrahmawati, Annisa AD - Lecturer, Building Engineering Education, State University of Jakarta (UNJ), Indonesia, abdhy.gazali@unj.ac.id, orcid.org/0009-0004-1391-6533 AD - Lecturer, Civil Engineering Department, Universitas Trisakti, Indonesia, m.sapto@trisakti.ac.id, orcid.org/0009-0002-4563-6099 AD - Manager Environment & Health, QHSE Division, PT PP (Persero) tbk., Indonesia, m.sapto@trisakti.ac.id, orcid.org/0009-0002-4563-6099 AD - Student, Building Engineering Education, State University of Jakarta (UNJ), Indonesia, annisaunj002@gmail.com ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Lean Construction has been widely applied to improve efficiency and reduce waste in construction projects; however, its relationship with carbon emissions remains predominantly examined from material-based perspectives. This study explores how non-physical waste in Lean Construction such as waiting, downtime, and making-do relates to carbon emissions during project execution. This study employs a structured literature review to synthesize research on Lean–Green construction, focusing on relationships between process-based waste, waste-related outcomes, and carbon-generating activities. The findings indicate that non-physical waste contributes to carbon-relevant impacts through time-based and process-related inefficiencies, including extended activity durations, idle equipment operation, and repeated processes. Rather than causing direct material loss, these waste mechanisms indirectly increase the intensity and duration of carbon-generating activities. As a key contribution, this study proposes a structured analytical framework, including a generalized proxy formulation, to relate non-physical waste to carbon emissions based on additional operational time and activity-level carbon intensity. The framework complements existing material-based carbon assessments and provides a basis for future empirical validation. KW - Lean Construction KW - Waste KW - Carbon footprint KW - Green Construction PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2562/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2562 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Social sustainability and human-centered lean practices in modular and off-site construction C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 875 EP - 886 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0275 AU - Rasouli, Helia AU - Mehdipoor, Amirhossein AU - Melhado, Silvio AU - Iordanova, Ivanka AD - Graduate Student, Department of Construction Engineering, École de Technologie Supérieure (ÉTS), Montreal, Canada, helia.rasouli.1@ens.etsmtl.ca AD - Research Officer, National Research Council (NRC) Canada, Ottawa, Canada, amirhossein.mehdipoor@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9889-2478 AD - Professor, Department of Construction Engineering, École de Technologie Supérieure (ÉTS), Montreal, Canada, Silvio.Melhado@etsmtl.ca AD - Professor, Department of Construction Engineering, École de Technologie Supérieure (ÉTS), Montreal, Canada, ivanka.iordanova@etsmtl.ca, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4596-2604 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - This paper investigates how Lean Management principles influence social sustainability and human-centered practices in Modular and Off-Site Construction (MOC), highlighting both positive and context-dependent interactions. Using a mixed-method approach combining systematic literature review, NVivo-assisted coding, expert interviews, and quantitative validation, the study examines key social dimensions including workforce well-being, communication, inclusivity, safety, and working conditions. Quantitative results (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.944; Mean Score = 4.11) confirm the significance of the social dimension within Lean–Sustainability integration. Findings indicate that Lean principles such as Respect for People and Continuous Improvement foster collaboration, empowerment, and safety culture, while practices such as Just-in-Time may introduce trade-offs if not adapted to modular workflows. The results are synthesized into a conceptual, expert-validated framework, operationalized through a dual-impact analytical matrix capturing positive, negative, and context-dependent interactions. The study highlights the importance of context-sensitive Lean implementation and provides practical guidance for balancing efficiency and workforce well-being in industrialized construction environments. KW - Modular Off-Site Construction (MOC) KW - lean management KW - social sustainability PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2563/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2563 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Validating location-based carbon emissions forecasting C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 558 EP - 568 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0277 AU - Marxen, Martin Veis AU - Hansen, Andreas Hougaard AU - Pedersen, Kristian Birch AU - Wandahl, Søren AD - M.Sc. (CivEng), Senior Client Advisor, Exigo A/S, Denmark, mv@exigo.dk AD - B.Sc. (BacEng), Specialist, Demark, ahh@exigo.dk AD - M.Sc. (CivEng), Master of IT, PhD, Part-time Lecturer, Department of the Built Environment, Aalborg University, CEO and founder of Exigo A/S, Denmark, kbp@exigo.dk, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4400-2046 AD - Professor, Department of Civil & Architectural Engineering, Aarhus University, Denmark, swa@cae.au.dk, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8708-6035 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Following previous papers regarding quantifying and planning greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions using Location-Based Scheduling (LBS), this research seeks to validate the previously defined methodology. By implementing the defined methodology on a real-world construction project (an actual dataset), this paper assesses its accuracy and discusses the key factors in forecasting carbon emissions using LBS. This research identifies the need for accurate usage factors [ 𝑈 𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑔𝑒 ] of the machinery (i.e. percentage of time machines are actively used) on site. In the literature (For Construction Pros, 2009), such usage factors were previously defined as ranging from 40% to 80%. However, that range has proven to be an oversimplification, and the usage factors depend heavily on the type of machinery and the nature of the related schedule activity. Using accurate on-site machinery usage factors, the LBS method for forecasting GHG emissions deviates by 9% from the actual emissions measured in the case project. This accuracy is significantly better than other methods, e.g., those using generic data such as BUILD data (BUILD, 2024), which deviate by 32% from the actual emissions measured for the project. In accordance with previous papers in the series on quantifying and planning GHG emissions using LBS, this paper focuses on the A5 phase of the LCA and excludes emissions from waste and transportation. KW - Location-based Management System (LBMS) KW - Location-based Scheduling (LBS) KW - Takt Planning (TP) KW - environment KW - Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions KW - forecasting. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2564/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2564 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Dual Takt area design: effects on production flow C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1785 EP - 1796 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0278 AU - Christoffersen, Tobias Liavaag AU - Lædre, Ola AD - Project Engineer, HENT AS , Oslo, Norway, and MSc, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway tobias.christoffersen@hent.no, https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7622-6583 AD - Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, ola.ladre@ntnu.no, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4604-8299 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Takt planning is used in lean construction to stabilize production flow by structuring work sequencing across locations. This approach centers on designing takt areas that coordinate and supervise work. Although literature often assumes a uniform design, empirical insights into different zoning strategies and their effects on supervision and coordination are limited. This study draws on nine semi-structured interviews with site management and subcontractors, combined with on-site observations from a case study of a complex construction project where two distinct takt area design approaches are applied in parallel within the same organization. Laboratory zones follow a subcontractor-oriented logic that emphasizes continuity of responsibility, whereas office zones follow an area-based logic centered on spatial ownership and coordination across multiple trades. The findings show that differentiated takt area design supports production flow through mechanisms aligned with functional context, but also introduces additional coordination demands at organizational interfaces. Rather than being mutually exclusive, these supervisory logics represent different combinations of trade-oriented and area-oriented control. The study contributes empirical insight into takt area design and supervisory practices as interrelated, context-dependent decisions, and highlights the need for further research on adaptive takt planning in complex construction projects. KW - Takt planning KW - Takt area design KW - production flow KW - site management. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2565/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2565 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Supply chain management performance: a case study of Indonesian toll road construction project C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1846 EP - 1858 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0283 AU - Shidqi, Arif Haidar Nur AU - Wibowo, Mochamad Agung AU - Ramdhan, Alfain AU - Athilla, Reynastasya Syahra AU - Ahmad, Salma Rahima AU - Asri, Maulida AU - , Gunadi AU - , Mardiansyah AU - Rahman, Arif AU - Widyasti, Amy Rachmadhani AD - Project Manager, Infrastucture I Division, PT Hutama Karya (Persero), Jakarta, Indonesia, haidarsanath@gmil.com, orcid.org/0009-0005-1957-2820 AD - Dean, School of Postgraduate Studies, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia, agung.wibowo@ft.undip.ac.id, orcid.org/0000-0002-5434-9107 AD - Engineering Officer, Infrastucture I Division, PT Hutama Karya (Persero), Jakarta, Indonesia, alfainnaga@gmail.com, orcid.org/0009-0003-7544-9507 AD - Engineering Officer, Infrastucture I Division, PT Hutama Karya (Persero), Jakarta, Indonesia, reyna.gndhrma22@gmail.com, orcid.org/0009-0007-3659-6175 AD - Master’s Degree, Engineering Faculty, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia, salmarahima@ft.undip.ac.id, orcid.org/0009-0009-1306-0305 AD - Master’s Degree, Engineering Faculty, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia, maulidaasrii@students.undip.ac.id AD - Director of Operation I, PT Hutama Karya (Persero), Jakarta, Indonesia, gunadi@hutamakarya.com AD - Director of Operation II, PT Hutama Karya (Persero), Jakarta, Indonesia, mardiansyah@hutamakarya.com AD - Executive Vice President of Infrastucture I Division, PT Hutama Karya (Persero), Jakarta, Indonesia, arif.rahman@hutamakarya.com AD - Executive Vice President of Engineering, Research & Information Technology, PT Hutama Karya (Persero), Jakarta, amy.rachmadhani@hutamakarya.com, orcid.org/0009-0006-7600-6064 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - The construction sector plays an important role in economic development, yet construction projects continue to face critical challenges in material procurement and supplier logistics. These challenges can delay material flows, disrupt project schedules, and weaken overall supply chain performance. This study evaluates supply chain performance in an Indonesian toll road construction project using the SCOR 14.0 framework to identify performance gaps and propose improvement strategies that support lean construction. The analysis focuses on supplier reliability, responsiveness, and agility from the contractor’s perspective using the Objective Matrix (OMAX) and Traffic Light System. The results show that reliability was the strongest attribute across suppliers, while responsiveness and agility remained moderate, indicating weaknesses in delivery coordination, production responsiveness, and adaptation to demand changes. The findings suggest that SCOR 14.0 provides a useful project-level framework for evaluating multiple suppliers and identifying strategic recommendations to improve supply chain integration, reduce waste, and support workflow continuity. KW - Lean construction KW - supply chain management KW - supplier performance. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2566/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2566 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Integrating lean construction, lean office, and business intelligence in a Panamanian sanitation project C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 260 EP - 271 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0285 AU - Osorio-Gómez, Cristian Camilo AU - Etges, Bernardo Martim Beck da Silva AU - Pieta, Enrico AD - Assistant Professor, School of Applied Sciences and Engineering, Universidad EAFIT, Medellín, Colombia, ccosoriog@eafit.edu.co, orcid.org/0000-0003-4141-1052 AD - PhD Candidate, M.Sc. Eng. at Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Founding-Partner at Climb Consulting Group, Porto Alegre, Brazil, bernardo@climbgroup.com.br, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3037-5597 AD - Project Manager, Consulting, Climb Consulting Group, Porto Alegre, Brazil, enrico@climbgroup.com.br ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - In the construction sector, inefficiencies are high due to fragmented work, inadequate designs, and poor team coordination. In this way, this situation is also reflected in infrastructure projects. Lean Construction is a project management philosophy that significantly increases productivity in construction projects; however, there is limited literature on its implementation in sanitation projects. For this reason, the primary objective of the research was to jointly implement Lean Construction (LC), Lean Office (LO), and Business Intelligence (BI) to enhance the overall project productivity across design, fieldwork, and quality monitoring. The research method is primarily a case study in a US$60 m-plus sanitation megaproject in Panama with more than 45km of sanitation networks. The main results indicate significant improvements in design speed, sanitation pipeline execution, and error reduction. Finally, this LC, LO & BI framework can serve as a new framework of reference for the design/execution of projects, with greater transparency of information, execution capacity, and integration with the public sector and multilateral banks. KW - Lean construction KW - business intelligence KW - lean office KW - sanitation project. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2567/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2567 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Evaluation of delays using BIM 4D in projects implementing Last Planner System (case study: project x) C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 272 EP - 282 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0286 AU - Hantoro, Kevin Christianto AU - Susanto, Tan Vincent Genova AU - Hermawan, AU - Hasiholan, Budi AU - Aminullah, AD - Student of Civil Engineering Study Program, Faculty of Engineering, Soegijapranata Catholic University, Semarang, Indonesia, 21b10007@student.unika.ac.id , https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5034-2226 AD - Student of Civil Engineering Study Program, Faculty of Engineering, Soegijapranata Catholic University, Semarang, Indonesia, 21b10012@student.unika.ac.id , https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0565-1179 AD - Lecturer of Civil Engineering Study Program, Faculty of Engineering, Soegijapranata Catholic University, Semarang, Indonesia, hermawan.mrk@unika.ac.id, orcid.org/0000-0002-7405-4736 AD - Lecturer of Civil Engineering Study Program, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia, dtt.budihasiholan@unika.ac.id, orcid.org/0009-0004-0565-254X aminullaht1975@gmail.com, orcid.org/0009-0008-1031-1570 AD - Lean Construction Manager/Strategic Project management - Transformation & IT Division - PT. Wijaya Karya, Tbk (Persero) - Jakarta - Indonesia, ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - The Indonesian construction sector is a vital economic driver but suffers from frequent setbacks, with approximately 38% of projects experiencing delays. Traditional scheduling methods, such as CPM and PERT, often lack the flexibility and collaborative potential required for dynamic modern projects. Consequently, this study evaluates the Last Planner System (LPS) integrated with 4D Building Information Modeling (BIM) to anticipate delays and implement the Lean Construction mechanism. Focusing on "Project X" in Semarang, the research utilized quantitative data, including S-Curves and weekly work plans alongside 4D simulations created with Microsoft Project and Autodesk Navisworks. Performance was measured using Percent Plan Complete (PPC) to track the consistency between planned and realized work. The results were significant: integrating LPS with 4D BIM achieved a 100% PPC and saved 15 working days compared to using LPS alone. This demonstrates that combining collaborative planning with advanced visualization effectively enhances productivity. Future research is suggested to expand this interoperability to include cost-benefit analysis (BIM 5D). KW - Last Planner® System KW - BIM KW - lean construction KW - delay KW - percent plan complete. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2568/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2568 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - A systematic design for assembly assessment of prefabricated facade panels C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 887 EP - 898 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0288 AU - Taheripour, Sahar AU - El-Haouzi, Hind Bril AU - Sheikhkhoshkar, Moslem AD - Ph.D. Student, CRAN, CNRS, Universite de Lorraine, Epinal, France, sahar.taheripour@univ-lorraine.fr, orcid.org/0000-0002-4986-7647 AD - Full Professor, CRAN, CNRS, Universite de Lorraine, Epinal, France, hind.el-haouzi@univ-lorraine.fr, orcid.org/0000-0003-4746-5342 AD - Research Associate, CRAN, CNRS, Universite de Lorraine, Epinal, France, msheikhkhoshkar@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-9067-2705 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Design for Assembly (DfA) is a key enabler of industrialized and off-site construction; however, its evaluation for building products remains fragmented and lacks sufficient structure. The existing literature examines several design factors in the assembly process and often employs qualitative methods. These methods usually lack the rigor needed for standardized assessment, highlighting the need for more practical and structured tools. This paper proposes a DfA-based systematic structure and practical evaluation tool tailored to prefabricated building products, with a particular focus on facade panels. Drawing on a Systematic Literature Review (SLR), relevant DfA factors and indicators are identified and organized into a Multi-layer Social Network (MSN) that links indicators, factors, and the overall DfA assessment at a high level. The proposed structure is applied to an industrial case study to demonstrate its applicability. The results highlight the potential of the proposed approach as a practical decision-support tool for improving assembly-oriented design and provide a transferable basis for evaluating other Design for Excellence (DfX) aspects. KW - Design for Assembly KW - DfA assessment KW - prefabricated facade panels KW - Multi-layer Social Network. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2569/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2569 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Target Value Delivery for railway infrastructure – a semi-systematic literature review C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1442 EP - 1451 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0289 AU - Lædre, Ragnhild Svarva AU - Lau, Albert AU - Torp, Olav AD - M.Sc. Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, ragnhild.laedre@icloud.com, https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1488-9684 AD - Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, albert.lau@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-7321-1197 AD - Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, olav.torp@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-1916-5097 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Target Value Delivery (TVD) is a value-based project delivery approach originating from Lean Construction that integrates cost, value, and design decisions through early collaboration and target-driven processes. While TVD has been studied and applied in building projects, its applicability to railway infrastructure projects remains underexplored. Given persistent challenges related to cost overruns, uncertainty, and fragmented collaboration in railway project delivery, there is a need to examine whether TVD may be relevant in this context. The purpose of this project is to assess TVD’s potential relevance for railway infrastructure projects. The study is based on a semi-systematic literature review of journal articles and conference proceedings, identified through structured searches in Scopus and the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC) database, supplemented by snowballing techniques. The findings show that empirical applications of TVD are primarily documented within building projects, with no identified cases of formal TVD implementation in railway infrastructure. However, several challenges commonly reported in railway projects align closely with the problems TVD addresses. The study concludes that TVD shows conceptual potential for railway infrastructure projects and provides a foundation for further empirical research. KW - Target Value Delivery (TVD) KW - lean construction KW - target costing KW - railway KW - infrastructure. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2570/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2570 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Integrating metaverse-based training frameworks for concrete 3D printing construction C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 283 EP - 293 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0291 AU - Gacem, Mohamed Ait AU - Dabous, Saleh Abu AD - Research Assistant, Sustainable Civil Infrastructure Research Group, Research Institute of Sciences and Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE, mgacem@sharjah.ac.ae, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5947-9162 AD - Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE sabudabous@sharjah.ac.ae, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8777-2331 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Concrete three-dimensional printing (3DCP) is transforming construction by improving automation, efficiency, and design flexibility. Yet its adoption is hindered by the complexity of integrating cyber–physical systems, which often leads to training inefficiencies, material waste, and unreliable workflows. From a Lean Construction perspective, effective implementation requires zero-waste learning environments, reliable process rehearsal, and continuous skill development. This paper presents a Lean-oriented metaverse-based training method that supports immersive, simulation-driven learning for concrete 3D printing. The method combines digital twins, interactive environments, and virtual production rehearsal to enable safe experimentation without material consumption. Training modules cover hardware familiarization, printer setup, software design workflows, and preventive maintenance, emphasizing flow reliability and the long-term performance impacts of operational decisions. By validating procedures before physical execution, the method reduces rework, improves predictability, and supports continuous improvement. Results show that metaverse-based Lean training enhances experiential learning, strengthens systems understanding, and enables zero-waste process optimization. A validation survey showed that 68.5%–90.7% of participants rated the method as better or much better than conventional training approaches across all evaluated constructs. The proposed approach demonstrates how immersive technologies can align advanced construction methods with Lean principles to improve efficiency, reliability, and sustainable adoption of 3D printing in construction. KW - Concrete 3D Printing (C3DP) KW - metaverse KW - digital twin KW - lean construction KW - training. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2571/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2571 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - How distributed construction reshapes production systems: defining a hybrid delivery model C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1797 EP - 1809 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0292 AU - Nguyen, Tran Duong AU - Pishdad, Pardis AU - Udumula, Akshath R. AU - Ullom, Todd AD - Ph.D. Candidate, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States, dnguyen458@gatech.edu, https://bc.gatech.edu/people/tran-nguyen, orcid.org/0000-0002-0024-4828 AD - Ph.D., Professor, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States, pardis.pishdad@design.gatech.edu, https://bc.gatech.edu/people/pardis-pishdad, orcid.org/0000-0003-4208-9755 AD - Graduate Student, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States, audumula3@gatech.edu, orcid.org/0009-0004-6550-336X AD - Vice President, MiTek Incorporation, Atlanta, GA, United States of America, tullom@mii.com ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - The construction industry continues to struggle with productivity and coordination despite ongoing advances in methods and technology. While Lean Construction has improved workflow reliability within individual projects, most efforts remain project-specific and do not address how production is organized across projects. This paper focuses on this gap by examining how construction production systems can be structured more effectively. The study develops a conceptual framework for Distributed Construction (DC), defined as a production approach that combines centralized coordination with distributed execution. Drawing on Lean production theory and industry-informed insights, the framework outlines key system components, including production nodes, coordination logic, and material preparation processes. The results suggest that shifting preparation and sequencing activities upstream can improve workflow stability at construction sites, reduce fragmentation, and support learning across multiple projects. Rather than relying on large, centralized factories, DC enables a flexible network of coordinated production environments. The main contribution of this paper is to position DC as a production system design problem, extending Lean Construction thinking beyond its traditional focus on project-level coordination. The paper concludes by highlighting areas for future research, particularly the need for empirical validation and systematic evaluation of performance outcomes. KW - Distributed construction KW - lean construction KW - production system design KW - industrialized construction KW - construction productivity. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2572/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2572 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Generation and characterization of Takt Planning strategies in precast-slab basements C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1810 EP - 1821 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0293 AU - Miranda, Yaser AU - Ortiz, Saul AU - Meléndez, Walter AU - Salgado, José AD - Student of Civil Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Perú, yaser.miranda.c@uni.com.pe, orcid.org/0000-0009-4278-5043 AD - Consultant, Konectaplanner Consultores, Perú, jonathanofoglia@gmail.com, orcid.org/0009-0003-7485-4746 AD - Professor, Universidad Continental, Perú, email1@example.com, orcid.org/0009-0002-4007-3688 AD - Professor, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Perú, jsalgadoc@uni.edu.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-5298-0704 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Selecting a Takt Planning strategy for basement construction with precast slabs is a production system design problem, since different combinations of sectorization and takt time lead to different tradeoffs in duration, variable cost, and implementation demands. Existing Takt Planning research provides limited support for systematically generating comparable alternatives and justifying strategy selection for a specific project context. This paper proposes a framework to generate, compare, and select Takt Planning strategies and applies it to six basement levels of a multifamily building in Lima, Peru. The alternatives are defined by combining sectorization and takt time and are assessed through project duration, variable cost, and implementation demands related to structural capacity, supervision, material logistics, labor, and cash flow. Results show that shorter duration alone is not a sufficient basis for selection, because alternatives with similar time and cost performance can impose substantially different implementation demands. In the case studied, the alternative with five sectors and a one day takt provided the best balance between economic performance and implementation feasibility. The paper contributes a structured procedure to support early Takt Planning decisions under real project constraints. Future research should test the framework in other project types and refine the assessment of implementation demands. KW - Takt Planning KW - lean construction KW - basement construction KW - implementation demands. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2573/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2573 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - EPC pre-execution planning communication: a comparative analysis of four approaches C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1276 EP - 1287 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0295 AU - Blesto, Gerardus AU - Kasih, Richardus N. AU - Utomo, Budi AU - Saragih, Gregory F. AD - Consultant, PQI Consultant, Jakarta, Indonesia, gerardusblesto@pqiconsultant.com, orcid.org/0009-0004-8848-2151 AD - MS Student, Civil and Envir. Eng. Dept. and Project Production System Laboratory (P2SL), University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, nugrakasih@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0009-0001-9821-0481 AD - President, Lean Construction Institute Indonesia (LCII), Jakarta, Indonesia, budiutomo@leanconstruction.id, orcid.org/0009-0001-0913-2494 AD - MS Student, Civil and Envir. Eng. Dept. and Project Production System Laboratory (P2SL), University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, gregory.saragih@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0009-0001-4698-3722 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Communication during the pre-execution planning phase—encompassing scope definition, schedule development, and procurement strategy before field execution—is critical to the performance of engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) projects, a delivery model in which a single contracting entity assumes integrated responsibility for engineering, procurement, and construction. Conventional EPC pre-execution planning communication is document-centric and contract-driven, providing traceability but limiting timely cross-functional alignment and learning. Three alternative approaches—Lean Construction, Project Production Management (PPM), and Advanced Work Packaging (AWP)—propose distinct mechanisms to improve planning-phase communication. This paper presents a structured comparative analysis of these four approaches using criteria derived from EPC planning challenges, project communication literature, and socio-technical systems theory. The analysis shows that Lean Construction strengthens collaborative commitment, trust, and feedback loops; PPM introduces system-level flow logic and quantitative variability control; and AWP embeds communication within structured work packages aligned to construction needs. While each approach addresses specific limitations, none is sufficient in isolation. The findings are synthesized into an integrated communication architecture positioning Lean, PPM, and AWP as complementary across social, systemic, and procedural dimensions. This study contributes an analytical baseline, a comparison framework, and an integration model to support future research and implementation in EPC projects. KW - Collaboration KW - commitment KW - trust KW - EPC projects KW - pre-execution planning. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2574/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2574 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - AI-impacted construction people readiness via skill valuation and talent trajectories C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1288 EP - 1299 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0296 AU - Dong, Yaxian AU - Chatterjee, Sangaa AU - Zhan, Zijun AU - Hu, Yuqing AU - Doe, Daniel Mawunyo AU - Han, Zhu AD - Ph.D. student, Department of Architectural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA, yzd5221@psu.edu AD - Undergraduate student, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA, sjc6940@psu.edu AD - Ph.D. student, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, USA, zzhan@uh.edu AD - Assistant Professor, Department of Architectural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA, yfh5204@psu.edu AD - Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, USA, dmdoe@pvamu.edu AD - Moores Professor, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, USA, zhan2@uh.edu ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) workflows by redistributing cognitive and coordination tasks across human and digital resources, thereby changing cost structures and value generation mechanisms in lean construction. However, domain-specific and data-driven evidence on how AI restructures the construction workforce remains limited. Framing the construction industry as a production system that allocates work to capable resources, this study examines how AI exposure varies across construction roles and how it influences career transitions and capability development. Using job postings from Indeed, we quantify AI exposure across diverse AEC positions. Results show the emergence of AI-specific roles (e.g., AI trainers), high exposure in administrative positions, and comparatively low exposure in executive, human resources, and certain roles related to building information modeling. To understand workforce dynamics, we construct a directed graph of construction professionals’ career trajectories from LinkedIn data and model transition patterns. By mapping transition-level task and skill gaps to an AI capability taxonomy, we quantify alignment between required capability upgrades and AI-performable functions. The results offer a structural perspective on how AI exposure gradients may reshape capability flows within the construction production system and inform workforce adaptation strategies. KW - Construction workforce KW - Artificial Intelligence KW - collaboration KW - reliable promising. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2575/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2575 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Lean construction learning process based on corporate roadmap and LCPD implementation at PT Wijaya Karya (PERSERO) TBK C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 704 EP - 714 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0299 AU - Aminullah, Aminullah AU - Hermawan, Hermawan AU - Andini, Masayu Amalina AU - Christie, Bernike Natalie AU - Susanto, Tan AD - Lean Construction Manager/Strategic Project management - Transformation & IT Division - PT. Wijaya Karya, Tbk (Persero) - Jakarta - Indonesia aminullaht1975@gmail.com, orcid.org/0009-0008-1031-1570 AD - Senior Lecturer/Dr./Vice of Dean, Civil Engineering Department/Construction Management, Soegijapranata Catholic University/Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia, hermawan.mrk@unika.ac.id, orcid.org/0000-0002 7405-4736 AD - Bachelor of Engineering Student/Civil Engineering Department/Soegijapranata Catholic University/Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia, 22b10052@student.unika.ac.id, orcid.org/0009-0005-7705-3420 AD - Bachelor of Engineering Student/Civil Engineering Department/Soegijapranata Catholic University/Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia, 23b10040@student.unika.ac.id, orcid.org/0009-0005-6473-4307 AD - Bachelor of Engineering Student/Civil Engineering Department/Soegijapranata Catholic University/Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia, 21b10012@student.unika.ac.id, orcid.org/0009-0003-0565-1179 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Lean Construction implementation is often faced with challenges in transforming training into measurable project performance, particularly when learning is detached from real project environments. Despite the growing adoption of Lean principles, there is limited information on how structured learning systems can be effectively integrated into project environments to ensure sustainable performance improvement. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a corporate-based Lean Construction learning model. The investigation was carried out using a learning model developed and implemented by PT Wijaya Karya (Persero) Tbk (WIKA) through the LCPD program. Using a qualitative case study method, an evaluation was carried out to determine the integration of classroom learning, simulations, coaching, and project-based learning within real construction projects. Furthermore, learning outcomes were evaluated using pre- and post-tests, while organizational impact was assessed through Project Time, Output, and Budget (POTOB) performance indicators. The results showed that there was a significant improvement in participants’ competencies and a 9.83% year-on-year increase in POTOB performance. This indicated that integrating Lean learning within a structured corporate roadmap enhanced workflow reliability and project performance. In line with the analysis, this study contributed by proposing an integrated model correlating Lean learning with project execution to improve organizational performance. KW - Lean construction KW - Last Planner System KW - experiential learning KW - project-based learning. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2576/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2576 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Production implications of large-scale wildfire reconstruction C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1822 EP - 1833 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0300 AU - Walsh, Kenneth D. AD - Professor, Sid & Reva Dewberry Dept of Civil, Environmental, and Infrastructure Engineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA, kenwalsh@gmu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0001-9547-6738 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - When natural disasters destroy infrastructure, reconstruction efforts create significant demand spikes for the region. Such events have been increasing in both frequency and severity, at scales that often match or exceed the regional capacity. This paper seeks to characterize the resulting demand patterns and their impact on production rates on nearby areas outside the zone of fire destruction. Single-family residential building permit data were used to examine the reconstruction process for several recent, large-scale wildfire disasters affecting the western United States. Dates for permit application, issue, and final provided a means to assess production rates using a modified Little’s Law analysis and provided work in progress and cycle time estimates. Production charts for reconstruction processes are nonlinear with time. Cycle times for the permitting and building processes increase with time in this data set. Some data was also obtained from affected jurisdictions for construction outside of the fire reconstruction efforts. Comparing these data to the fire reconstruction case suggests that cycle times for reconstruction are initially less than those in normal conditions but rise over time. The comparison suggests that the fire reconstruction effort draws capacity and impacts production outside of the disaster area. KW - Production KW - Work in Progress (WIP) KW - process KW - disaster reconstruction KW - residential. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2577/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2577 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - The role of lean leadership in enabling data sharing across industry-academia boundaries C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1300 EP - 1311 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0301 AU - Saleh, Amira AU - Vezina, Etienne AU - González, Vicente A. AD - PhD Candidate, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, asaleh2@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-3835-3931 AD - Engineering Director, AECON, Edmonton, Canada, evezina@aecon.com, orcid.org/0009-0002-8130-4948 AD - Hal Kvisle Professor and Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Digital Lean Construction, Infrastructure Human Tech (IHT) Lab, Strategic Projects Insight Centre in Engineering (SPICE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada, vagonzal@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0003-3408-3863 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Access to reliable project data is essential for addressing complex, data-dependent research problems and supporting learning and improvement in Lean project environments. However, industry-academia collaborations that depend on such data often face privacy, security, and approval constraints that restrict information sharing. This paper presents a qualitative descriptive case study of an industry-academia collaboration aimed at enabling access to project documentation for research purposes. The study examines how data access negotiations unfolded over approximately ten months between an academic research team and an industrial projects contractor. Initial attempts to obtain data were hindered by confidentiality requirements, fragmented approval pathways, and organizational silos. Over time, structured communication, staged data-sharing practices, and the involvement of an internal company champion supported coordination and allowed for the progressive expansion of data access. Findings describe how privacy constraints shaped collaborative relationships and formal data-sharing processes, and how trust developed through repeated interaction and demonstrated reliability. Interpreted through a Lean perspective, the study shows how data access can be understood as an information flow process and how internal champions enable coordination and learning. The paper offers empirical insight and practical guidance for data-dependent industry-academia collaboration. KW - Lean construction KW - industry-academia collaboration KW - information flow KW - lean leadership KW - trust. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2578/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2578 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Work skills required for success as a frontline supervisor C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1312 EP - 1322 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0302 AU - Sultan, Suliaman Al AU - Becker, Timothy AU - Eiris, Ricardo AU - Parrish, Kristen AD - Independent Consultant, Kuwait, salsulta@asu.edu AD - Eminent Scholar, Del E. Webb School of Construction, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA, timothy.becker2@asu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-1153-8282 AD - Assistant Professor, Del E. Webb School of Construction, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA, reiris@asu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0001-6904-5352 AD - Professor, Del E. Webb School of Construction, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA, Kristen.Parrish@asu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-3307-4693 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Frontline supervisors (FLS), commonly referred to as foremen or forepersons, play a critical role in the construction industry and lean project delivery as they direct the craft workforce and oversee production at the workface. FLS are responsible for ensuring that construction scopes are completed on time, safely, and to the required quality standards, as such, they are often the last planners for construction projects. For the purposes of this paper, an FLS is defined as “a person that is competent in their trade and leads a team of craft personnel and directs them in their day-to-day activities.” The authors conducted focus groups to elucidate the key work skills required for success in the FLS role. The analysis identifies a total of fourteen (14) work skills required for success. The findings can help construction organizations assess whether they are equipping FLS appropriately to successfully deliver projects. Moreover, the lean construction community can consider how to embed lean principles into existing or developing training materials to empower FLS to support lean project delivery at the workface. KW - Work skills KW - frontline supervisor KW - foreperson KW - Last Planner. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2579/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2579 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - The pulse of production: correlating PPC and team health C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1323 EP - 1333 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0303 AU - Muñoz, Anthony AU - Cleary, John AD - DPR Construction, San Diego, CA, USA. anthonym@dpr.com AD - DPR Construction, Newport Beach, CA, USA. johncl@dpr.com ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Within the Last Planner® System (LPS), Percent Plan Complete (PPC) is widely used as a quantitative measure of planning reliability; however, its relationship to qualitative factors of team culture remains underexplored. This paper examines survey data from a Southern California Integrated Project Delivery healthcare project that used the Team Health Assessment (THA) to investigate relationships between PPC and several qualitative indicators, including trust, participation, and commitment, as well as several operational and project controls measures. Using Pearson correlation analysis within an action research framework, the findings reveal a strong positive relationship between PPC and trust (r = 0.75), as well as moderate positive relationships with participation and commitment. Conversely, PPC was moderately negatively correlated with time management, visual management, and quality measures, suggesting a potential production–pressure pattern in traditional project controls measures that warrants further investigation. These findings suggest that PPC functions not only as a measure of planning reliability, but also as a reflection of underlying team culture. The complementary use of PPC and the THA offers a more holistic lens for diagnosing and sustaining production system health, allowing PPC to function not only as a measure of planning reliability but also as a pulse check on the condition of the production system. KW - Action research KW - benefits realization KW - Last Planner® System KW - reliable promising KW - trust. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2580/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2580 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Strategies to overcome Integrated Project Delivery implementation barriers: a Peruvian case study C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1334 EP - 1345 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0304 AU - Alfaro-Felix, Omar AU - Nuñez-Quispe, Ronald Roosvelt AU - Ccoyllar-Escobar, Isaac Moises AU - Abregu-Gonzales, Josep J. AU - Choqueno-Herrera, Shirley Rubi AU - Vigo-Bueno, Pamela Alexandra AD - Project Manager, Cosapi S.A., Lima, Peru, oalfaro@cosapi.com.pe, orcid.org/0009-0008-7515-6727 AD - Engineering Student, Faculty of Civil Engineering, National University of Engineering (UNI), Lima, Peru, ronald.nunez.q@uni.pe, orcid.org/0009-0006-0993-4442 AD - Junior Engineer, Cosapi S.A., Lima, Peru, iccoyllar@cosapi.com.pe, orcid.org/0000-0003-3736-0993 AD - Bachelor in Civil Engineering, National University of Engineering, Lima, Peru, josep.abregu.g@uni.pe, orcid.org/0009-0003-5663-0474 AD - Engineering Student, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Catholic University of Santa María, Arequipa, Peru, shirley.choqueno@estudiante.ucsm.edu.pe, orcid.org/0009-0009-1448-9605 AD - Bachelor in Civil Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Lima, Peru, p.vigo@pucp.edu.pe, orcid.org/0009-0008-8719-865X ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - The construction industry continues to struggle with the persistent gap between design and construction. Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) has been introduced as a collaborative approach to improve integration and project outcomes. However, its use remains limited, mainly because of barriers identified in previous studies. This research seeks to highlight the most relevant obstacles to IPD and to examine strategies and practices that help overcome them, drawing on the experience of a real project. The study combines a systematic review of the literature with an in-depth case analysis of a complex building developed under a collaborative scheme in Peru. Barriers reported in the literature were organized, validated with expert input, and then compared with the strategies applied in the case study. Results show that cultural and mindset related issues are the most significant, representing about 28% of the barriers. The case demonstrates that these challenges can be reduced when stakeholders are involved early, supported by practices such as collaborative mockups, team co-location, and the use of digital tools, including artificial intelligence, to monitor progress. In summary, the findings suggest that consistent application of collaborative strategies can lower barriers to IPD and provide useful lessons for similar project contexts. KW - IPD KW - Integrated Project Delivery KW - construction KW - barriers KW - strategies. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2581/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2581 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Digital transformation in construction: evidence from Brazil C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 294 EP - 306 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0305 AU - Fernandes, Laura L. de A. AU - Costa, Dayana Bastos AD - Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil, luara.fernandes@ct.ufpb.br, orcid.org/0000-0003-4041-8025 AD - Associate Professor, School of Engineering, Department of Structural and Construction Engineering, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil, dayanabcosta@ufba.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-1457-6401 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Recent industrial revolutions have been transforming industries and society, leading to major changes in the construction sector. Despite significant advances in research on Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0 in construction in developed countries, the digital transformation of construction industries in less industrialized contexts remains underexplored, especially from a production-stage perspective. Therefore, this study discusses the digital transformation process in construction, drawing on evidence from Brazil. To this end, a Maturity Measurement System (MMS) was applied to six case studies. The MMS assesses digital transformation maturity in construction production using a sociotechnical approach that integrates the principles of Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0. The results indicate that digital transformation in these projects remains at an early stage, particularly with respect to social dimensions, which remain underdeveloped. The main contribution of this paper is to provide empirical evidence on the digital transformation process in less industrialized construction contexts, highlighting the role of sociotechnical approaches, Lean Construction, and BIM as key enablers of effective and inclusive digitalization. KW - Digital transformation KW - construction KW - lean construction KW - BIM KW - sociotechnical approaches. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2582/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2582 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Understanding value generation attributes of the healthcare built environment and services C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1452 EP - 1463 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0306 AU - Baldissera, Giulie AU - Formoso, Carlos AU - Tzortzopoulos, Patricia AD - Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil, giuliebaldissera@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-2094-7731 AD - Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil, formoso@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-4772-3746 AD - Professor, School of Architecture, Design and Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University (NTU), Nottingham, United Kingdom, patricia.tzortzopoulos@ntu.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-8740-6753 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Despite value generation in healthcare being a growing research field, simplistic approaches for transforming user requirements into design solutions are often used in project management. Existing knowledge on value generation in healthcare built-environments (HBE) is fragmented and often limited to narrow perspectives. This study proposes an integrated conceptual approach for value generation that considers both the built environment and healthcare services. Through a synthesis of literature, this investigation explores how users perceive different attributes in terms of value generation, as conceptualised in prior empirical studies. Patterns of recurrence, complementarity, and interrelation between the attributes are identified. Additionally, a hierarchical value map from an empirical study was analysed to compare the attributes and verify the applicability of the constructs identified in the literature. This results in an integrated theoretical contribution that combines HBE and service attributes, reinforcing a multidimensional understanding of value as an interconnected construct. Rather than proposing universal constructs applicable to all healthcare facilities, this research acknowledges the context-specific nature of value generation across healthcare units. The findings offer a theoretical contribution for modelling value generation in empirical studies, supporting strategic decision-making in healthcare facility design and management by aligning physical attributes, service demands, and user value. KW - Value KW - value generation KW - healthcare-built environment KW - constructs KW - informed decision-making. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2583/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2583 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - A digital lean framework for early-stage urban regulatory decision-making C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 307 EP - 316 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0307 AU - Francesconi, Caroll AU - Forcael, Eric AU - Valdebenito, Reinaldo AD - Assistant Professor, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción 4081339, Chile; caroll.francesconi@uss.cl, orcid.org/0009-0008-0667-1805 AD - Professor, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción 4081339, Chile; eric.forcael@uss.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-3036-4329 AD - Lecturer, Department of Construction and Risk Prevention, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Concepción 4603255, Chile; reinaldo.valdebenito@usm.cl, orcid.org/0009-0003-8384-032X ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Early-stage regulatory decisions play a critical role in the delivery of construction projects. However, regulatory processes are frequently characterized by fragmented information, limited transparency, and iterative rework, generating significant waste that contradicts Lean Construction principles. From a Lean perspective, regulatory decision-making can be understood as a production system whose performance directly affects downstream planning, cost, and schedule reliability. This paper proposes a digital, Lean-oriented framework that supports early-stage regulatory decision-making by classifying administrative records using data-driven methods. Using secondary, publicly available data from urban land-use certificates and building permit records, the study applies Machine Learning techniques to structure, classify, and standardize regulatory information, illustrating how such data can be organized to support earlier feasibility analysis. The proposed framework shifts regulatory analysis from expert-dependent interpretation to a system-level information flow, potentially enhancing predictability and reducing rework at the front end of projects. Because of its exploratory nature, the findings of the present study provide a structured basis for improving interpretability and consistency in regulatory decision-making. In this sense, the research contributes to the Lean Construction literature by extending Lean thinking to regulatory processes and proposing a transferable, data-driven framework for complex urban development contexts. KW - Lean construction KW - urban regulations KW - decision-making KW - machine learning. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2584/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2584 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Exploring the potential of lean sustainable construction 4.0: a reflexive analysis C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 569 EP - 581 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0308 AU - Garcés, Gonzalo AU - Forcael, Eric AD - Ph.D. Student, Department of Construction Engineering and Civil Engineering Projects, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia 46022, Spain; ggarces1@doctor.upv.es, orcid.org/0000-0002-1359-4835 AD - Professor, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción 4081339, Chile; eric.forcael@uss.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-3036-4329 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - The construction industry faces a fundamental crisis due to historically low productivity and its significant contribution to carbon emissions and waste. To address these critical issues across environmental, economic, and social dimensions, this research utilizes a reflexive analysis and philosophical synthesis of the intersection of Lean Construction (LC), Construction 4.0, and Sustainable Construction, resulting in the emerging framework “Lean Sustainable Construction 4.0” (LSC4.0). The aim is to clarify the conceptual and philosophical feasibility of this integration. The main contribution demonstrates that Lean Construction and Sustainable Construction are not opposing domains but are instead mutually enhanced by the intelligence of Construction 4.0, which acts as the epistemological tool for quantifying and predicting value and ecological impact. The discussion emphasizes conceptual synergy, the ontological and epistemological implications (redefining the built object as a cyber-physical system), the challenges in establishing LSC4.0, and the future research directions (maturity models and ethical frameworks) to support the comprehensive transformation of the sector. KW - Lean construction KW - sustainable construction KW - construction 4.0 KW - construction industry. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2585/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2585 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Lean construction epistemology: human-centered insights from Plato and Aristotle C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 642 EP - 654 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0309 AU - Romo, Rubén AU - Forcael, Eric AU - Moreno, Francisco AU - Orozco, Francisco AD - Assistant Professor, School of Engineering, Universidad Panamericana, Guadalajara 45010, Mexico; rromog@up.edu.mx, orcid.org/0000-0002-5941-0173 AD - Professor, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción 4081339, Chile; eric.forcael@uss.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-3036-4329 AD - Assistant Professor, School of Engineering, Universidad Panamericana, Guadalajara 45010, Mexico; fmorenoa@up.edu.mx, orcid.org/0000-0003-4058-9350 AD - Professor, School of Engineering, Universidad Panamericana, Guadalajara 45010, Mexico; forozco@up.edu.mx, orcid.org/0000-0003-2409-1026 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - The purpose of this article is to explore how the philosophical ideas of the “Person” and human well-being articulated by the key Greek thinkers, Plato and Aristotle, provide a foundational framework for understanding contemporary approaches to value creation in Lean Construction (LC). By examining Plato’s vision of the human being as oriented toward ideal forms and ethical elevation, alongside Aristotle’s conception of the person as a rational, emotional, and social agent whose flourishing depends on balance and practical wisdom, this study highlights how classical philosophy continues to inform modern notions of comfort, well-being, and ethical practice in the built environment. The article shows how important philosophical concepts, such as Plato’s quest for the ideal good and Aristotle’s emphasis on eudaimonia, harmony, and moral action, align with the tenets of LC, particularly its emphasis on respect for people, ongoing improvement, and the optimization of circumstances to enhance human experience. The primacy of the Human-centered in Lean processes connects with Greek thought, in which well-being, virtue, and correct conduct serve as the basis for any purposeful production. The research provides a conceptual paradigm that integrates Platonic and Aristotelian perspectives on the Person with contemporary management techniques through Lean principles. KW - Plato KW - Aristotle KW - human-centered insights KW - lean construction KW - lean theory. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2586/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2586 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Completion assessment for multiple production system using Markov chain analysis C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1737 EP - 1748 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0311 AU - Samaniego, Omar A. AD - Engr., Master, NEC-ECC PMA, VDC, PMP®, PMI-RMP®, PMO Solutions Director and Risk Management main consultant, author, and researcher at Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú - Instituto para la Calidad, comercial@pmo-solutions.com, osamaniego@pucp.pe, orcid.org/0000-0003-4352-2610 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - This research introduces a novel method for predicting project completion in construction by simulating and analyzing historical progress performance data through Markov Chain Analysis (MCA). This approach diverges from conventional regression analysis and quantitative risk analysis (QRA) via Monte Carlo simulation, which primarily emphasize modeling activity durations. Instead, the study evaluates progress by focusing on deliverables rather than activities, defining completion states instead of durations. The mutually exclusive states utilized are not-started (NS), work-in-process (WIP), and complete (OK). The method enables the application of MCA to determine when all deliverables achieve the absorbing state of completion, integrating confidence intervals and data discrimination criteria, while exhibiting satisfactory consistency in forecasting completion ranges. KW - WIP KW - completion KW - Markov chain analysis KW - machine learning. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2587/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2587 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Generative design as an integrated value delivery tool C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1464 EP - 1474 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0313 AU - Marinkelle, Diego Rojas AU - Garcia-Lopez, Nelly P AU - Lara, Santiago AD - PhD Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, INGECO research group, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia, d.rojasm@uniandes.edu.co, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8425-9508 AD - Assistant Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, INGECO research group, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia, ne-garci@uniandes.edu.co, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9053-0897 AD - Masters Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, INGECO research group, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia, s.laral@uniandes.edu.co ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Delivering value to the client is a core principle of Lean Construction. However, its realization during the design stage remains challenging due to fragmented stakeholder perceptions, sequential workflows, and strict time constraints. Even with the adoption of integration-oriented methodologies such as Building Information Modeling (BIM), design processes in construction projects often follow discipline-based, waterfall logics that limit early integration and value validation. Generative design is a design approach that systematically produces multiple design alternatives that satisfy defined project objectives. This study examines how generative design contributes to the integration of value across multiple stakeholders during the design stage of construction projects. Using a qualitative inductive approach, semi-structured interviews with design and construction professionals were analyzed using the Gioia methodology. The findings indicate that time acts as a structural constraint that reinforces sequential workflows, restricts design exploration, and progressively degrades design quality and value delivery. Value emerges as a multidimensional and relational construct shaped by a network of stakeholder interpretations. The study positions generative design as a mechanism that enables early integration of value networks through the simultaneous evaluation of multiple alternatives using quantifiable criteria, thereby supporting more integrated value delivery consistent with Lean principles. KW - Generative design KW - value delivery KW - value integration KW - lean design. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2588/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2588 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Lean construction building capability program: an Australian experience C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 715 EP - 726 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0314 AU - Gao, Shang AD - 1Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia, shang.gao@unimelb.edu.au, orcid.org/0000-0002-4161-5592 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Lean construction has matured significantly over the past decades. Deployment of lean tools remains common, while systematic capability development across the industry is rare. Although individual competencies and isolated training initiatives have been widely discussed, there is limited evidence on how industry-level organisations intentionally design and operationalise lean capability-building programmes. This paper addresses this gap through a reflective case study of the Lean Construction Building Capability Programme led by Lean Construction Australia and New Zealand (LCANZ). Drawing on two years of programme development, stakeholder engagement, and pilot delivery, the study examines how LCANZ conceptualised lean capability, navigated the distinction between competency and capability, and responded to debates surrounding certification, particularly in relation to ISO 18404. The findings illustrate how LCANZ adopted a balanced push–pull approach, combining structured knowledge provision with demand-driven industry engagement, while deliberately postponing formal certification due to market maturity and assessor constraints. The paper contributes to lean construction theory by extending discussions of capability building beyond the organisational level and offering a model for industry-led capability development. Practically, it provides insights for industry bodies, professional associations, and policymakers seeking to strengthen lean adoption through scalable and context-appropriate capability-building initiatives. KW - Lean construction KW - capability KW - case study KW - Australia KW - ISO18404 KW - training. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2589/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2589 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Schedule delay in construction delivery methods under extreme uncertainty C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 655 EP - 667 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0315 AU - Song, Junting AU - Jaramillo, Daniel Esmeral AU - Lu, Yu-Peng AU - Eskew, David AU - Abandoh, Christopher AU - Nguyen, Tran AU - Pishdad, Pardis AU - Zeng, Qinghao AD - School of Building Construction College of Design, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, jsong600@gatech.edu AD - School of Building Construction College of Design, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, djaramillo30@gatech.edu AD - School of Building Construction College of Design, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, ylu793@gatech.edu AD - School of Building Construction College of Design, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, deskew3@gatech.edu AD - School of Building Construction College of Design, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, jcabandoh3@gatech.edu AD - Part-time Lecturer, School of Building Construction, College of Design, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, dnguyen458@gatech.edu AD - Professor, Graduate Program Director; Director, Smart Built Environment Eco-System (Smart Bees) Laboratory, School of Building Construction, College of Design, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, pardis.pishdad@design.gatech.edu AD - School of Building Construction, College of Design, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, qzeng41@gatech.edu ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Increasing global disruptions, such as pandemics, trade policy shifts, and supply chain shocks, have intensified uncertainty in construction project delivery. Yet much prior research has examined how project delivery method selection influences project outcomes under conventional conditions, with limited attention to performance under extreme uncertainty. This exploratory comparative study examines schedule delay performance across four delivery methods, Design–Bid–Build (DBB), Design–Build (DB), Construction Manager-at-Risk (CMAR), and Integrated Project Delivery (IPD), with the COVID-19 period (2020–2022) serving as an empirical case of extreme uncertainty. Using publicly verifiable multi-source project documentation, including Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) disruption records, Engineering News-Record (ENR) reports, and project documentation, this study compiled a dataset of 17 non-residential construction projects using a self-defined, normalized Uncertainty Schedule Delay Index (USDI). Descriptively, within this dataset, more collaborative delivery methods, such as IPD and CMAR, tended to show lower schedule delays than DBB and DB. To contextualize these findings, practitioner insights were collected through interviews highlighting early engagement, proactive procurement, and effective team communication. Together, these findings contribute exploratory comparative evidence on delivery method performance and offer practical insights for schedule risk management under extreme uncertainty. KW - Collaboration KW - integration KW - schedule delay KW - uncertainty KW - Integrated Project Delivery (IPD). PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2590/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2590 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Integration of the lean thinking principles into the owners’ project management C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1346 EP - 1357 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0316 AU - John, Paul Christian AU - Haghsheno, Shervin AD - AD - ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Construction projects face expanding requirements, while project performance remains a persistent concern. This paper examines how Lean Thinking can be integrated into project owners’ project management. Using the five Lean Thinking principles proposed by Womack and Jones as an analytical lens, the study draws on an iterative series of five focus-group workshops involving eight experts and the two authors. The workshop results were synthesised through structured memos, written feedback loops, and a final group review of the consolidated results. The findings suggest that many owner organisations and owner representatives already apply routines consistent with Lean Thinking, although often implicitly and in fragmented form. At the same time, the workshops identified principle-based action options for a more systematic integration. These suggest that Lean Project Management at the owner level differs from conventional approaches not by adding (isolated) methods, but by placing stronger emphasis on proactively shaping the conditions for reliable, value-oriented, and continuously improving project delivery. The paper thus provides an initial principle-based orientation for project owners and seeks to stimulate further discussion on Lean project management. KW - Lean project management KW - lean project delivery KW - project owner KW - client KW - lean principles. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2591/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2591 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - LLM-based action learning model for construction robotics: an industry-academia co-design C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1358 EP - 1369 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0317 AU - Aali, Atefeh AU - Yan, Ruoyu AU - Maalek, Reza AU - Zheng, Xinyu AD - Research Associate/ MSc./ Department of Civil Engineering/ Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)/ Institute of Technology and Management in Construction, Karlsruhe, Germany, atefeh.aali@kit.edu, orcid.org/0009-0005-7058-9265 AD - Master’s student/ BSc./ Department of Civil Engineering/ Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)/ Institute of Technology and Management in Construction, Karlsruhe, Germany, ruoyu.yan@student.kit.edu, orcid.org/0009-0009-0784-1850 AD - Senior Lecturer in Digital Engineering in Infrastructure and Built Environment/ Faculty of Engineering and Science/ University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom, r.maalek@greenwich.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0001-6825-2691 AD - Master’s student/ BSc./ Department of Civil Engineering/ Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)/ Institute of Technology and Management in Construction, Karlsruhe, Germany, xinyu.zheng@student.kit.edu, orcid.org/0009-0009-7962-4839 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - The construction industry continues to face challenges in adopting advanced technologies, such as construction robotics, from research to practice. From a lean management perspective, this constitutes wasted scientific effort and limited gain in efficiency and productivity of construction processes. Traditionally, interactive workshops that bring together academic and industry practitioners are commonly used to foster knowledge exchange; however, they often lack structured mechanisms to transform diverse expert insights into actionable solutions to address real-world industry challenges. This paper addresses these limitations by introducing a novel AI-assisted workshop method to prioritize critical problems in construction robotics and develop actionable solution pathways. The approach was implemented during a two-day workshop in Germany, which hosted over 100 leaders in construction robotics from academia and industry. An LLM-supported workflow was used to synthesize expert inputs and the data from the literature to identify key areas with potential for further research. These problems were then prioritized through a democratic live polling process involving all participants. Experts were subsequently divided into breakout groups based on predefined criteria and developed solution approaches using their domain knowledge, which were presented in a final plenary session. This paper reports key lessons learned, including outcomes from expert presentations, throughout this process. KW - Lean construction KW - collaboration KW - action learning KW - large language models (LLMs) KW - construction robotics. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2592/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2592 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Pitfalls in value optimisation: corridor decisions in a Norwegian hospital C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1475 EP - 1486 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0318 AU - Drevland, Frode AD - Associate Professor, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, frode.drevland@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-4596-1564 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - While the construction industry increasingly prioritises value delivery over the traditional Iron Triangle of cost, time, and scope, the practical mechanisms for optimising value remain under-explored. This paper investigates the decision-making process in a major Norwegian hospital project, specifically examining a contested choice between single- and double-corridor solutions. Through a single-case study comprising document analysis and 19 semi-structured interviews, this research analyses why the project discarded a solution favoured by clinical staff in favour of one that reduced investment costs. The study identifies that the failure to substantiate the decision as value-optimal stemmed not from a lack of intent but from a lack of methodological capability. An abductively derived framework of three principal pitfalls is proposed: 1) Failure of Identification and Omission (missing factors), 2) Failure of Assessment (the lack of objective quantification leading to subjective bias), and 3) Failure of Weighing (the reliance on unstructured heuristics over formal methods). Using a mechanical analogy, the paper suggests that without quantifying the “Mass” (Attribute Magnitude) of operational factors – whether through empirical data, benchmarking, or simulation – decision-makers cannot correctly assign “Gravity” (Importance). This inevitably leads to precise investment costs dominating the outcome over fuzzy operational considerations. KW - Value optimisation KW - lean construction KW - decision-making KW - hospital design KW - CBA. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2593/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2593 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Continuous improvement in project-based construction organizations C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1370 EP - 1381 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0319 AU - Martinez, Eder AU - Beyerle, Caroline AU - Pfister, Louis AU - Forcael, Eric AD - Head of Lean Division Civil Engineering, Implenia AG, Thurgauerstrasse 101A, Glattpark (Opfikon) 8152, Switzerland, eder.martinez@implenia.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-7918-9421 AD - Head of Lean Civil and Special Foundations Switzerland, Implenia AG, Thurgauerstrasse 101A, Glattpark (Opfikon) 8152, Switzerland, caroline.beyerle@implenia.com AD - Global Head Quality, Implenia AG, Thurgauerstrasse 101A, Glattpark (Opfikon) 8152, Switzerland, louis.pfister@implenia.com AD - Professor, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción 4081339, Chile; eric.forcael@uss.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-3036-4329 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - Continuous Improvement (CI) remains difficult to institutionalize in project‑based construction organizations, where fragmented project environments and limited cross‑project learning restrict the scalability of locally successful initiatives. This study applies an Action Research approach to design, implement, and evaluate a structured CI process within a multinational construction services provider. The resulting framework combines a sequential yet flexible process, standardized problem‑solving methods based on PDCA and A3 thinking, digital support tools, and dedicated knowledge exchange structures. A 12‑month pilot in the organization demonstrated the ability of newly formed CI teams to systematically identify problems, test solutions through structured pilots, and document insights using a digital improvement‑portfolio application. Twenty‑three ideas for CI were identified, ten of which progressed to piloting or implementation, covering topics such as digitalization, standardization, safety, and resource efficiency. While the process successfully stimulated local CI activity and established the foundation for cross‑project learning, challenges remain in achieving consistent documentation, mobilizing teams for scaling activities, and strengthening organization‑wide learning routines. The findings provide practical and theoretical insights into how structured CI systems can be adapted to project‑based construction environments. KW - Lean construction KW - continuous improvement KW - Plan-Do-Check-Act KW - A3 thinking KW - knowledge management. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2594/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2594 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Lean-based dynamic capability: case studies of pluripotential team in field thinking C1 - Singapore, Singapore C3 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) SP - 1204 EP - 1216 PY - 2026 DO - 10.24928/2026/0235 AU - Kojio, Ryusuke AU - Ng, Ming Shan AD - Doctoral Researcher, Architecture System and Management, Dept. of Architecture, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Japan, kojio.ryuusuke.27p@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp, orcid.org/0009-0005-6118-4354 / Adjunct Associate Professor, Department of Architecture, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, kojio_l@nus.edu.sg / Senior Chief Architect, Strategic Partnership Lead – Architecture & Engineering, International Division, Takenaka Corporation, Japan, kojio.ryuusuke@takenaka.co.jp AD - Professor, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Japan, ng@kit.ac.jp, orcid.org/0000-0003-2610-3561 ED - Hamzeh, Farook ED - Poshdar, Mani ED - Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. AB - The construction industry is rapidly adopting digital tools such as BIM to boost productivity and sustainability. Yet, the organisational and human-centric team structures required to harness these tools effectively remain a critical gap in Lean Construction scholarship. While technological advancement is heavily researched, the behavioural and organisational adaptations necessary to manage lean project delivery remain under-explored. To address this, this research investigates the concept of 'lean-based dynamic capability' through a comparative case study methodology. The paper examines the team configuration of a Japanese automobile factory construction alongside a contemporary digital Design-Build project: the Grand Ring mega timber structure at the Expo 2025 Osaka, Kansai, Japan. The analysis reveals that the successful delivery of complex digital projects relies on dynamic capability driven by two key mechanisms: field thinking (genba) and the deployment of pluripotential teams. Unlike standard cross-functional groups, a pluripotential team exhibits cross-over functions, allowing them to dissolve rigid disciplinary boundaries and adapt roles fluidly in response to emergent physical and digital challenges. This study contributes to Lean Construction theory by defining the pluripotential team with Japanese project delivery context as a case study, demonstrating that successful implementation of lean project management demands an equally adaptable, human-centric organisational structure. KW - Dynamic capability KW - pluripotential team KW - design responsibility KW - Toyota production system KW - field thinking. PB - T2 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34) DA - 2026/06/22 CY - Singapore, Singapore L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2595/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/2595 N1 - Export Date: 19 June 2026 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER -