TY - CONF TI - The Level of Stakeholder Integration - Sunnyvale Case C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Aapaoja, Aki AU - Malvalehto, Jukke AU - Herrala, Maila AU - Pekuri, Aki AU - Haapasalo, Harri AD - PhD student, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, University of Oulu, P.o.Box 4610, 90014 University of Oulu, Finland, Phone +358 40 7444 823, aki.aapaoja@oulu.fi AD - Senior Consultant, Booz & Company, Helsinki, Finland, jukke.malvalehto@gmail.com AD - Post-doctoral research fellow, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, University of Oulu, P.o.Box 4610, 90014 University of Oulu, Finland, +358 40 0175 142, maila.herrala@oulu.fi AD - PhD student, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Univ. of Oulu, P.o.Box 4610, 90014 University of Oulu, Finland, Phone +358 40 7294 162, aki.pekuri@oulu.fi AD - Professor, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, University of Oulu, P.o.Box 4610, 90014 University of Oulu, Finland, Phone + 358 40 5166 603, harri.haapasalo@oulu.fi ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Insufficient project stakeholder and team management has frequently resulted in conflicts and partial failures. Stakeholder integration and integrated project delivery (IPD) provide real opportunities for organizations to achieve more than they could on their own and are a way to improve construction project productivity. The purpose of this study is to analyze what the preconditions and challenges are for successful stakeholder integration in construction projects. This paper discusses the nature and preconditions of stakeholder integration in the construction industry, while its main purpose is to take a look at the level of integration in an IPD project. Our results are derived from the analysis of both current literature and an empirical case study. According to the theoretical findings, twelve preconditions for integration were found, and the empirical case study strongly supported these findings. Despite the good results and the project’s high level of integration, the main challenges for stakeholder integration seem to be mostly related to a lack of trust and communication among stakeholders, and thus all of the stakeholders should be involved as early as possible. In addition, the nature and process of IPD is still pretty unfamiliar to many people, which increases suspicion towards it. KW - Stakeholder KW - integration KW - collaboration KW - preconditions KW - construction PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/741/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/741 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Cue-Based Decision-Making in Construction: An Agent-Based Modeling Approach C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Lahouti, Ali AU - Abdelhamid, Tariq Sami AD - Graduate Student Research Assistant, Construction Industry Research and Education Center, School of Planning, Design and Construction, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: lahoutia@msu.edu AD - Associate Professor, 552 West Circle Rm 214, School of Planning, Design and Construction, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: tariq@msu.edu ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Workers on a construction site face many ambiguities when executing operations at the workface. While they will have received instructions through communications, whether of written (e.g., an engineering drawing; specifications; etc.) and/or oral, about what they are supposed to do once at the workface, they still are required to make a judgment on what will be done and how. This research posits that the more explicit the work instructions the less likely workers will mistakenly execute assignments. We distinguish work instructions based on whether the worker is given clear visual ‘signals’ (e.g., a solid red traffic light) as opposed to having to rely on visual ‘cues’ (e.g., a blinking red traffic light). To test this hypothesis, we investigate how the two different instruction types influence performance of a construction worker during assignment execution. An Agent-Based Modeling (ABM) approach was employed. This enabled us to experiment with different types of instructions to a worker, which in turn allowed observing patterns of behavior and responses to a signal versus a cue. An agent (worker) is introduced to two different environments: One environment directs an agent towards a predetermined destination by utilizing explicit instructions (signals); the other environment uses an agent with same knowledge level as in the first environment but only has implicit instructions to follow (cues). Preliminary modeling focused on one key measure: Performance effectiveness. Compared to the explicit instructions case, outcomes using the implicit instructions environment, i.e. following cues, resulted in a probability of only 38 percent in satisfying a required deliverable (performance effectiveness). KW - Cue-based Decision-Making KW - Performance Effectiveness PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/742/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/742 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Critical Review of the Potential for the Implementation of Lean in the Nigerian Building Industry C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Ahiakwo, Ograbe AU - Oloke, David AU - Suresh, Subashini AU - Khatib, Jamal AD - BTech, MSc, PhD Student in Built Environment, School of Technology, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Str. Wolverhampton WV1 1LY United Kingdom,+44(0)1902321271, ograbe.ahiakwo@wlv.ac.uk AD - BEng, MSc, PhD, Snr. Consultant-Built Environment, School of Technology, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Str. Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, United Kingdom +44(0)1902322273, d.a.oloke@wlv.ac.uk AD - BEng, MEng, PhD, Principal Lecturer, School of Technology, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Str. Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, United Kingdom +44(0)1902321710, s.subashini@wlv.ac.uk AD - BEng, MEng, PhD, Reader in Civil Engineering Material, Built Environment, University of Wolverhampton, School of Technology, Wulfruna Street, WV1 1LY, United Kingdom, +44(0)1902518588, j.m.khatib@wlv.ac.uk ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - The concept of Lean Construction has been observed to improve workflow reliability, planning and control, particularly in developed and emerging countries like USA, UK, Korea and Brazil. It has been a useful means of achieving project duration reduction and improved cost and quality performance. Predominantly, the Last Planner System, process mapping and other collaborative planning tools of lean construction were utilised in these projects and they accounted for the successes of these projects. However, within under developed and a few developing countries the situation is slightly more at variance. Using Nigeria as a case study for example, the general perception at the moment is that the building industry is mainly characterised by poor project definitions, incomplete project designs and waste generation resulting in uncompleted building projects or poorly completed ones. This paper commences with a review of how lean was applied and why it was successful in the countries identified by previous studies. It then progresses to further review what is currently obtainable in the Nigerian building industry. This then led to a process of addressing the applicability of lean tools within the Nigerian building industry. The results from the review reveal the potential for the application of lean tools within the industry. Sequel to this, the author proposes that Last Planner System of lean be implemented via action research within building industry of Nigeria. It is on the basis of this that further research is being proposed to address this concern. KW - lean construction KW - Last Planner KW - Nigeria KW - workflow PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/743/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/743 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - A Modeling Approach to Understand Performance of Lean Project Delivery System C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Alarcón, Luis Fernando AU - Mesa, Harrison AD - Head and Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Chile. Phone +56 2 354 4244; lalarcon@ing.puc.cl AD - Ph.D Student, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile. Chile. Phone +56 2 354 4244; hmesa@uc.cl ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Many authors suggest that to overcome the problems of the construction industry such as adversarial relationships, low rates of productivity, lack of cooperation, ineffective communications, etc., it is necessary to move toward a better coordination of participants and more collaborative and integrated approaches (e.g. Lean Project Delivery (LPD)). Currently, there is not enough experience and information to understand (1) the adoption of LPD in the construction industry, and (2) the operation of LPD with respect to its organizational structure, operational system, and contractual relationships in a comprehensive manner. The purpose of this paper is to present a research initiative currently in progress that involves the development of models that can help to understand the factors that affect performance of LPD and their mechanisms to impact project results. The development of robust modeling capabilities for LPD can contribute to a better use and design of these systems. The paper provides a review of the literature on project delivery systems and explores the potential use of different modeling approaches to characterize the performance of LPD. A research methodology to develop and test the models is described for analysis and feedback from fellow researchers. KW - Project delivery KW - Relational KW - Lean Project Delivery KW - Modeling PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/744/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/744 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Identifying the Bullwhip Effect of the Last-Planner Conversations During the Construction Stage C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Alarcón, Luis F. AU - Zegarra, Omar AD - Head and Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.E-Mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl AD - Candidate and Graduate Resercher at Centro de Excelencia en Gestión de Producción (GEPUC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.E-Mail: ozegarra@uc.cl ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Often the successful performance of a project is problematic. The Lean Construction community has approached this issue by emphasizing variability reduction of the production process using the Last Planner System (LPS). In this context, we suggest that the variability characterization of managerial actions along the LPS process itself is an improvement opportunity. We used the concept of conversations from Linguistic Action Perspective (LAP) and the premise that the Bullwhip Effect (BWE) exists between the LPS variables to explore the variability impact of managerial actions during the LPS process. This paper reports the characterization of BWE of LAP conversations between LPS variables and its impact on planning reliability in five projects in the construction stage. Evidence collected suggests that BWE exists between the LPS variables and its existence may be related to the degradation of planning reliability. Although additional work will be required to corroborate these initial findings, this outcome seems useful to quantify management-efforts variability during the LPS process. It is expected that further exploration of these results could help to act proactively to prevent variability generation during the LPS process, where they can be used as a systemic-feedforward variables of disturbance related to the project social-domain. KW - Last Planner KW - Variability KW - Bullwhip Effect KW - Lean Project Dynamics KW - Linguistic Action PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/745/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/745 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Presence of Lean Construction Principles in the Civil Construction market in the state of GOIÁS C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Amaral, Tatiana Gondim do AU - Celestino, Pedro Henrique Monteiro AU - Fernandes, José Henrique Alves AU - Brito, Mário Henrique Gomes AU - Ferreira, Murillo Batista AD - Professor, Civil Engineering School, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74.605-220, Phone +55(62)3209-6279, FAX +55(62)3521-1867; tatiana_amaral@hotmail.com AD - Research Fellow, Civil Engineering School, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74.605- 220, Phone +55(62)9972-6484; phmcelestino@gmail.com AD - Research Fellow, Civil Engineering School, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74.605- 220, Phone +55(62)8585-2654; josehenrique1@yahoo.com.br AD - Research Fellow, Civil Engineering School, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74.605- 220, Phone +55(62)8463-1662; rickbrito87@yahoo.com.br AD - Research Fellow, Civil Engineering School, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74.605- 220, Phone +55(62)8111-5021; murillobatista@yahoo.com.br ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - The principles classified by Koskela (1992), adapted from Toyota production system to civil construction, constitute important tools to the companies acting at the construction market. This paper evaluate the presence and identity the principles in three of the main companies acting in the civil construction market in the State of Goiás, the companies were named A, B and C, and it is shown their strong and weak points in relation to the execution stage. The evaluation was done based in a questionnaire, consisting in verifying the treatment of each of the eleven principles defined by Koskela (1992), by the presence of specific actions to each of these principles, based in a scale of zero to ten. It was found that the implementation of lean practices in the civil construction in the region, represented by the companies A and B, is not well disseminated and incorporated as a management methodology, but when it happens, it is usually partial and to meet requirements of the quality management system, many times focusing in measurements to maintain safety and health at the construction site. In relation to company C, despite being active at the local market, comes from foreign markets and it is a great national area representative, it was observed greater service to the principles of Lean Construction and a greater presence of Lean Thinking in the company’s technical team. KW - Lean construction KW - Koskela’s Principles KW - Companies from the State of Goiás. PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/746/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/746 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Proof of Financial Viability of Designed Gypsum Through Value Stream Mapping C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Fernandes, Georgeo Dias AU - Amaral, Tatiana G. do AD - Civil Engineer, EEC, GECON, UFG AD - Dr. Civil Engineer, EEC, GECON, UFG ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - The use of the lean production tool, that can be the Value Stream Mapping (VSM), intend to represent the steps of the execution of traditional internal plastering and also compare it with the Value Stream Mapping (VSM) of the process of internal plastering, using designed gypsum as a method of technological change and indicated as being innovative, rational, and of better standardization. The objective is to identify in the traditional plastering process the waste and its sources, reveal improvement opportunities, and provide a plan of implementation of an innovative technological process in explaining a future view and associating concepts and practices of lean production. In order to identify the activities of the traditional internal plastering walls system, it was carried out a data collection at a construction site of a residential building in course of construction in the city of Goiânia, at the State of Goiás-Brazil, done by the construction company HSI. From this point, it was developed a Value Stream Mapping (VSM) by the services done by the construction company and it was proposed a new VSM for the same construction service, but using the new technological process that is the designed gypsum. It was aimed to verify how much the implementation of the more rational and mechanized system of internal walls plastering, in this case, the designed gypsum, together with the study and application of the principles of the lean construction, can bring as benefit in terms of cost and income in replacement of the traditional plastering method. KW - Lean production KW - value stream mapping KW - lean thinking PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/747/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/747 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Deciding a Sustainable Alternative by Choosing by Advantages' in the AEC industry C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Arroyo, Paz AU - Tommelein, Iris D. AU - Ballard, Glenn AD - Graduate Student Researcher, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, Phone +1 (510) 386-3156; parroyo@berkeley.edu AD - Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., and Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 (510) 643-8678, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu AD - Research Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu) and Adjunct Associate Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - When deciding what alternative is more sustainable than others (i.e., selecting materials while considering environmental-, social-, and economic outputs) in the AEC industry, stakeholders need to select a method for their decision-making process. From the literature it appears to be assumed that all multiple criteria decision analysis (MCDA) methods are equal or that the differences between them does not matter, and it is left to the user to select any one. In this study we argue that methods matter. This paper explores what characteristics make a method viable and, correspondingly, what characteristics disqualify methods. We compare and contrast value-based methods versus Choosing By Advantages (CBA). In addition, we explore what characteristics would make a method be aligned with lean thinking. We have found that methods that rank factors or values, such as value-based methods, require a high level abstraction, inducing unanchored conflicting questions. In contrast, CBA methods base judgments on anchoring questions, which are based on valuing the importance of advantages between alternatives. CBA produces fewer conflicting questions and allows stakeholders to discuss what they value in a richer context. We discuss why we think that CBA methods are superior to other methods for making sustainability decisions. In addition, we discuss why CBA is in line with lean thinking. KW - Decision-making methods KW - sustainability KW - Lean construction KW - Choosing By Advantages (CBA) KW - multiple criteria decision analysis (MCDA). PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/748/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/748 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Should Project Budgets Be Based on Worth or Cost? C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Ballard, Glenn AD - Research Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept., 214 McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1-415-710-5531, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Two opposing objectives drive construction project budgets. Budgets are driven higher by the objective of providing sufficient funds to achieve project goals in conditions of uncertainty, and driven lower by the objective of spending no more than necessary to accomplish project goals. These two risks, running out of money and leaving money on the table, are in tension and finding the balance point between them is a challenge not always met—some might say ‘infrequently met’. Projects can and do fail both ways. In this paper, it is proposed that these two objectives be pursued through two different financial elements rather than a single financial element. The objective of providing sufficient funds to achieve project goals is to be met by specifying as the project budget the most a client is willing and able to spend to achieve the goals of the project. This allowable cost is based on the worth to the client of the asset to be constructed and is the most conservative basis for budget setting consistent with project economic viability. The objective of spending no more than necessary is to be met through shared savings. KW - Lean construction KW - project budgeting KW - project cost management KW - target costing KW - target value design KW - value PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/749/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/749 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - “Lean Governance” : A Paradigm Shift in Inter-Organizational Relationships (IORs) Governance C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Banihashemi, S. Yaser AU - Liu, Li AD - PhD student, Room 360 (Blue Room), School of Civil Engineering J05, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. Email: seyed.banihashemi@sydney.edu.au AD - Senior Lecturer, Room 340, School of Civil Engineering J05, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. Email: li.liu@sydney.edu.au ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - In inter-organizational relationships (IORs) governance literature, the dominant underlying theory is transaction cost economics (TCE) which is based on minimizing the transaction costs. Recently, TCE perspective has been criticized for its limited view towards explaining the value-based decisions on establishing or continuing exchange relationships. Moreover, some scholars have argued that a single-firm view about the interpretation of IORs performance promotes more opportunistic behavior among project participants in terms of IORs and impedes the collaborative atmosphere in the project. Borrowing from the lean construction literature, this paper develops the concept of “Lean Governance” in the context of IORs governance in construction projects and argues that the underlying logic for IORs governance should be on maximizing the value of relationships for the customers. Applying value-based and customer-focused approach of lean construction as well as its assumption of construction projects as complex systems, this paper further posits that value creation for the customers through IORs is associated with applying “Lean Governance” that is a combination of formal, social, and IT/IS governance mechanisms with more emphasis on social tools. This article contributes to both lean construction and IOR governance literature by conceptualizing this new approach towards IORs governance through discussing paradigm shifts from Non-Lean Governance to the “Lean Governance”. KW - Lean Construction KW - Inter-organizational Relationships (IORs) KW - Lean Governance PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/750/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/750 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Learning, Structural Masonry Technology and Lean Construction a Case Study In a Small Building Site C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Barreto, Aerson Moreira AU - Heineck, Luiz Fernando M. AD - Professor, Civil Engineering, UFERSA, Brazil, Phone +55 (84) 9680-9331, aersonbarreto@ufersa.edu.br AD - Professor, Civil Engineering, Federal Univ. of Ceará, Brazil, Phone +55 (85) 32670096, heineck@pq.cnpq.br ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - This paper aims to analyze the learning processes of construction workers when they interact with new knowledge in the implementation of structural masonry in a lean environment. Specifically, mortar production control was established through the use of kanbans. Moreover workers have incorporated new techniques in the execution of structural masonry operations and lean principles as transparency, group working, prototyping and proper use of simple innovative tools. Site management took and active role in introducing an open minded atmosphere for communication and discussion in connection with new concepts that were taught. Learning occurs due to a new balance of coordination actions between engineer and workers. Thus, learning became part of production. There was a greater involvement of workers enhancing their ability to build up theoretical and practical knowledge that they deemed useful for the course of their professional lifes. KW - lean construction KW - learning KW - productivity KW - kanban PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/751/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/751 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Integration Framework of BIM with the Last Planner System C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Bhatla, Ankit AU - Leite, Fernanda AD - M.S., Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C1752, Austin, TX 78712-0276, email: abhatla@utexas.edu AD - Assistant Professor, Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C1752, Austin, TX 78712-0276, email: Fernanda.Leite@austin.utexas.edu ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Lean construction and BIM are two rapidly growing applied research areas in the realm of construction management. Both have justified their implementation by the significant improvements in the cost, schedule and quality of construction. Lean construction aims to remove the wastes in the construction process while BIM aims for greater collaboration among the project teams during the design and construction phases of a project. Both have been implemented independently on projects but there is lack of research showing their applications together on construction projects. Using a case of a major renovation project at the University of Texas at Austin, this paper presents the benefits of BIM implementation and further focuses on developing an integration framework of BIM with the Last Planner SystemTM of lean construction. BIM with its tools like 3D visualization, 4D simulation and MEP clash detection leads to increased collaboration among the project team and when integrated with the Last Planner SystemTM, it can help in reducing the variability inherent in the construction process. This paper presents an integration framework of BIM at three levels in the Last Planner SystemTM – at the Master Schedule level, Lookahead Schedule level and at the Weekly Work Plan level. The advantage of this integration is also discussed in this paper. KW - Last Planner System KW - BIM KW - MEP Clash Detection KW - 3D Visualization KW - 4D Simulation PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/752/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/752 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - 'Find-Think-Write-Publish' - Lean Thinking in Scientific Paper Writing C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Björnfot, Anders AU - Johnsson, Helena AU - Simonsson, Peter AD - Assistant Professor., Faculty of Technology, Economy and Management, Gjøvik University College, Gjøvik, Norway, Phone +47 611 351 62, anders.bjornfot@hig.no AD - Associate Professor, Div. of Structural and Construction Engineering - Timber Structures, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden, Phone +46 920 492 860, helena.johnsson@ltu.se AD - Assistant Professor, Div. of Structural and Construction Engineering – Structural Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden, Phone +46 070 2900410, peter.simonsson@ltu.se ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Construction research supports long-term development of the construction industry and the society. Thus it is important to evaluate research against existing knowledge and to constantly develop new knowledge. The main mechanism for doing so is publishing scientific papers. In Sweden, praxis has developed that a Ph.D. consists of a handful of scientific papers. The average time period for a Ph.D. is five years after which the funding situation changes drastically. Previously, the duration of Ph.D. studies at Luleå University of Technology, Sweden often exceeded the planned five years, disrupting the flow of Ph.D. examinations. To increase awareness and interest in paper writing, a method was sought to visualise and manage the writing process. This paper investigates how an Oobeya room can be implemented in construction research to support paper writing. Experiences of working with the Oobeya room in three separate research divisions prove that it is possible and fruitful to better manage knowledge in academic institutions. Even though research is creative, it can be properly managed without hampering scientific freedom. Evidence from managing scientific paper writing using the Oobeya room shows that proper management of research will actually create better research that is more publishable with shorter lead times! KW - Big room (Oobeya) KW - Knowledge organizations KW - Construction research KW - Higher education KW - Visual management PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/753/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/753 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - On the Categorization of Production: The Organization-Product Matrix C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Bølviken, Trond AD - Director, Strategy and Improvement, Veidekke Entreprenør AS, P.O. Box 506 Skøyen, N-0214 Oslo, trond.bolviken@veidekke.no (Veidekke Entreprenør AS is a Norwegian subsidiary of Veidekke ASA, a major Scandinavian construction and real-estate-development company) ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Lean Construction is both a theoretical and a (theory-based) practical approach to the construction industry. It is strongly inspired and influenced by Lean Production and the Toyota Production System adopted by manufacturing industries. However, in order for learning across industries, organizations or forms of production to take place, the similarities as well as the differences between the industries, organizations or forms of production involved must be considered and properly understood. A fundamental question for Lean Construction is therefore: “What Kind of Production is Construction?” This paper reviews the literature on existing ways to categorize production before presenting a new model for such categorization: the Organization-Product-Matrix. Use of the matrix is exemplified through two examples, one on strategies targeting productivity and one on work-place safety. KW - Forms of production KW - production systems KW - production theory PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/754/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/754 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Using Design Science To Further Develop Visual Management Application in Construction C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Brady, Denise Ann AU - Tzortopoulos, Patricia AU - Rooke, John AD - PhD Student, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. brady_denise@web.de AD - Senior Lecturer, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +44 161 295 4284; p.tzortzopoulos@salford.ac.uk AD - Research Fellow, HaCIRIC, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Greater Manchester. Phone +44 161 295 6344; j.a.rooke@eml.cc ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - This paper presents preliminary results of an ongoing PhD work, focusing on the further development of Visual Management (VM) application in Construction using prescriptive research through Design Science. The aim of the paper is to present a case study that describes how a Visual Management Method (VMM) was developed and implemented to improve transparency on a construction site and to consider how this method can make a contribution to Visual Management theory. The VMM incorporates visual tools that are applied together to plan, measure and visualise work on a daily basis. The paper concludes with a discussion on how the VMM relates to the literature on Visual Management and determines the next steps to be taken to refine the method and provide theoretical contributions. KW - Design KW - visual management KW - lean implementation PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/755/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/755 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Assessment of Kanban Use on Construction Sites C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Burgos, André Perroni de AU - Costa, Dayana Bastos AD - Civil Engineer, Polytechnic School, Department of Structural and Construction Engineering, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, andreburgos@msn.com AD - Assistant Professor, Polytechnic School, Department of Structural and Construction Engineering and Master of Environmental and Urban Engineering, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, Phone: +55 71 3283-9731,dayanabcosta@ufba.br ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Due to the lack of skilled labour and the difficulties in managing material flows during the execution of site works, construction companies (mainly in the northeast of Brazil) are looking for ways to facilitate communication between management teams and workers and gain control over material consumption and flow. In this context, the Kanban System is a technique that may contribute to minimise this problem, increasing the productivity, reducing wastes as well as maintaining within the set budgets. This paper presents the assessment of the implementation of kanban systems in construction sites aiming to identify improvement opportunities for a better use of the system and also to establish a set of necessary conditions for its implementation and use. A literature review aimed at studying the Toyota Production System principles and its relationship with kanban system was performed. From the literature review a checklist was created as a method of evaluation. Three construction sites in the city of Salvador-Bahia-Brazil that use the kanban system for the supply of materials were analysed. The checklist for evaluation includes issues related to tools and concepts inherent with the kanban system, these being: a) mechanisms for loss reduction, b) mechanisms of achieving continuous improvement, c) tools to increase communication and transparency, d) just-in-time, e) production and pull streaming. The main contribution of this paper is the identification of the degree of kanban system implementation on the building site studied and its opportunities for improvement. Also, the necessary conditions and guidelines for implementation were established. KW - Lean production KW - Kanban system KW - material supply management. PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/756/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/756 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Lean and Green: A Relationship Matrix C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Carneiro, Sarah B. M. AU - Campos, Ivna B. AU - Oliveira, Deborah M. de AU - Neto, José P. Barros AD - Architect, M.Sc. Student, Department of Structure and Construction Engineering (www.deecc.ufc.br), Federal University of Ceará, Campus Universitário do Pici, Bloco 710, CEP 60455-760, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, Phone +55 85 3366-9607, deborahmo@gmail.com AD - Engineer, M.Sc. Student, Department of Structure and Construction Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil, ivnabaquit@gmail.com AD - Architect, M.Sc. Student, Department of Structure and Construction Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil, sarah_bmc@yahoo.com.br AD - Professor Ph.D Professor from the Civil Construction and Structure Engineering Department, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil. jpbarros@ufc.br ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Lean Construction is associated with the implementation and adaption of concepts and principles of the Toyota Production System in civil engineering management, its main objective is to reduce waste through process improvement, to optimize flows and increase product quality. The LEED system was created to ensure sustainability, seeking to reduce the environmental impact of construction through a rational use of existing resources. Based on these two concepts, this study aims to build a matrix of interaction between the sustainable guidelines on civil construction, considering the criteria for certification of environmental performance of buildings, and the principles of Lean Construction, to understand the complementarity between Lean and Green. This is a theoretical research, which comprises the following steps: a literature review about the principles of Lean Construction and the process of environmental certification of buildings, with emphasis on the LEED certification; and finally, the construction of an interaction matrix between Lean and Green, considering their positive direct interactions. The results of the analysis show a number of interactions between the principles of Lean and Green Construction. Among these, it stands out the search for the general elimination of waste and the addition of value to the customers, confirming the importance of this research approach. KW - Theory KW - Lean Construction KW - LEED KW - Interaction matrix. PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/757/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/757 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Relation Between the Sustainable Maturity of Construction companies and the philosophy of lean construction C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Campos, Ivna B. AU - Oliveira, Deborah M. de AU - Carneiro, Sarah B. M. AU - Carvalho, Ana Beatriz Luna de AU - Neto, José P. Barros AD - Engineer, M.Sc. Student, Department of Structure and Construction Engineering (www.deecc.ufc.br), Federal University of Ceará, Campus Universitário do Pici, Bloco 710, CEP 60455-760, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, Phone +55 85 3366-9607, deborahmo@gmail.com AD - Architect, M.Sc. Student, Department of Structure and Construction Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil, ivnabaquit@gmail.com AD - Architect, M.Sc. Student, Department of Structure and Construction Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil, sarah_bmc@yahoo.com.br AD - Engineer, M.Sc. Student, Department of Structure and Construction Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil, an.abc@hotmail.com AD - Professor Ph.D Professor from the Civil Construction and Structure Engineering Department, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil. jpbarros@ufc.br ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - In the current economic context, the influence of globalization on business requires the entrepreneur to adopt competitive posture in market. Thus, in the civil construction industry, it is known that companies seek new processes, products and tools to maximize efficiency. The Lean philosophy and the environmental management are considered strategic practices and seek to reduce waste due to the organizational efficiency. The application of these philosophies requires investments by companies, making substantial to measure it continuously. This study aims to analyze the relationship between Lean Construction (LC) concepts and sustainable construction, by the use of assessment tools that show maturity indicators of the companies involving both approaches. About the methodological procedures, this is a qualitative research with an exploratory approach. The multiple case study was used as research strategy in two construction companies located in Fortaleza, Brazil. As results, was observed that application of Lean and Green have similarities and complementarities. Therefore, the main contribution of this research is the fact that companies could achieve their process more efficient and with more quality when they implement Lean and sustainable principles simultaneously. KW - Sustainability KW - Lean Construction KW - Construction Industry KW - Indicators. PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/758/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/758 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Spread of BIM : A Comparative Analysis of Scientific Production in Brazil and Abroad C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Carneiro, Thaís M. AU - Lins, Deborah M. de O AU - Neto, José de Paula Barros AD - Civil Engineer, Master student, Program of postgraduate in Civil Engineering, UFC, Campus of Pici, 710 Block, Fortaleza, Brazil, Phone: +55085 33669607, thaismarilane@gmail.com AD - Architect and Urban Planner, Master student, Program of postgraduate in Civil Engineering, UFC, Campus of Pici, 710 Block, Fortaleza, Brazil, Phone: +55085 33669607, deborahmo@gmail.com AD - Civil Engineer, Professor, Program of postgraduate in Civil Engineering, UFC, Campus of Pici, 710 Block, Fortaleza, Brazil, Phone: +55085 33669607, jpbarros@ufc.br ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - This paper is a bibliometric research that aim to compare Brazilian and international scenario in BIM technology in the last two years. The study aims to search for the best-known authors; the amount of their publications; academic authors titles that appear more frequently; identify which institutions publish more articles, both in Brazil and abroad; and detect which countries invest more in research on the subject under examination. To this end, a research was carried out in articles published in annals of events and national and international academic journals specifically in the years 2010 and 2011. The articles should contain in their titles, abstracts or keywords at least one of the 13 terms considered necessary to be selected for analysis. It was concluded that despite being incipient, studies on BIM have been evolved, showing an increasing number of academic research. In that context, Brazil had an important participation in international publications, as well as foreign universities have also contributed to publications on BIM in Brazilian events. KW - Collaboration KW - BIM KW - bibliometric research KW - virtual building. PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/759/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/759 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Application of Just in Time to the Fabrication and Installation of Prefabricated Concrete Facades in Buildings C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Cossio, Jorge G. AU - Cossio, Antonio G. AD - BSc Industrial Engineering. Director of ITN de Mexico, Mexico City, Tel: 52 55 5407 8228, jcossio@itnmexico.com AD - BSc Mechatronics Engineering, Project Manager of ITN de Mexico, Mexico City, Tel: 52 55 2271 0941, acossio@itnmexico.com ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - This paper will demonstrate the advantages of using Lean Construction methodologies on projects, specifically Just In Time, to the entire process of fabrication, transportation, and installation of prefabricated concrete facades. The objective was to change the traditional process of mass production, with production of big lots of each different piece and the need of important areas for storage of the material waiting for installation. As Sven Bertelsen and Rafael Sacks (2006) propose on their paper presented at the IGLC 14 conference: “The construction industry must therefore be seen as an industry conducting an eternal chain of interwoven projects as any participant is involved in more than one project at the same time. The aspect distinguishing the construction industry from mass or customized production is thus not the individuality of the product per se but the fact that the huge variation in project outcomes makes it necessary for the industry to set up a new production process— and therefore a new production system for each project”. The proposed change was to fabricate very small lots of one- or two units of each different piece, send it to the construction site to be installed, checked for changes and adjustments needed, communicate those to production and implement the changes on the molds and on the production processes. This change is of particular importance because it is difficult to make sound decisions on materials management and supply chain management in regards to how much and when to order the materials on a construction project, combined with the uncertainty of it delivery (Tommelein 2006) IGLC 14, Tommelein and Li 1999). KW - Just in Time KW - Lean Construction PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/760/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/760 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Subsidy Allocation Mechanism for Successful Implementation of Green Contracting Strategies C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Sharma, Deepak K. AU - Cui, Qingbin AD - PhD, Sustainable Infrastructure Group, University of Maryland, 0122F Engineering Lab Building, College Park, MD, USA 20742, Email: dsharma@umd.edu AD - Assistant Professor, Project Management Program, Clark School of Engineering, University of Maryland, 1157 Glenn L. Martin Hall, College Park, MD, USA 20742. Phone: (301) 405-8104 Email: cui@umd.edu ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Construction industry in the U.S. is one of the top Green House Gas (GHG) emitters. It produced 1.7% of the total U.S. GHG emissions in 2002. These emissions are equivalent to 6% of total U.S. industry related GHG emissions, earning it a third rank on the list of highest emitting industries. However, these numbers represent only a part of the total construction emissions but if we add all the direct and indirect construction emissions from the supply chain of construction projects, the construction emissions would represent up to 54% of the total U.S. emissions. Hence, there is a need to lower emission levels from each and every emitter in the construction supply chain. This research work, defining and addressing the importance of Lean Carbon Supply Chain (LCaSC) for construction projects, develops a subsidy allocation mechanism using a two-stage sequential game to model the Agency’s and Contractor’s behavior. The subsidy allocation mechanism would enable successful implementation of Green Performance Contracting strategies at a minimum cost. KW - Construction Supply Chain KW - Carbon Supply Chain KW - Game Theory KW - Implementation KW - Subsidy Design PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/761/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/761 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Application of the Principles of Lean Thinking in the Post Work Construction Department C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Cupertino, Daniel AU - Vilarinho, Sammea A. AU - Alencar, Leonardo AU - Amaral, Tatiana G. do AD - Master Student from Federal University of Goiás, School of Civil Engineering, Graduate Program in Geotechnic, Civil Construction and Structures, e-mail cupertino.daniel@gmail.com AD - Master Student from Federal University of Goiás, School of Civil Engineering, Graduate Program in Geotechnic, Civil Construction and Structures, e-mail sammeavilarinho@gmail.com AD - Master Student from Federal University of Goiás, School of Civil Engineering, Graduate Program in Building Technology and Management, e-mail lapleo14@gmail.com AD - Doctor Professor from Federal University of Goiás, School of Civil Engineer, Graduate Program in Geotechnic, Civil Construction and Structures, e-mail tatiana_amaral@hotmail.com ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - The increase on the competitiveness, the search on the customer satisfaction, the search by reducing waste in civil construction were facts that helped entrepreneurs and companies to seek new ways of working, being lean construction one of the ways to get that. Studies report that the application of the Lean tools in construction was carried out in an isolated way. This type of application was pointed as a major fact limiting the extent of achievement in implementing Lean principles. The aim of this studies is to identify opportunities to implement the principles of Lean Production in the service department of a construction company in Goiás, proposing routines that try to implement the continuous improvement of its processes, eliminating waste, reducing the Lead Time, allowing it to perform the mapping processes, improving the way records of requests for technical assistance, among others. For data collection it was carried out a semi-structured interview in four construction companies. Through the analysis of the responses, some Lean tools were developed like flowchart mapping of activities, an action plan for preventive maintenance and an application form for technical assistance, focusing on helping small and medium construction building companies to structure a Post Work Construction Department ruled on the Lean principles (pull, perfection, value stream). It was concluded pointing out some difficulties in the implementation of lean principles in the department and emphasizing the Lean concepts that can be presented within the activities of the Post Work Construction Department. KW - Lean Production. Lean Thinking. Technical Assistance. Post Work Construction. PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/762/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/762 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Exploring Crew Behavior During Uncertain Jobsite Conditions C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Desai, Ankur Paresh AU - Abdelhamid, Tariq Sami AD - Ankur Desai, MS Construction Management, Michigan State University. Phone: 517-775-9989. Email: desaian5@msu.edu AD - Dr. Tariq Abdelhamid, Associate Professor at School of Planning Design and Construction, Michigan State University. 214 Human Ecology, East Lansing Michigan 48824. Phone: 517.432.8108 Email: tariq@msu.edu ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - The dynamism and the inherent interactive nature of construction projects make them highly uncertain in nature and thus prone to unexpected events. Project level planning methods in construction assume a degree of certainty that is absent on projects. Unexpected events (such as equipment breakdown, coordination miscues, discrepancy between specs and drawings, etc.) are typically addressed by having the crew wait for a foreman or superintendent to find ways to handle the issue. This is a command and control structure that depends on a centrally controlling body. The research explores the question of whether the crew should wait for instructions or address the issue on their own. The research tests the hypothesis that a self-managed and autonomous construction crew will help combat the unexpected event more effectively than waiting for a resolution by a centrally controlling body. The two approaches are contrasted and compared for their effectiveness in dealing with unexpected events. An Agent based model shows; the delay caused by the same damage was on average 40% lower for the crew making its own decisions compared to the crew that depended on the superintendent. Considering that the model takes into account the erroneous decisions made by the crew, the prima facie result shows that allowing crews to be autonomous is an effective strategy on the long run. As a result of the crews solving problems, the superintendent is also expected to have more opportunities to concentrate on improving the coordination and planning of work on site. KW - Production Management KW - Uncertainty KW - Autonomous Crews KW - Self-managed Crews PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/763/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/763 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Assessing Reverse Logistics in South African Construction C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Shakantu, Winston M. AU - Emuze, Fidelis A. AD - Professor, Department of Construction Management, PO Box 77000 Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa Tel: (041) 504 2394 Fax: (041) 504 2345 E-mail: Winston.Shakantu@nmmu.ac.za AD - Research Associate, Built Environment Research Centre, PO Box 77000 Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa Tel: (041) 504 2399 Fax: (041) 504 2345 E-mail: Fidelis.Emuze2@nmmu.ac.za ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - The purpose of this paper is to advance the benefits of an efficient reverse logistics system in construction. The paper argues that building material and waste removal operations could be optimized by the application of reverse logistics in a construction context. Though the larger research entails extensive use of a number of qualitative approaches, this particular paper reports on a multi case study investigation conducted in the City of Cape Town. Present knowledge of logistics in general and transportation in particular, within South African construction is relatively limited. Emphasis is more frequently placed on supply chain management (SCM) without reference to the fundamental need to understand its pre-eminent subsets, such as transportation. For instance, building materials and waste removal transport operators in construction still operate as independent businesses. As a result, these vendors do not synchronize their operations. The utilization of reverse logistics in a construction context could improve vehicle utilization and reduce vehicular movements while simultaneously improving the service being provided to customers. In other words, there appears to be a major scope for reducing wastes related to unnecessary movement, conveyance and unnecessary motion in the process. KW - Construction KW - Reverse logistics KW - Supply Chain Management KW - South Africa PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/764/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/764 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Improving H&S by Limiting Transport Externalities in South Africa C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Shakantu, Winston M. AU - Emuze, Fidelis A. AD - Professor, Department of Construction Management, PO Box 77000 Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa Tel: (041) 504 2394 Fax: (041) 504 2345 E-mail: Winston.Shakantu@nmmu.ac.za AD - Research Associate, Built Environment Research Centre, PO Box 77000 Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa Tel: (041) 504 2399 Fax: (041) 504 2345 E-mail: Fidelis.Emuze2@nmmu.ac.za ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - The paper reviews construction transport externalities and their effect on construction workers and public health and safety (H&S) and the contribution of reverse logistics to the reduction of these externalities. Qualitative approach in the form of “content analysis” led to the primary data that were generated through the study. The findings suggest that H&S issues relating to construction transport externalities have largely been ignored. This represents a huge omission as the effects of transport externality are a major cause of H&S concerns, which apart from affecting construction workers, also affect the general public. It can be argued that these findings, which may lead to injuries and accidents, work against lean construction philosophy. The safeguarding of H&S and welfare of construction workers has been a central theme for most H&S research. In particular, much of the literature and guidance on construction H&S has been directed towards reducing the number of accidents on the job and job related physical ailments. KW - Construction KW - Health and Safety (H&S) KW - Construction Traffic KW - Transport Externalities KW - South Africa PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/765/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/765 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Relationship of Time Lag Buffer to Material Stockpile Buffer Levels C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Espino, Elias AU - Aranda, Consuelo AU - Walsh, Kenneth AU - Hutchinson, Tara AU - Restrepo, Jose AU - Hoehler, Matthew AU - Bachman, Robert AD - Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA, 92182-1324 AD - Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA, 92182-1324 AD - AGC-Paul S. Roel Chair in Construction Engineering and Management, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA, 92182-1324, Phone +1(619)-594-0911, kwalsh@mail.sdsu.edu AD - Professor, Department of Structural Engineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0085, La Jolla, CA, USA 92093 AD - Professor, Department of Structural Engineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0085, La Jolla, CA, USA 92093 AD - Research Director, Hilti Corporation, Corporate Research and Technology, Feldkircherstrasse 100, Schaan, 9494, Liechtenstein AD - Principal, RE Bachman Consulting Structural Engineers, Laguna Niguel, CA, USA 92677 ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - This paper presents observations of buffer implementation and usage during the construction of a five-story, full-scale, reinforced concrete, earthquake test structure. Over 40 private industry partners performed a majority of the construction work inkind, each covering a different scope of work. Activity durations were often longer than expected, particularly because research interests often resulted in changes in scopes of work for partners, sometimes requiring design work. Due to the fluctuation between the initial baseline construction lookahead schedule developed early in the project, and the pace of actual construction, inventory often sat in the laydown area or in the workface area for lengthy periods of time. This was true even though a pull approach was used to coordinate activities. A simulation experiment was used to determine the impact on inventory levels of activity durations exceeding planned durations. Because material lead times were on the order of the planning horizon, orders for upcoming activities were often made without knowledge of delays in intermediate activities, resulting in additional inventory time on the site. The simulation experiment exhibited a similar behavior, and showed that excess inventory levels increase rapidly with the degree to which actual durations extend beyond planned durations. KW - Buffers KW - production control KW - inventory control. PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/766/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/766 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Identifying Lean Construction Categories of Practices in the IGLC Proceedings C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Etges, Bernardo M.B.S. AU - Saurin, Tacisio A. AU - Bulhões, Iamara R. AD - M.Sc. Student, bernardo.m.etges@gmail.com AD - Associate Professor, saurin@ufrgs.br AD - Research Fellow, iamara@producao.ufrgs.br Postgrad. Progr. in Production Engrg., Fed. Univ. of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - The International Group of Lean Construction (IGLC) Annual Conferences have become an important source of both theoretical developments and reports of practical applications concerned with the adaptation of lean production ideas into construction. This paper presents an analysis of the lean practices that have been discussed in IGLC conference papers. It used as a starting point an analysis and classification of 3,139 keywords from 685 papers published between 1993 and 2010. A set of practices were identified and classified in categories. More than 50% of the papers were focused on four categories: production planning and control (18.4%), product development (16.4%), logistics and supply chain management (9.7%), and human resources (9.1%). Moreover, the study pointed out that some important lean construction practices have not been emphasized in the papers, such as those related to quality control, standardization and pull production. KW - Lean Construction practices KW - bibliometry KW - IGLC PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/767/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/767 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Using Production System Design and Takt Time To Improve Project Performance C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Fiallo C, Mario AU - Howell, Greg AD - Civil Engineer, Msc. Professor at Central University of Ecuador. Lean Construction Coordinator at Ripconciv Constructora. Av. Protugal y Eloy Alfaro. Edif. Milenium Plaza Piso 5 Of. 501. +593-333-2050 x 209, Mobile +593-996-94255; mfiallo@ripconciv.com.ec, mfiallo@sitiodeobra.com AD - President, Lean Construction Institue, Box 1003, Ketchum, Id 83340. +1-208/726-9989; ghowell@leanconstruction.org ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - The heart of the Toyota Production System is increasing flow through waste elimination. Takt time is the tool that establishes how much work has to flow through a production system in a fixed time. Takt time is a straight link between customer and production system that sets the rhythm of a production system. The aim of this paper is to show how an Ecuadorian contractor tested the impact of production system using Takt time to improve performance on an infrastructure project. The site manager used Takt to design the production system and to communicate the system’s goals to production units (crews). The paper reports on the implementation process, key decision points and results. Lessons learned on this project have implications for the application of lean construction on projects in emerging economies. KW - Takt time KW - Flow KW - Production System Design KW - Visual Management. PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/768/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/768 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Revisiting the Concept of Flexibility C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Filho, Antonio N. de Miranda AU - Heineck, Luiz F. M. AU - Costa, Jorge Moreira da AD - Civil Engineer, Ph.D., CEO, Construtora Santo Amaro Ltda., Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, anmirandaf@yahoo.com.br AD - Civil Engineer, Ph.D., Senior Professor, Production Engineering Department, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil. freitas8@terra.com.br AD - Civil Engineer, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Porto, Portugal, jmfcosta@fe.up.pt ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Research studies indicate the existence of three generic ways for dealing with variation: control, flexibility and buffering. These are the ways of assuring organizational robustness to support the proactive and reactive management of events that occur during the project life cycle. Traditionally, project management practices have strongly relied on the combined use of control and buffers. However, the growing recognition of problems associated with organizational complexity has been changing paradigms and pushing structural changes towards the development of flexible competences. This paper critically discusses the concept of flexibility, regarding its definitions applied to construction projects. The first objective is to provide a better understanding of the concept by looking at its inter-relationship with control and buffering. The three concepts are explained as different but complementary ways of handling variations. The second objective is to show that, in any context, the emergence of a flexible competence is the result of many internal adjustments in the content of production strategy. The idea is to present flexibility as a multi dimensional concept that requires a core discipline and various enablers. In doing so, the authors hope to provide further understanding of the inner workings of production system robustness and to highlight the important role of lean practices. KW - Flexibility KW - buffering KW - organizational robustness KW - production system design. PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/769/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/769 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Design Science Research in Lean Construction: Process and Outcomes C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Rocha, Cecilia G. da AU - Formoso, Carlos T. AU - Tzortzopoulos-Fazenda, Patricia AU - Koskela, Lauri AU - Tezel, Algan AD - Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Postgraduate Program in Civil Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 3rd floor, 99 Osvaldo Aranha Av., Centro, 90035-190, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, Phone +55 51 3308 3518, cecilia.rocha@ufrgs.br AD - Professor, Postgraduate Program in Civil Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 3rd floor, 99 Osvaldo Aranha Av., Centro, 90035-190, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, Phone +55 51 3308 3518, formoso@ufrgs.br AD - Senior Lecturer, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Maxwell Building, 4th Floor, The Crescent, M5 4WT, Salford, UK, P.Tzortzopoulos@salford.ac.uk AD - Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Maxwell Building, 4th Floor, The Crescent, M5 4WT, Salford, UK, L.J.Koskela@salford.ac.uk AD - Alumnus, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Maxwell Building, 4th Floor, The Crescent, M5 4WT, Salford, UK, algantezel@gmail.com ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Design science (or constructive) research is a mode of producing scientific knowledge. It differs from explanatory research whose goal is to describe, understand and eventually predict phenomena of a particular field. Alternatively, the goal of design science research is to develop scientifically grounded solutions that are able to solve real-world problems. In this way, it establishes an appropriate link between theory and practice, strengthening the relevance of academic research. This paper discusses the design science research approach and illustrates through the analysis of two Ph.D investigations how it can be adopted in lean construction. In this paper, the outcomes and the research process adopted in these investigations are presented. At the end, some conclusions concerning the outcomes achieved and the activities involved in conducting design science in lean construction are discussed. KW - Theory KW - design science KW - constructive research. PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/770/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/770 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Technological Capability: Evidence From Building Companies in a Lean Learning Environment C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Freitas, Ana Augusta F. de AU - Heineck, Luiz Fernando M AD - Professor, Civil Engineering, Estate Univ. of Ceará, Brazil, Phone +55 (85) 31019940, freitas8@terra.com.brProfessor, Civil Engineering, Estate Univ. of Ceará, Brazil, Phone +55 (85) 31019940, freitas8@terra.com.br AD - Professor, Civil Engineering, Federal Univ. of Ceará, Brazil, Phone +55 (85) 32670096, heineck@pq.cnpq.br ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - The main purpose of this paper is to understand technological capabilities accumulation associated with lean activities observed in a group of 11 building companies participating in a collaboration schema established among firms with focus on learning - a learning network. These companies have been mastering new managerial concepts as a group for the last 12 years, mainly devoted to learn about and implement lean construction in Fortaleza, a three million population city in the northeast of Brazil. A field survey was conducted in order to identify technological trajectories. Further specific analysis was developed focusing on production management function evolution and lean concepts contribution to knowledge accumulation in this area are highlighted. Results indicate that (1) technological accumulation varies in mode and speed among apparently very similar companies and (2) learning networks might be taken as an appropriate locus for knowledge accumulation provided that building companies decide to take an active role on them. In a word, just to participate in a learning environment does not add to the organization capabilities to improve its production management function. This research work extends theoretical understanding about the impact of learning networks on innovative and productive capability of building companies in developing countries, especially in connection to lean production. KW - Technological capability KW - learning KW - alliancing KW - lean environment KW - production planning KW - collaboration PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/771/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/771 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Little’s Law for the U.S House Building Industry C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Gharaie, Ehsan AU - Blismas, Nick AU - Wakefield, Ron AD - Lecturer, School of Property, Construction and Project Management, RMIT University, Phone +61 3 99251735, email: Ehsan.gharaie@rmit.edu.au AD - Associate Professor, School of Property, Construction and Project Management, RMIT University, Phone +61 3 99255056, email: nick.blismas@rmit.edu.au AD - Professor, Head of school, School of Property, Construction and Project Management, RMIT University, Phone +61 3 99253448, email: ron.wakefield@rmit.edu.au ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Although the housebuilding industry is a significant player in the housing supply pipeline, housing experts have paid little attention to this player and have focused more on the other players such as policy makers, financiers, and land developers. Research has tended to focus on house builders and individual housebuilding operations as the constructs of the whole house building industry. However, analysis of the dynamics of the whole industry as a single system has remained unexplored. This research investigates these dynamics in the US housebuilding industry and explores the applicability of Little’s law at the national level. The focus of the study is on single unit dwellings and the time span of the study is forty years between 1971 and 2010. Single unit dwellings made up seventy six percent of all dwellings completed in 2010. The analysis commences with the adaptation of the law for the house building industry. The industry’s parameters such as number of house starts, completion time, and number of houses under construction are used as the proxies for arrival rate, cycle time, and work in process. A time factor is added, and the average house completion time is predicted using the law. The predictions are compared with the actual data using error metrics and visual comparisons. The result shows that Little’s law can predict the dynamics of the industry with 5 percent error. Thus, it is applicable in the house building industry and can be used for the analysis of the industry’s dynamics. This research demonstrates that the US house building industry operates similar to a production line, and therefore offers industry practitioners and industry analysts powerful techniques for better understanding housing supply. KW - Little’s law KW - work flow KW - work in process KW - production planning KW - US housebuilding industry PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/772/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/772 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Can We Teach Lean Construction Methods in Schools of Architecture? C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Graham, Gary AU - Evans, Roseann B. AU - Çelik, Bilge Gokhan AU - Gould, Frederick E. AD - FAIA, Associate Professor of Architecture, Roger Williams University, School of Architecture, Art and Historic Preservation, One Old Ferry Road, Bristol RI 02809, USA, Phone (401) 254-3495, ggraham@rwu.edu AD - AIA, LEED-AP, Professor of Architecture, Roger Williams University, School of Architecture, Art and Historic Preservation, One Old Ferry Road, Bristol RI 02809, USA, Phone (401) 254-3603, revans@rwu.edu AD - PhD, LEED-AP, Assistant Professor, Roger Williams University, School of Engineering, Computing and Construction Management, One Old Ferry Road, Bristol RI 02809, USA, Phone (401) 254-3648, bgcelik@rwu.edu AD - PE, CPC, Professor, Construction Management Program Coordinator, Roger Williams University RWU, School of Engineering, Computing and Construction Management, One Old Ferry Road, Bristol RI 02809, USA, Phone (401) 254-3725, fgould@rwu.edu ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Traditionally, schools of architecture are not great laboratories to explore the collaborative processes and teamwork that are essential to integrated design and delivery practices as exemplified by Lean Construction. The pre-eminence of the “hero-architect” in the design studio is in direct conflict with methods that can reduce risk and improve the efficiency of the design and construction delivery process. Risk? Efficiency? Delivery Process? … not to mention Cost Control, Schedule and Constructability, are foreign concepts to the predominant design studio culture. Integrated practices and integrated project delivery are clearly "hot" topics in the design and construction industry today. They are a response to pressures from building owners and developers for more efficient and predictable processes for designing and constructing buildings, and to the increasing availability of advanced digital technologies such as Building Information Modeling (BIM). Can an institutionally enshrined resistance to this new approach to design and delivery in the Academy be overcome? Should it? These are the questions that institutions that teach design and construction practices are wrestling with all over the country. This paper addresses an approach that allows interdisciplinary teams to apply the basic elements of Integrated Practice and Lean Construction to a real world case study that is designed using a common Building Information Model. KW - architecture KW - integrated project delivery KW - lean construction KW - collaboration KW - construction management KW - action learning KW - target cost PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/773/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/773 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Implementing a Performance Improvement Strategy for Reinforced Masonry Building Construction C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Guevara, Jose AU - Prieto, Javier AU - Muentes, Carlos AD - Instructor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 Este 19A40, Bogotá, Colombia, Phone +57 1 3324313, jaguevaram@gmail.com AD - Research Fellow, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 Este 19A40, Bogotá, Colombia, Phone +57 1 3324313, japrieto@uniandes.edu. AD - M.Sc. Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 Este 19A40, Bogotá, Colombia, Phone +57 1 3324313, carmuentes@hotmail.com ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Twenty years after the first annual conference of the International Group for Lean Construction, it is evident that Lean Construction (LC) concepts have been implemented in many projects at both operational and organisational levels. Several papers have analysed how to improve traditional management techniques through reducing wasteful practices and increasing collaboration among participants. However, there are still firms in which LC ideas have not been implemented. This paper presents the results of a study focused on formulating a proposal for a construction company in order to improve the performance of on-site activities in social housing projects. The aim is to develop a performance improvement strategy so that variability can be reduced in reinforced masonry tasks. The research involves processes related with masonry walls and concrete slabs construction. The project under analysis consists of 23 six-story buildings with 552 apartments in total. Data collection methods include survey-questionnaires, face-toface interviews, direct observations, and time-lapse recordings. The paper is divided in three parts. First, the procedures are characterised in terms of the Transformation Flow Value (TFV) theory. Subsequently, on-site operational improvements are suggested. These are directed towards increasing compliance with seismic, quality, and health-and-safety regulations. Thirdly, a discrete-event simulation model is designed in order to show the benefits of reducing variability within building processes. Conclusions offer guidelines to implement basic LC concepts and recommendations for applying LC tools. KW - Productivity improvement KW - reinforced masonry KW - discrete-event simulation PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/774/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/774 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Understanding the Relationship Between Productivity and Buffers in Construction: A Simulation-Based Case C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Gupta, Agrim AU - Gonzalez, Vicente AU - Miller, Garry AD - Undergraduate Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India. E-Mail: agrim@iitk.ac.in AD - PhD, Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, New Zealand. E-Mail: v.gonzalez@auckland.ac.nz AD - Professional Teaching Fellow, Department of Civil aand Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, New Zealand. E-Mail: g.miller@auckland.ac.nz ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Buffer-driven production strategies represent an effective mechanism to shield the production system performance from the ill-effects of variability. In construction, these production strategies have been an emerging issue among lean construction researchers and practitioners alike. However, there is still room to better understand the relationship between performance and buffers in construction, in order to develop suitable buffer management approaches in projects. In this exploratory research, the relationship between productivity and buffer levels in repetitive projects is investigated by using Discrete-Event Simulation (DES) modelling. Also, a specific kind of inventory buffer is studied: work-in-process (WIP). A number of simulation scenarios with varying production parameters such as production amount, production rate, variability levels and initial WIP buffer size were tested. Results show that even though WIP buffer may not contribute to improving productivity rates, but they provide very good protection to productivity levels in case of variability conditions in projects. This effect makes WIP buffer suitable for use in large scale repetitive projects where a small disruption in production can lead to heavy losses. Also mathematical relationships between productivity and WIP buffer were analyzed, finding some good nonlinear relationships able to explain to a certain extent the impact of the WIP buffers sizes on productivity. KW - Buffer KW - Discrete-Event Simulation KW - Productivity KW - Repetitive Projects KW - Variability KW - Work-In-Process. PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/775/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/775 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - BIM and Lean Interactions from the BIM Capability Maturity Model Perspective: A Case Study C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Hamdi, Olfa AU - Leite, Fernanda AD - MS Student, Construction Engineering and Project Management Program, The University of Texas at Austin, Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Department, olfa.hamdi@utexas.edu, Phone: (512) 669-8436 AD - PhD, Assistant Professor, The University of Texas at Austin, Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Department, 1 University Station C1752 Austin, TX 78712-0276, Office phone: (512) 471-5957, Office location: ECJ 5.302, Fernanda.Leite@austin.utexas.edu, http://www.caee.utexas.edu/prof/leite/ ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Lean Thinking have been used separately as key approaches to overall construction projects’ improvement. Their combination, given several scenarios, presents opportunities for improvement as well as challenges in implementation. However, the exploration of eventual interactions and relationships between BIM as a process and Lean Construction principles is recent in research. The objective of this paper is to identify BIM and Lean relationship aspects with a focus on the construction phase and from the perspective of the general contractor (GC). This paper is based on a case study where BIM is already heavily used by the GC and where the integration of Lean practices is recent. We explore areas of improvement and Lean contributions to BIM from two perspectives. First, from Sacks et al.’s (2010) Interaction Matrix perspective, we identify some existing interactions. Second, based on the Capability Maturity Model (CMM) of the National Building Information Modeling Standard (NBIMS), we measure the level of the project’s BIM maturity and highlight areas of improvement for Lean. The main contribution of the paper is concerned with the exploration of the BIM maturity levels that are enhanced by Lean implementation. KW - Interaction between Lean and BIM KW - Capability Maturity Model KW - lean construction KW - case study PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/776/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/776 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Is Improvisation Compatible with Lookahead Planning? An Exploratory Study C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Hamzeh, Farook R. AU - Abi Morshed, Farah AU - Jalwan, Hala AU - Saab, Issa AD - Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 406E Bechtel, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh-Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon, fh35@aub.edu.lb AD - Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh-Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon, fha23@aub.edu.lb AD - Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh-Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon, hsj03@aub.edu.lb AD - Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh-Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon, ems11@aub.edu.lb ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Short-term or lookahead planning is critical to the success of construction operations since detailed construction planning is more realistic and objective when performed closer to executing a construction activity. Lookahead planning requires more than simple interpretation of the project schedule, it involves breaking down activities into the level of operations, identifying constraints, assigning responsibilities, and making assignments ready by removing constraints. However, task execution sometimes proceeds without full removal of constraints due to uncertainty, lack of planning, lack of information, or pressure for fast action. In these circumstances, construction specialists revert to some sort of improvisation utilizing available material, information, space etc., and other resources to execute these tasks. The purpose of this paper is to present early results from a study that aims at assessing the performance level of lookahead planning in construction and evaluating how much, where, and when improvisation is utilized. Results from three exploratory case studies are used to identify the performance level of Lookahead planning, and the circumstances for reverting to improvisation. The results will help assess the threshold for planning efforts required before reaching diminishing returns versus the threshold for effective improvisation required to cater for breakdowns in planning efforts and uncertainty. Early results show many gaps in lookahead planning practices and sporadic cases of improvisation. KW - Production Planning KW - Improvisation KW - Making-do KW - and Lookahead Planning. PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/777/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/777 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - How Do You Understand Lean? C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Herrala, Maila E. AU - Pekuri, Aki AU - Aapaoja, Aki AD - Post-doctoral research fellow, Maila.Herrala@oulu.fi AD - Ph.D. student, Aki.Pekuri@oulu.fi AD - Ph.D. student, Aki.Aapaoja@oulu.fi ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - The critical starting point for lean thinking is value. All process improvement actions should focus on eliminating steps in the value stream that do not create value and make the value-creating steps flow smoothly toward the customer. This research reviews how Californian construction industry professionals understand lean and how these views correlate with the basic principles of lean. Research results are based on semi-structured interviews conducted in the San Francisco Bay Area (California, U.S.), where lean management practices have been applied in dozens of large and small construction projects. According to the interview data, there are three prevailing understandings of lean—eliminating waste, improving efficiency and implementing tools. This shows a limited understanding of lean as a value creation process that may hinder system-wide performance improvements and jeopardize the sustainability of lean transformation. By focusing more on providing customer value, companies could differentiate themselves, gain competitive advantage and increase profits. KW - benefit realization KW - culture KW - implementation KW - lean construction KW - mind-set KW - transformation KW - value PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/778/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/778 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Reducing Rework in Design by Comparing Structural Complexity using a multi domain matrix C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Hickethier, Gernot AU - Tommelein, Iris D. AU - Gehbauer, Fritz AD - Research Fellow, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Am Fasanengarten Geb. 50.31, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, Phone +49-721 608-44124, gernot.hickethier@kit.edu AD - Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, and Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 (510) 643-8678, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu AD - Professor, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Am Fasanengarten Geb. 50.31, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, Phone +49-721 608-42646, fritz.gehbauer@kit.edu ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Complexity in design causes iteration which can be value-adding or wasteful. Wasteful iteration, called rework, may stem from inefficient information flow in design. This paper focuses on the structural complexity of information flow, and on the identification of root causes of the resulting rework. We propose that one can identify root causes for rework in the design phase of a project by (1) making actual information flow transparent and by (2) comparing actual information flow to planned information flow. After identifying misalignments between actual- and planned information flow, one can find their root causes, and then address those causes in order to reduce rework in design. We use a Multi Domain Matrix to deduce actual (‘As is’) and planned (‘Should’) information flow and then apply the Delta-Design Structure Matrix to compare the structures of the ‘Should-’ with the ‘As is’ perspective. The proposed hypotheses, “Comparing structural complexity between the ‘Should-’ and the ‘As is’ perspective helps to identify misalignments” and “Reduction of misalignments between actualand planned information flow reduces rework in design” were tested during the detailed design phase of a project. The Multi Domain Matrix and Design Structure Matrix were successfully applied: comparison of structural complexity aided in making actual information flow transparent and in reducing rework. KW - Structural Complexity KW - Design Structure Matrix (DSM) KW - Multi Domain Matrix (MDM) KW - Lean Design KW - Building Information Modeling (BIM) KW - Virtual Design and Construction (VDC). PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/779/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/779 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Using the Forward Thinking Index to Reduce Delays Related to Request for Information Process C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Higgins, Jr., David AU - Fryer, Shannon AU - Stratton, Rob AU - Simpson, Dave AU - Reginato, Justin AD - Division Manager, Swinerton/HMH Builders, 15 Business Park Way, Sacramento, 95828, USA, +1 916-383-4825, dhigginsjr@swinerton.com AD - Scheduler, Swinerton/HMH Builders, 15 Business Park Way, Sacramento, 95828, USA, +1 916-383- 4825, sfryer@hmh.com AD - Superintendent, Swinerton/HMH Builders, 15 Business Park Way, Sacramento, 95828, USA, +1 916-383-4825, rstratton@hmh.com AD - Lean Construction Facilitator, Swinerton/HMH Builders, 15 Business Park Way, Sacramento, 95828, USA, +1 916-383-4825, dsimpson@hmh.com AD - Assistant Professor, Construction Management Program, Department of Civil Engineering, California State University Sacramento, 6000 J Street, Sacramento, CA, 95819-6029, USA, Phone +1 916/278-6592, reginato@ecs.csus.edu ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - This paper presents a solution to help eliminate waste and mitigate risk through the compilation and monitoring of project indicators that contribute to costly and timely rework. The Forward Thinking Index™ (FTI) concept promotes team communication while leveraging the team’s ability to become proactive, rather than reactive. FTI measures project team members’ practices with regards to submitting requests for information (RFIs). Late submission of RFIs often leads to project delays and the corresponding potential for cost overruns. Introducing a measure like FTI helps the project leadership mitigate potential issues related to RFI submission and builds team awareness around the importance of timely RFI submission. The FTI tool can be implemented to accumulate and store historical data to identify trends and monitor results for use during current and future projects. Continued and consistent use of FTI creates a culture shift that encourages proactive planning which helps the timely identification of potential issues and benefits all stakeholders. FTI requires minimal management; however the data collected provides numerous project and business benefits. Used in conjunction with Percentage of Promises Completed (PPC), it provides a powerful tool to encourage a proactive project environment. KW - Culture change KW - request for information KW - look ahead KW - collaboration KW - forward thinking KW - work flow KW - continuous improvement/kaizen PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/780/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/780 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Uncertainty and Contingency: Implications for Managing Projects C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Howell, Gregory AD - President, Lean Construction Institute, Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340, +1-208/726-9989; ghowell@leanconstruction.org ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Uncertainty about what to build and how, is reduced as projects move from concept to completion through conceptual planning, design, and construction. Owners, designers, contractors and suppliers include additional time and money in their estimates to absorb uncertainty. Likewise, owners may include addition space or capacities in their program to cope with changes, and architects and engineers make provisions for the unexpected and unknown in their designs. These contingencies2, established to absorb uncertainty, may be reduced as the project matures, as what and how become clearer and more stable. The Last Planner® System (LPS) reduces uncertainty by improving the predictability of workflow on a project, in effect reducing the uncertainty caused by the way work is managed. Collaborative design and management practices reduce conflicts, missing information and change the structure of work to improve constructability. A relationship between uncertainty in projects and the provision of contingencies such as time, money, additional capacity to resist forces or other forms of ‘insurance’ for reasonably expected if unknowns so seems reasonable and normal. Data on the extent of uncertainty faced on projects was collected in 1990 in research conducted for the Construction Industry Institute and again at the end of 2011 using the same instrument. This data is reviewed and discussed. Implications for the application of contingencies are discussed and the question is asked: Is contingency waste to be eliminated or value to be protected? The paper closes with a proposal for a larger research initiative. KW - Uncertainty KW - Planning KW - Risk KW - Project Management KW - Last Planner® System (LPS) PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/781/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/781 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Applying Last Planner in the Nigerian Construction Industry C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Adamu, Ismail AU - Howell, Gregory AD - Ph.D. Research in Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Project Manager Yobe State Construction, Nigeria, i-adam@live.com AD - President, Lean Construction Institue, Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340. +1-208/726-9989; ghowell@leanconstruction.org ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - The Nigerian construction industry has yet to adapt Lean Construction modern to eliminate or minimize waste and improve value. This makes shelter unaffordable to low-income citizens. This paper reports on and evaluates the effectiveness of implementing the Last Planner® System (LPS) in Nigeria by comparing it with the traditional method on construction of 300 housing units by the Yobe State Government of Nigeria in Damaturu. The effectiveness of LPS was measured in terms of time to complete 50 houses AND performance criteria. LPS proved superior even though most of the party’s involve were not familiar with it. Wider interest in applying LPS and Lean Construction in Yobe State has developed in the top management staff of the Ministry of Housing. It was concluded that effective training and implementation in the application of Lean Construction techniques will reduce waste and non-value-adding steps from planning and design through construction. This will increase value and reduce the exorbitant cost and time to deliver structures. KW - Lean Construction KW - Last Planner System KW - Traditional method KW - increasing value KW - reducing material and time waste KW - Planning Production KW - Improvement. PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/782/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/782 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - The Oops Game: How Much Planning Is Enough? C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Howell, Gregory AU - Liu, Min AD - President, Lean Construction Institue, Box 1003, Ketchum, Id 83340. +1-208/726-9989; ghowell@leanconstruction.org AD - Assistant Professor, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7908. PH (919) 513-7920; E-mail: min_liu@ncsu.edu ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - The future is unknown and unknowable. In the face of this reality, planning tries to assure an outcome certain. The “Oops Simulation” (Oops) models the dilemma experienced by every planner: “Should I spend more (time, money, resources) to improve my plan or go forward with what I have and more likely suffer an “Oops”? This problem is the sort Civil Engineers face when trying to decide how many soil samples to collect to assure the foundation design will be sufficient and most economical. This sort of problem is faced at every level in project planning: “How much effort is it worth to assure weekly work plan is 100% planning reliable? At what level of precision – week, day, hour, minute?” It is unlikely that anyone on the project could answer such a question because there are so many possible immediate and longer-term interactions with unknown consequences. This simple 9-card simulation can be used in research and teaching to study the cost and benefits of planning under uncertainty both in “economic” and human decision making terms. At the extreme, there are two strategies in Oops Game: 1) No planning, the “Guts Ball” approach where the cost of planning is lowest and risk of an “Oops” is highest; and 2) Risk averse where the investment is made in planning until there is no risk of an “Oops.” In a third and more realistic approach, “Judgment” the decision to plan rests on an analysis the risks and likely outcomes in the situation at hand. The paper explains the simulation and its application in the classroom and as a platform for research into planning effectiveness, decision-making, and complexity. KW - Lean construction KW - planning KW - risk KW - project management KW - productivity KW - reliability. PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/783/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/783 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Using the Kano Model to Identify Customer Value C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Jylhä, Tuuli AU - Junnila, Seppo AD - Researcher, Real Estate Business, Aalto University School of Engineering, PO Box 15800 FI- 00076 Aalto, Finland, Phone +358 50 594 6727, tuuli.luoma@aalto.fi AD - Professor, Real Estate Business, Aalto University School of Engineering, PO Box 15800 FI-00076 Aalto, Finland, Phone +358 50 511 5816, seppo.junnila@aalto.fi ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Purpose: In lean management, productivity is increased by doing the right things and minimising the unnecessary ones. To achieve this, the ‘right things’ need to be identified. Customer value provides us with a mindset about how to gain a deeper understanding of what should be delivered. In this paper, a method called the Kano model is used to define customer value. The aim is to define how customers perceive the value and, thus, to assist in identifying the right things. The customers are the nursing companies and their nursing staff in Finland and special focus is given to the value potentials that building information modelling (BIM) as well as improved environmental performance might offer to the customers. Method: An in-depth understanding of customer value as it relates to nursing homes was studied by conducting 20 structured customer interviews that contained a Kano model-based questionnaire and open-ended oral questions. Findings: The data shows that details really matter for the customer: design errors and construction flaws were seen to impact vitally on the daily nursing activities. The value that could be delivered through BIM to prevent design errors was perceived as being highly attractive. However, in addition to the traditional value attributes, such as error-free design and better communication, the customers found that if BIM could be utilized to improve the actual nursing processes, and not just to match the facilities with the requirements of the current processes, richer customer value could be delivered. Traditional construction process flow improvements, such as a faster construction process, are no longer enough for creating richer customer value. Implications: The new understanding of customers’ perceptions of BIM reduces some of the doubts and uncertainties regarding the utility of BIM. The results clearly indicate that through BIM, construction companies would have an opportunity to improve their value delivery for the customers. KW - value KW - BIM KW - Kano model KW - nursing homes PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/784/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/784 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Production Control Using Location-Based Management System on a Hospital Construction Project C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Kala, Tanmaya AU - Mouflard, Christopher AU - Seppänen, Olli AD - Assistant Project Manager, McCarthy Building Companies AD - Project Engineer, Vico Software, Inc. chris.mouflard@vicosoftware.com AD - Postdoctoral Researcher, Aalto University and Vice President of Services, Vico Software Inc., olli.seppanen@vicosoftware.com ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Critical Path Method (CPM) scheduling is currently the dominant scheduling system in use in construction. Location Based Management System (LBMS) is increasingly being used as an alternative in the US, particularly in hospital construction. The goal of this paper is to provide a critical evaluation of one such LBMS implementation by comparing it to a CPM implementation run in parallel. Three hypotheses drove this research. First, LBMS requires more person-hours than CPM to manage the schedule. Second, LBMS provides real-time information to make educated decisions about production control. Third, the subcontractors’ start dates are controlled better than their production rates. Both systems are currently being used on a 1 million GSF OSHPD hospital in Northern California. Standard task lists were used to compare the different scheduling time requirements. CPM and LBMS reports were then compared to analyze the different deliverables. Finally, LBMS production data was reviewed against CPM actuals and planned start dates to evaluate the most effective method of subcontractor scope management. The results indicate that more time is required to update the CPM compared to the LBMS schedule on the standard task list. However, CPM supports many legacy processes such as change management. Production rates were controlled better than start dates in this project, contrary to our hypothesis. KW - Location-Based Management Systems KW - CPM KW - flowline KW - Production Control PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/785/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/785 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Further Work on Measuring Workflow in Construction Site Production C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Kalsaas, Bo Terje AD - Dr.Ing., Associate Professor, Faculty of economics and social sciences, Department of working life and innovation, University of Agder, 4846 Grimstad, Norway, Phone +47 37 25 30 00, e-mail: bo.t.kalsaas@uia.no ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - This paper focuses on the operationalisation of workflow. It builds on and expands work conducted in relation to a research project on this topic. The OEE (Overall Equipment Efficiency) concept from the manufacturing industry is discussed and applied to the context of building production. From this discussion, ideas are derived for how to measure the workflow. A premise for the discussion was to include smoothness and quality as well as throughput in the operationalisation of workflow, and to give priority to continuous improvement. The solution suggested as a preliminary conclusion in this paper is based on a workplace survey related to downtime losses, speed losses and defect losses. The intention was to identify time losses in the production according to its different causes, such as the seven flows, “making-do” and rework. The conclusion of the discussion is that unlike the focus of the underlying research project, our operationalisation of workflow should not be based on productivity or throughput; rather, it should focus on work intensity. Work intensity is assumed to be approximately constant, but even with constant work intensity, things are not necessarily done as they should be done, and the tasks are not necessarily sound. The potential for improvement therefore lies in implementing the clarifications built into the Last Planner System. Data from the workplace survey provides the basis both for calculating workflow, and for discussing improvement work at the construction site with reference to concrete examples. The present study contributes towards creating a better understanding of the nature of workflow, and of how it can be measured. KW - Construction KW - workflow KW - OEE KW - quality KW - intensity KW - throughput KW - productivity KW - earned-value method PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/786/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/786 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Leadership and Cultural Change: Necessary Components of a Lean Transformation C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Keiser, Janette A. AD - Owner, J. Keiser & Associates and the Lean Leadership Project. 17515 Virginia Point Rd NE, Poulsbo, WA, 98370, USA, Phone +1 (206) 714-8955, jan@keisergroup.com ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Some of the presenters at the Lean Construction Institute’s 2010 and 2011 Lean Congresses reported that organizations on Lean Construction journeys must undergo a cultural change as an essential element of their transformation (Giuzio 2010, Lichtig 2010, Angelo 2010, Izuierdo 2010, Montero 2010). Some also identified effective leadership as an important element of successful cultural change (Giuzio 2011, Lichtig 2011, Angelo 2011, Reiser 2011, Laski 2011, McCready 2011, Lindsey 2011). Some companies have detoured from Lean because they didn't know how to make the cultural change necessary to create company-wide transformation (Beaudoline 2011, Heger 2011, Knapp 2011, Fauchier 2011, Osterling 2011, Robinson 2011, Holzemer 2011, Moore 2011). What is “cultural change” and "effective leadership" in the context of a Lean Construction transformation? This paper describes the preliminary results of research relating to the cultural change of construction companies on Lean journeys. It addresses leadership’s role in making a cultural change to Lean. The paper is based on presentations by Lean practitioners, interviews with CEOs, project managers, superintendents and others who have been on Lean Construction journeys as well as a literature search of organizational development models that could help construction leaders create the cultural change necessary to sustain Lean. The paper identifies a model, borrowed from research related to high performance teams, which could help support a Lean transformation. KW - Lean construction KW - leadership KW - organizational change KW - collaboration KW - commitment KW - perspective KW - trust. PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/787/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/787 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Developing a Lean Model for Production Management of Refurbishment Projects C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Kemmer, Sergio AU - Koskela, Lauri AD - Research Assistant, School of the Built Environment, 4th Floor, Maxwell Building, Phone +44 01612955136, The University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, United Kingdom, S.Kemmer@salford.ac.uk; sergiokemmer@gmail.com AD - Professor in Theory Based Lean Project and Production Management, School of the Built Environment, 4th Floor, Maxwell Building, Phone +44 01612956378, The University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, United Kingdom, L.Koskela@salford.ac.uk ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Refurbishment is a subject that has received great attention within the current research agenda in the UK given that it has a crucial role to meet sustainable targets. The degree of complexity and uncertainties in refurbishment projects is higher than in new build projects. A literature review reveals that the management of refurbishment works has not been addressed properly in prior research. Studies on practices applied to the management of this complex environment are scarce and have not been based on appropriate theory. This scenario offers an interesting opportunity to apply lean principles in order to deal with its complex characteristics. However, while lean theory has been well tested in new construction projects, in the refurbishment sector the same level of practical application has not been undertaken or reported. It is argued that production management of refurbishment projects needs an appropriate approach, specifically tailored and in line with lean tenets, to be able to cope with the complexity and uncertainty inherent to those projects, hence increasing the efficiency of the production system, e.g., lead time compression and disruption minimization. The research is done through an extensive literature review, which seeks to identify the methods adopted by refurbishment sector to deal with the production management as well as suggest lean practices for further testing and validation. KW - Refurbishment KW - lean construction KW - complexity KW - management KW - sustainability. PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/788/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/788 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - In Time at Last - Adaption of Last Planner Tools for the Design Phase of a Building Project C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Kerosuo, Hannele AU - Mäki, Tarja AU - Codinhoto, Ricardo AU - Koskela, Lauri AU - Miettinen, Reijo AD - Docent, PhD, Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Center for Research on Activity, Development and Learning, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 9 (Siltavuorenpenger 3A), 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, Phone +358 50 415 6629, hannele.kerosuo@helsinki.fi AD - Project Manager, Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Center for Research on Activity, Development and Learning, University of Helsinki, , Finland, Phone +358 40 755 2319, tarja.maki@helsinki.fi AD - Lecturer in Construction Management, Salford Centre for Research and Innovation (SCRI), University of Salford, 4th Floor, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT UK. Phone +44 161 295 4284, r.codinhoto@salford.ac.uk AD - Professor, Salford Centre for Research and Innovation (SCRI), University of Salford, 4th Floor, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT UK. Phone +44 161 295 7960, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk, AD - Professor of Adult Education, Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Center for Research on Activity, Development and Learning, University of Helsinki, Finland, Phone +358 50 415 6634, reijo.miettinen@helsinki.f ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - This study focuses on identifying how implementing the Last Planner System (LPS) tools can mitigate collaboration-related problems in design. The theoretical approach of the study is based on the cultural-historical activity theory (CHAT) and the data collection involved the observation of collaboration between designers in traditional design meetings and LPS meetings. How does the implementation of the Last Planner (LP) tools change the collaboration of designers? How does the temporal orientation change during LPS meetings? The implementation of the LP tools brought about positive results in our case organization. The changes in collaboration involved transitions from formal to emerging agenda, from the use of rule-based tools to the use of new tools, from reactive to proactive temporal orientation, and towards better completion of the design tasks in the design meetings. Communication between different design disciplines increased during the LPS meetings. Especially, the main designer was able to take an active role in the LPS meetings with the help of new tools. During the process, the concerns to interdependency between design disciplines increased. KW - Last Planner KW - Building Information Modeling KW - collaboration KW - implementation process KW - cultural-historical activity theory KW - construction design KW - design management. PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/789/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/789 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Implementing Lean Six Sigma: A Case Study in Concrete Panel Production C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Oguz, Celep AU - Kim, Yong-Woo AU - Hutchison, John AU - Han, Seungheon AD - Civil Engineer, Bechtel Corporation, M.S. Candidate in Construction Management, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195. oguzcelep@yahoo.com AD - Associate Professor, P.D.Koon Endowed Professor of Construction Management, College of Built Environments, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA, Phone +1 206/616-1916, yongkim@uw.edu AD - Engineer, Bechtel Corporation, Saudi Arabia. AD - Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, shh6018@yonsei.ac.kr ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Lean Six Sigma method is recognized widely and has been implemented predominately in manufacturing rather than in the construction industry. To illustrate the point, this paper draws attention to the adoption of Lean Six Sigma in the construction industry with a case study. The combination of Lean tools and Six Sigma methodology is used on projects to improve the process by eliminating the variations and creating workflow in a process. Despite its relatively new introduction to the construction industry, it has been popularized by several organizations and adopted as the primary improvement process. The hypothesis of this experimental study was that the Six Sigma technique can be applied to the construction-based production system along with lean construction techniques. To test the hypothesis, we applied Lean Six Sigma methods on concretepanel production system in a multi-housing complex project. The paper shows how the production rate of concrete panel was improved and stabilized along with the use of Lean Six Sigma tools. Also the case study uses the variation of panel production as a critical total quality (CTQ) to measure the performance indicator of Six Sigma system. KW - Lean Six Sigma KW - Case Study KW - Critical Total Quality (CTQ) PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/790/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/790 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Digital Allocation of Production Factors in Earth Work Construction C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Kirchbach, Kim AU - Bregenhorn, Tobias AU - Gehbauer, Fritz AD - Research Fellow. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), Am Fasanengarten, Geb. 50.31, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, Phone +49 721 60848223, Kim.Kirchbach@kit.edu AD - Research Fellow. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), Am Fasanengarten, Geb. 50.31, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, Phone +49 721 60848922. Tobias.Bregenhorn@kit.edu AD - Professor. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), Am Fasanengarten, Geb. 50.31, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, Phone +49 721 60842646, Fritz.Gehbauer@kit.edu ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Currently, the development of information technologies for construction processes in earth work is focused on sensor systems, machine control, and building information modeling (BIM). These systems have been developed independently and it seems beneficial to link and combine the information available in these single systems to enable a global optimization of the production processes. An integrated system collects and stores data from sensor-equipped construction machines to connect them with information from the planning phase, thereby leading to a higher level of transparency. This transparency can be used to identify bottlenecks and unproductive working times such as waiting periods. The system can provide assistance for the construction manager to detect reasons for these kinds of distractions. Hereby a continuous improvement process is induced. This paper will introduce the described system above and show the benefits of the merged use of current developments in information technologies. Moreover, it represents the ongoing development of a system prototype. KW - continuous improvement KW - visual management KW - earth work KW - resource allocation KW - virtual reality KW - information transparency KW - control center PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/791/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/791 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Arranging Precast Production Schedules Using Demand Variability C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Ko, Chien-Ho AD - Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Rd., Neipu, Pingtung 912, Taiwan, phone: +886-8-7703202, fax: +886-8-7740122, e-mail: ko@mail.npust.edu.tw; Research Director, Lean Construction Institute- Taiwan; Executive Director, Lean Construction Institute-Asia ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Demand variability is the biggest headache for fabricators. The objective of this research is to develop an improvement plan that continuously enhances production control systems for precast fabrication. A Lead Time Estimation Model (LTEM) is established to reduce the impact of demand variability. Two principles are proposed to adjust the production schedule according to the estimated lead times. In the LTEM process, previous jobs awarded from specific customers are analyzed for customer behavior. Potential fabrication lead time is established for specific customers for forthcoming projects. The adjustment principles i.e. 1) start fabrication later relative to the required delivery dates and 2) shift production milestones backward to the end of the production process, are built based on reducing the impact of demand variability. These principles are applied to produce a robust production schedule that reduces the impact of demand variability. The effectiveness of the developed improvement plan, LTEM, and the adjustment principles are validated using a real precast fabricator. KW - Demand variability KW - lead times KW - production planning KW - precast fabrication. PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/792/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/792 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Reducing Material Management Costs Through Lateral Transshipment C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Ko, Chien-Ho AD - Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Rd., Neipu, Pingtung 912, Taiwan, phone: +886-8-7703202, fax: +886-8-7740122, e-mail: ko@mail.npust.edu.tw; Research Director, Lean Construction Institute- Taiwan; Executive Director, Lean Construction Institute-Asia ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Materials required for precast fabrication are dissimilar to those cast at construction sites. Fabricators who lack materials must wait until specific suppliers deliver the required materials. Transshipping material from lateral suppliers may be beneficial for reducing waiting time and material management cost. The objective of this study is to reduce total material management costs in the supply chain system through the most advantageous transshipment strategies. A material supply chain framework that enables fabricators to implement lateral transshipment is first proposed. Transshipment strategies are then formulated into a mathematical model. The most advantageous transshipment strategies are analyzed using computer simulation. Diverse order lead times, demands, transportation costs, and shortage costs are simulated to approximate operational conditions encountered in supply chain systems. Through various experiments, the most advantageous strategy for precast fabrication industry could be found. In addition, rules are developed based on simulation results to enhance transshipment decision making. KW - Precast fabrication KW - supply chain management KW - material transhipment KW - computer simulation. PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/793/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/793 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - A Brief History of the Concept of Waste in Production C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Koskela, Lauri AU - Sacks, Rafael AU - Rooke, John AD - Professor, School of the Built Environment, 4th Floor, Maxwell Building, , The University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK, Phone +44 (0)1612956378, L.J.Koskela@salford.ac.uk AD - Associate Professor, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel, Phone +972-4-8293190, cvsacks@techunix.technion.ac.il AD - Research Fellow, HaCIRIC, School of the Built Environment, The University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK, Phone +44 (0)161 295 6344, j.rooke@salford.ac.uk ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Purpose: The concept of waste has been used in relation to production since the beginning of the 20th century. As it is well-known, it is a foundational notion for the Toyota Production System and its derivatives, like lean production. However, waste is not a prevalent concept in the mainstream literature on economics, operations management, construction management or management. The reasons for this apparent aversion to the concept of waste are not well-understood. In view of this, we present an overview on the historical development and diffusion of the concept of waste. It is anticipated that such a long-term view would contribute to the current discussion of the place of this concept in the theory and practice of production. Method: The historical method is followed. Findings: The history of the concept of waste can naturally be divided into a number of periods: nascence up to the end of the 18th century, emergence of the classical notion in the 19th century, flourishing during scientific management, decline starting in the second quarter of the 20th century, and re-emergence in last quarter of that century. From these, especially the emergence of the classical notion of waste as well as its decline have been poorly understood. It is also an important insight that across the different periods, waste has been understood in two dimensions: instrumentally and intrinsically (morally). Implications: Through an historical account, the relevance and texture of the concept of waste can be better appreciated. The focus can be directed to critically assessing the justification of the arguments that led to the decline of waste. All in all, the need for the revival of waste as a basic concept in managerial discourse is illuminated. KW - waste KW - production KW - economics KW - management. PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/794/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/794 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Ten Years of Last Planner in Finland - Where Are We? C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Koskenvesa, Anssi AU - Koskela, Lauri AD - Researcher, Faculty of the Built Environment, Tampere University of Technology; PL 600, 33101 Tampere, Finland. Phone +358 40 581 4263; anssi.koskenvesa@mittaviiva.fi AD - Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +44 161 2957960; l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - The objective of this paper is to evaluate and summarize the diffusion of Last Planner in Finland in the past ten years. As Last Planner is a method to manage in a “lean manner”, its implementation in to use has required and requires a somewhat painful change to the fashion of “command and control” management. The efficient and successful use of Last Planner requires understanding of the lean concept. The implementation is examined through analyzing pilot projects, education offerings and company policies from 2003 to 2011. The different mechanisms of spreading the idea and implementing the method are illustrated by mini cases. The research questions are: How has this “dance of change” of implementing Last Planner proceeded in Finland? What can be learnt? Where are we now? Are we at the tipping point? Companies have explored the use of LPS mostly in pilot projects. Some have adopted parts of it, some everything and quite a few nothing. The use of LPS spreads in companies both vertically and horizontally. The basic idea from training and education creates new innovations of use at sites. People who have realized the gains take the method from an organization to another as they change company. The findings from this evaluation of history show that Last Planner as a method can be adopted, but unless there is a understanding about the potential of Lean Construction as a production management model, the use of it seems to be a constant struggle. Our conclusions will contribute to the understanding of through which mechanisms spreading an innovation occur and how the practical implementation is realized in a lean construction context. KW - Last Planner System KW - site management KW - lean construction KW - production planning KW - implementation. PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/795/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/795 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - What is Seen as the Best Practice of Site Management? C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Koskenvesa, Anssi AU - Sahlstedt, Satu AD - Researcher, Faculty of the Built Environment, Tampere University of Technology, PL 600, 33101 Tampere, Finland. Phone +358 40 581 4263, anssi.koskenvesa@mittaviiva.fi AD - Researcher, Mittaviiva Oy, Lars Sonckin kaari 10, 02600 Espoo, Finland, +358 9 2516 8800,. satu.sahlstedt@mittaviiva.fi ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - The effect of management on site performance and productivity is presented by a number of researchers (Chormokos & McKee 1981, Arditi 1985, Banik 1999, Salminen 2005). Site managers play one of the key roles in the overall project success (Djerbani 1996, Styhre & Josephson 2006). As superior managers are said to be almost twice as productive as their underperforming colleagues (Schmidt & Hunter 1998), the way we manage and lead our sites makes a big difference. The objective of this paper is to evaluate what kind of site management is considered to be “good”, what do construction companies in Finland see as the best practice and how does this “best” differ from others. To achieve the objective both a literature review and a set of interviews were conducted. Eleven top foremen were chosen by their employers mainly due to their ability to achieve the targets concerning time, schedule and quality. These top site managers shared their “best practice” views on managing factors affecting work site and construction productivity in a series of interviews in spring 2011. Based on these interviews, the main factors affecting productivity on the sites are scheduling and the temporal management of the work site. The quality of design, the scheduling of the design process and the quality of resources were also viewed as strong factors affecting the opportunities of advance planning and site performance. KW - Site management KW - best practice KW - continuous improvement KW - respect for people KW - scheduling PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/796/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/796 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Cost Comparison of Collaborative and IPD-Like Project Delivery Methods Versus Competetive Non-collaborative Project Delivery Methods C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Kulkarni, Aditi AU - Rybkowski, Zofia K. AU - Smith, James AD - Graduate Student, Department of Construction Science, School of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, Phone +1 (979) 571-5846, aditi_kulkarni@tamu.edu AD - Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Science, School of Architecture, Fellow, Center for Health Systems and Design, 434 Langford A, 3137, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, Phone +1 (979) 845-4354, zrybkowski@tamu.edu AD - PhD Student, Department of Construction Science, School of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, Phone +1 (801) 885-0422, jameskun7@gmail.com ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - PURPOSE: Collaborative project delivery methods are believed to contribute to faster completion times, lower overall project costs and higher quality. Contracts are expected to influence the degree of collaboration on a given project since they allow or restrict certain lines of communication in the decision-making process. Various delivery systems rank differently on the spectrum of collaboration. The purpose of this study is to test if collaborative project delivery methods impart value. Ideally the most extreme forms of project delivery methods, that is, Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) and Design-Bid-Build (DBB), should be compared to test the effects of collaboration on benefits to the owner. Due to difficulty in obtaining data on IPD and similarly scaled DBB projects, for this study, their close cousins, CM-at-Risk (CMR) and Competitive Sealed Proposal (CSP) were compared. METHODOLOGY: The study compared cost performance and reducible change orders of 17 CMR and 13 CSP projects by the same owner. FINDINGS: The overall cost performance is more reliable for CMR than for CSP projects. The cost of reducible change orders for all three categories (errors, omissions and design modifications) are lower for CMR than for CSP projects IMPLICATIONS: This study is expected to help boost confidence in the benefits of collaborative project delivery methods. It is also likely that the results will encourage acceptance of IPD for public projects. KW - Collaboration KW - Project Delivery KW - CM-at-Risk (CMR; CMAR) KW - Competitive Sealed Proposal (CSP) KW - Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) KW - Design-Bid-Build (DBB) KW - Cost Comparison PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/797/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/797 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Decreasing Complexity of the On-Site Construction Process Using Prefabrication: A Case Study C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Larsson, Johan AU - Simonsson, Peter AD - Ph.D. student, Div of Structural Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87 Luleå, Sweden Phone +46 76 1096065, FAX +46 920 491913, Johan.P.Larsson@ltu.se AD - Senior Researcher, Swedish Transport Administration, Phone +46 70 2900410, Peter.Simonsson@trafikverket.se ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Implementing prefabrication is by many seen as means to improve construction in terms of managing uncertainties and productivity. However, regarding Swedish civil engineering works this has not been adequately documented to date. This case study uses Value Stream Mapping (VSM) to document the construction of a semiprefabricated superstructure. The intention of the project is to investigate if the bridge construction process becomes less complex to manage and control when using prefabrication instead of traditional on-site construction. By relocating parts of traditional on-site construction to a factory, the time spent on site performing traditional work tasks such as constructing formwork, mounting and fixing of rebar and casting concrete, could be decreased. Nevertheless, mapping the process revealed shortcomings such as problems placing the prefabricated beams onto the on-site constructed plate structures and also that clear communication between actors tend to increase in importance when choosing prefabrication as construction method. Results from the VSM show that the semi-prefabricated superstructure, future state, became less complex compared to current state construction and also 75% quicker to construct on-site. By redesigning the bridge to eliminate some of the infant “diseases”, prefabrication will become more common in the future of small bridge construction in Sweden. KW - Prefabrication KW - Value Stream mapping (VSM) KW - Complexity KW - Bridge Construction. PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/798/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/798 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Use of Five Whys in Preventing Construction Incident Recurrence C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Leino, Antti AU - Helfenstein, Sacha AD - Manager for Safety Development, Business Unit Skanska Finland, P.O.BOX 114, FI-00101 Helsinki- Finland, Phone +358 40 866 8551, antti.leino@skanska.fi AD - Research Coordinator, Agora Center, P.O.Box 35, FIN-40014 University of Jyväskylä , +41 78 787 8564, sacha.helfenstein@gmail.com ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - In 2005 and 2009 Skanska Finland recognized an opportunity to improve its incident prevention through incidence reporting and the use of the Five Whys technique in accident investigation. A two-phase safety programme approach was adopted resulting in augmented safety awareness and engagement, as well as a more appropriate and actionable representation of underlying incident causes through organizational learning. The paper promotes the linking of new concepts to the lean construction discourse, and serves as interesting case about the move towards a zero waste culture for a large organization. KW - Safety improvement KW - Incident KW - Last Planner KW - Five whys KW - Resilience KW - Lean Construction PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/799/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/799 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Design Inadequacies Analysis in Low Income Housing Service Areas C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Lima, Mariana M. X. AU - Maia, Sara C. AU - Neto, José de Paula Barros AD - M.Sc. Civil Engineering, Department of Structure and Construction Engineering (www.deecc.ufc.br), Federal University of Ceara; PhD Student, Department of Architecture and Construction, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, University of Campinas – Campinas, SP, Brazil, lima.mmxavier@gmail.com AD - Architect, Department of Architecture and Urbanism, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, sara_cm88@hotmail.com AD - Full Professor, Department of Structure and Construction Engineering (www.deecc.ufc.br), Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, Phone +55 85 3366-9607, jpbarros@ufc.br ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Satisfaction surveys for housing units in Brazil have shown low levels regarding the service areas inside the units (kitchen and laundry spaces). In many cases, the poor quality of built environment is a consequence of overlooking user’s value-based requirements. This paper presents the results of a research conducted with an objective to identify and comprehend service spaces design inadequacies. We used qualitative methods of data collecting and analyzing, such as interviews, observations, physical and photographic surveys. The results presented can be used as inputs to the funding agencies’ evaluation on housing projects, as building standards for regulatory agencies, and as new standards for the development of housing products; which will contribute to improve technical, functional and spatial quality of such buildings. KW - Housing KW - Requirements Management KW - Value-Adding KW - Architecture KW - Service Areas. PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/800/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/800 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Improving the Making Ready Process - Exploring the Preconditions To Work Tasks in Construction C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Lindhard, Søren AU - Wandahl, Søren AD - PhD student, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Aalborg University, Fibigerstræde 16, 9220 Aalborg Ø, Denmark, Phone +45 21848004, lindhard@m-tech.aau.dk AD - Professor, School of Engineering, Aarhus University, Dalgas Avenue 2, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark, Phone +45 41893216, swa@iha.dk ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Scheduling in construction is complex. Before an activity can be conducted, a number of preconditions first have to be fulfilled. In Last Planner System this removal of constraints is referred to as the making ready process. To ensure that this process is running, the preconditions need to be known. Therefore, in an attempt to bring these preconditions into light three construction projects have been followed. Here reasons for non-completed activities have been collected. In total 5014 activities have been registered whereof 1279 was not completed according to schedule. Afterwards the non-completed activities were sorted into nine main categories. The six of the categories are basically corresponding to the ones presented by Koskela (1999), while the last three are an expansion of Koskela’s external condition category. The preconditions are as follows: 1) Construction design and management. 2) Components and materials are present. 3) Workers are present. 4) Equipment and machinery are present. 5) Sufficient space for conduction. 6) Previous activities must be completed. 7) Climate conditions must be in order. 8) Safe working conditions in relation to national “Health and Safety at Work Act” have to be present, 9) Known working conditions. Often a problem during excavations or refurbishment assignments where existing conditions first has to be examined. One of the major and underlying reasons to non-completed task is insufficient and even bad scheduling. Often non-sound and out of sequence activities are selected to the Weekly Work Plans. When conducting the schedule it is important to notice as described in Lindhard and Wandahl (2011) that the soundness of an activity can vary over time. By focusing on all nine preconditions a more robust schedule can be achieved. A more robust schedule induces an increased percent planned completed level and moreover and increased productivity. KW - Lean Construction KW - Preconditions KW - Constraints KW - Last Planner System KW - Making Ready KW - PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/801/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/801 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - The Robust Schedule - A Link to Improved Workflow C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Lindhard, Søren AU - Wandahl, Søren AD - PhD student, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Aalborg University, Fibigerstræde 16, 9220 Aalborg Ø, Denmark, Phone +45 21848004, lindhard@m-tech.aau.dk AD - Professor, School of Engineering, Aarhus University, Dalgas Avenue 2, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark, Phone +45 41893216, swa@iha.dk ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - In today’s construction, there is a paramount focus on time, and on the scheduling and control of time. Everything is organized with respect to time. The construction project has to be completed within a fixed and often tight deadline. Otherwise a daily penalty often has to be paid. This pins down the contractors, and forces them to rigorously adhere to the initial schedule. If delayed the work-pace or manpower has to be increased to observe the schedule. In an attempt to improve productivity, three independent site-mangers have been interviewed about time-scheduling. Their experiences and opinions have been analyzed and weaknesses in existing time scheduling have been found. The findings showed a negative side effect of keeping the schedule too tight as it becomes inflexible and cannot absorb variability in production. Flexibility is necessary because of the contractors’ interacting and dependent activities. Variability delays the process and results in conflicts between the trades. Moreover, a tight schedule does to a greater degree allow conflicts to be transmitted from one contractor to another. This increases the number of hot spots between contractors and produces more conflicts. The result is a chaotic, complex and uncontrolled construction site. Furthermore, strict time limits entail the workflow to be optimized under sub-optimal conditions. Even though productivity overall seems to be increasing, productivity per man-hour is decreasing resulting in increased cost. To increase productivity and decrease cost a more robust schedule is needed. The solution seems obvious, more time has to be released and more robustness has to be put into the schedule. The downside is that a postponed completion data often results in other costs for the client. Therefore, the deadline set has to be realistic. By introducing flexibility into the deadline negotiations can help achieve win/win situations bringing productivity and value creation up. KW - Lean Construction KW - Robustness KW - Work flow KW - Interview PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/802/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/802 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Lean Product Development at Cathedral Hill Hospital Project C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Lostuvali, Baris AU - Alves, Thais da C. L. AU - Modrich, Ralf-Uwe AD - Senior Project Manager, Cathedral Hill Hospital Project, HerreroBoldt, San Francisco, CA, BLostuvali@herrero.com AD - Assistant Professor, J.R. Filanc Construction Engineering and Management Program, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182-1324, USA, Phone +1 619/594-8289, talves@mail.sdsu.edu AD - Senior Project Manager, Cathedral Hill Hospital Project, HerreroBoldt, San Francisco, CA, rmodrich@herrero.com ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - The Cathedral Hill Hospital (CHH) project is a 1.2 million square feet urban replacement hospital in San Francisco, California. It is not just designed to be a stateof- the-art hospital but also to break new grounds in multiple areas of design, construction, and operations. Since the beginning of project validation in 2007, the Integrated Project Delivery Team has been applying and testing Lean ideas, concepts, tools and processes to develop this very complex project. The paper’s nurturing proposition is that CHH has implemented most principles related to the Lean product development system at Toyota, as described by Morgan and Liker, and that these principles are the foundation for the evolving operational system that supports its processes on a daily basis. The paper attempts to compare and contrast initiatives set forth at CHH with the 13 principles proposed by Morgan and Liker regarding the Toyota Product Development System. Additionally, the paper aims to explore the opportunities and limitations of experimenting and implementing Lean Product Development ideas and practices into design and engineering of the CHH project. KW - Product development KW - information flow KW - Integrated Form of Agreement KW - learning KW - leadership PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/803/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/803 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - An Examination of Safety Meetings on Construction Sites C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Mäki, Tarja AU - Koskenvesa, Anssi AD - Project Manager, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Center for Research on Activity, Development and Learning, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 9 (Siltavuorenpenger 3A), 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, Phone +358 40 755 2319, tarja.maki@helsinki.fi AD - Researcher, Faculty of the Built Environment, Tampere University of Technology; Finland. Phone +358 40 581 4263; anssi.koskenvesa@mittaviiva.fi ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Communication occurs in the way people understand what others are saying. On a construction site, meetings of various types are the arena where the participants should share their understandings on safety issues and topics. A considerable portion of work time in a project at hand is spent in meetings. Meetings should promote work safety on a construction site, but do they? What is gained in the meetings? Are people truly participating or is a meeting just a “must” or a “play with a mutual manuscript”. The objective of this paper is to elaborate findings from project safety meetings in Finnish construction sites. The research questions are: What issues are discussed in the course of safety meetings? How do the participants share their knowledge in the meetings? What issues or methods inspire the participants to discuss in the meetings? What could Lean Construction have to offer to the way we manage safety? This paper begins by an introduction and a literature review to management culture and particularly to managing work safety. Then it provides data and analysis from observations of site meetings and interviews of workers and foremen. The central occasions to promote work safety are various types of safety meetings at a construction site. Still, in this research the interviewees are rather critical to the effectiveness of the meetings and they emphasize the daily control of work safety. The safety meetings, in general, seem to be highly main-contractor –led. The subcontractor’s workers have a very passive role in the meetings and interactive conversation emerges only in some meetings . The question remains: do we reach our safety goals through these kinds of meetings, or are these meetings a waste of time? KW - Project meeting KW - safety KW - construction site KW - participation KW - talk KW - collaboration KW - lean construction PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/804/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/804 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - A Review of the Standardized Work Application in Construction C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Mariz, Renato Nunes AU - Picchi, Flávio Augusto AU - Granja, Ariovaldo Denis AU - Melo, Reymard Savio Sampaio de AD - Ms.C. Candidate, renatonunesmariz@ hotmail.com School of Civil Engineering of University of Campinas (FEC- UNICAMP) and GTE (Construction Management and Technology Research Group) AD - Professor, Civil Engineering, fpicchi@lean.org.br (FEC- UNICAMP) and GTE ; Director of the Lean Institute Brasil (LIB) AD - Prof. Dr., Civil Engineering, adgranja@fec.unicamp.br Campinas (FEC- UNICAMP) and GTE AD - Ph.D. Student, reymardsavio@gmail.com (FEC- UNICAMP) and GTE ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - The utilization of standardized work in manufacturing has achieved many benefits, thus motivating researchers to apply them in the construction environment. The aim of this research is to identify gaps that involve standardized work applications inserted in the construction environment. We adopted a literature review approach focusing on studies in construction sector that addressed standardized work applications. Subsequently, comparative tables of these publications were prepared and analyzed. Finally, opportunities to apply the standardized work elements, documents and tools in future works were identified. The article points out that there is a shortage in publications that address the application of these elements and tools in construction. From the construction flow analysis, we observed that almost all papers were applying job site flow. Standardized work elements analysis pointed out that the three elements (takt time, sequence and work in process) should be applied in the same process. The analysis of standardized work tools and documents showed that some documents have not been utilized in construction, they are: production capacity sheet, Standardized Work Chart and verification process sheet. We also realized a lack of a method to implement the standardized work in construction. This paper contributes to standardized work expansion in construction environment by utilizing its elements, documents and tools. KW - Standardized work KW - Lean thinking KW - Construction. PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/805/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/805 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Interorganizational Cost Management and its Implications for Target Costing in Construction C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Melo, Reymard Savio Sampaio de AU - Granja, Ariovaldo Denis AD - PhD Construction Management and Technology Research Group (GTE), School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, Department of Architecture and Buildings, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), reymardsavio@yahoo.com.br AD - Professor, Construction Management and Technology Research Group (GTE), School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, Department of Architecture and Buildings, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Avenida Albert Einstein, 951, PO Box 6021, Campinas/SP, CEP 13083-852, Brazil, Phone: +55 19 3788-2082, FAX + 55 19 3788-2411, adgranja@fec.unicamp.br ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Target Costing is closely associated with Interorganizational Cost Management, but it does not actively involve the supplier in the buyer’s cost management program. While there is a large body of literature in the supply chain and logistics area that deals with how to involve suppliers, build trust, and get them to participate as partners, very little is focused on how to integrate this concepts in a TC approach. Based on a literature review, this study contributes to the TC research by providing theoretical insights. It discusses some implications of Interorganizational Cost Management practices for construction supply chains and presents questions to guide future research in this area. KW - Interorganizational cost management KW - constructions supply chain relationship KW - target costing. PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/806/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/806 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Production Practices for High Reliability in Concrete Construction C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Memarian, Babak AU - Mitropoulos, Panagiotis AD - PhD Candidate, Del E Webb School of Construction, Arizona State University, 651 E University Dr, USE bldg., Tempe, AZ 85287, Babak.Memarian@asu.edu AD - Associate Professor, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA 92182, pmitropoulos@mail.sdsu.edu ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - This study examined the production control practices that a high-reliability supervisor used to accelerate the schedule and minimize waste during the construction of a 10- story cast-in-place concrete building. A “high-reliability” supervisor is one who has consistently exceptional performance in both productivity and safety. From a lean construction perspective, this case study is concerned with the production control practices that achieved an accelerated schedule, while minimizing waste and maintaining high levels of safety. The authors collected extensive data from the project including interviews with the supervisor and the work crew, and regular work observations over a period of eight weeks. The paper describes the project and project demands, the activities and work sequence. The findings highlight that in order to meet the aggressive milestones, the supervisor used several production control strategies that created a highly reliable work process. These strategies included: specializing in “product lines” (horizontal and vertical concrete elements), reducing product variety (the number of different concrete mix designs), standardizing the work process, emphasizing manpower reliability and predictability (e.g., minimizing absenteeism), reducing task complexity and time pressures (by simplifying and decoupling tasks), preventing errors, exploiting limited resources (in this case the crane), etc. As a result, the case findings identify specific production control practices that minimizing waste and reduce cycle time. KW - Production system design KW - production planning KW - time compression KW - safety KW - high-reliability supervisor. PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/807/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/807 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Production Control and safety Management as Project Safety Determinants C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Mitropoulos, Panagiotis “Takis” AD - Associate Professor, Civil, Department of Construction and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA. Email:pmitropoulos@mail.sdsu.edu ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - This paper proposes that the likelihood of accidents on a construction project is determined by two primary factors: (1) the safety management system; and (2) the production control system. The safety management system includes all the policies, programs and efforts to control the hazards and the workers’ safety-related behaviors. The production control system includes all the processes, decisions and criteria that produce the work assignments for the workers. An effective production control system produces high quality work assignments for the crews. An ineffective production control creates high-risk situations, such as unexpected conditions, high workload and production pressures, frustration, rushing, fatigue, and conflicts between production and safety. These situations increase the likelihood of violations, errors and accidents. The paper proposes a 2 x 2 matrix for classifying projects based on the production control system and the safety management system. The framework provides a more comprehensive understanding of the factors that drive construction safety. Traditional safety strategies focus on strengthening the safety system. The paper argues that safety can be improved significantly by improving the quality of the production system. KW - Production control; Task demands; Safety management; Project safety; Safety performance. PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/808/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/808 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Possibility of Applying Lean in Post-Disaster Reconstruction- An Evaluation Study C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Mojtahedi, S. Mohammad H. AU - Oo, Bee Lan AD - PhD Candidate, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia, mohammad.mojtahedi@sydney.edu.au AD - Lecturer, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia, bee.oo@sydney.edu.au ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Natural disaster management and the need to develop a resilient built environment for disaster-stricken community has always been the outstanding concern in many countries. Post-disaster reconstruction phase plays crucial role in recovery stage to cope with the impacts of natural disasters in reactive manner. The traditional views of post-disaster reconstruction activities have not been efficient and effective enough to develop shelters and permanent buildings on time, on budget and with acceptable quality. Furthermore, post-disaster reconstruction has often resulted in poor-quality built environment, waste of materials, delayed construction, and low-performed recovery. Therefore, contemporary tools and techniques should be applied by stakeholders in post-disasters reconstruction phase. Lean construction philosophy and introducing the individual elements of the lean philosophy probably seems to improve the post-disaster reconstruction. This paper evaluates the possibility of applying elements of lean thinking and lean construction in post-disaster reconstruction phase. For this purpose, this study scrutinizes pertinent lean construction studies to borrow the benefits of quick mobilization, pull scheduling, Just-in-Time, and Six Sigma approaches in order to apply them in post-disaster reconstruction phase. Finally, we propose to integrate some feasible lean construction approaches with post-disaster reconstruction in order to eliminate waste, improve the quality of built environment, smooth the work flow and enhance the performance of post-disaster reconstruction phase in recovery stage of natural disaster management. KW - Lean construction KW - post-disaster reconstruction KW - disaster management PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/809/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/809 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Path Dependency to Path Creation: Enabling Strategic Lean Implementation C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Morrey, Nicola AU - Pasquire, Christine AU - Dainty, Andrew AU - Thomson, Derek AD - Research Engineer, School of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, N.Morrey@lboro.ac.uk AD - Professor, Centre for Lean Projects, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University, Christine.Pasquire@ntu.ac.uk AD - Professor, School of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, Phone 01509 228742 A.R.J.Dainty@lboro.ac.uk AD - Doctor, School of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, Phone 01509 222895 D.S.Thomson@lboro.ac.uk ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - The ability to change is a necessary capability for a business, irrespective of whether those changes are driven by external forces such as market conditions or client demands, or are instigated by the business itself. However, path dependencies exist within businesses that entrench ways of working which can influence their ability to respond to change. Path dependency refers to the idea that events and decisions that have taken place in the past continue to influence current decisions and ways of working. This paper proposes that path dependencies inhibit lean change and that only when they are identified and understood can they be overcome, enabling new paths to be created and organisational lean strategies to be implemented effectively in practice. Building on Morrey et al (2010), the paper describes action research carried out in a case study company which evidences that path dependencies have inhibited the implementation of their lean strategy. These path dependencies are identified therefore as either enablers or barriers to lean change. It therefore follows that lean strategies cannot be implemented effectively unless these path dependencies are understood and accounted for, and that taking account of path dependencies needs to be foregrounded in the lean debate. Had these path dependencies been understood at the time of the implementing the lean strategies, rather than retrospectively in order to understand why they had not played out in practice as planned, the lean strategies could have accounted for these entrenched ways of working and been more effective. Further to this, the paper suggests that it is only when path dependencies are understood that path dependencies can be overcome/capitalised upon, or new paths can be created. Proposals to overcome and capitalise upon the path dependencies uncovered in the case study company are discussed, with acknowledgement that these new paths could become the path dependencies of the future! KW - Standardisation KW - process improvement KW - path dependency KW - change management KW - lean KW - strategy KW - implementation barriers KW - root cause analysis PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/810/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/810 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Accelerating the Adoption of Lean Thinking in the Construction Industry C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Naney, Dawn AU - Goser, Clay AU - Azambuja, Marcelo AD - CEO, Symphony LLC, Saint Louis, MO, 63129, USA, Phone +1 314/691-7109, dawnnaney@symphonystl.com AD - President, Symphony LLC, Saint Louis, MO, 63129, USA, Phone +1 314/691-7109, claygoser@sbcglobal.net AD - Assistant Professor, Dept. of Construction, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, 62026, USA, Phone +1 618/650-3845, mazambu@siue.edu ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - If the construction industry seeks to increase the adoption of process improvement means, methods and technologies, organizations must concentrate on understanding the nature of the change and influence the team participant’s ability to identify, accept, and implement innovative ideas and technologies. This paper introduces the Gartner’s Hype Cycle model as applied to change adoption of Lean Thinking in construction. Gartner’s Hype Cycle is a graphic representation of the maturity, adoption, and social application of specific technologies. By examining Gartner’s five phases of adoption, one can identify interesting similarities to the construction industry’s acceptance of lean practices, organizational process change, and the ability to inform strategies to increase the speed of adoption. Our findings suggest that organizations can decrease time spent in the “Trough of Disillusionment” and accelerate the successful adoption of new process strategies such as Lean Thinking and Integrated Project Delivery and new technologies such as Building Information Modeling and collaborative tools through focused alignment and engagement. Recommended studies on team alignment and engagement and the impact on project process and outcome success measures will be suggested as venues to further research in this arena. KW - Lean Thinking KW - Transformation KW - Tipping Point KW - Gartner’s Hype Cycle PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/811/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/811 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Meta-Organization: the Future for the Lean Organization C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Napolitano, Paulo de Tarso Soubhie AU - Cerveró-Romero, Fernando AD - Director of Learning for Herrero Contractors Inc. 2100 Oakdale Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94124, USA, Phone +1 (415) 8247675 pnapolitano@herrero.com AD - Lecturer at School of Building Engineering, Department of Architectural Constructions, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Phone +34 636548839, fercerro@csa.upv.es ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Lean companies’ growing difficulty to detect their customers’ needs and values are rendered even more complex by their constantly changing economic, social, political, technology and cultural contexts. In no few cases, the companies’ adaptability and reacting strategies are much lower than expected to cope with such circumstances. The implementation of meta-organizational strategies within lean companies aims at improving their core working systems by means of integrating a number of firms within an individual one. As a company made up of a myriad of different companies, meta-organizational tactics enable an accurate discernment and identification of inner and external issues so as to provide a holistic vision of the context and a more qualified response to occasional problems. This paper is based upon a case study resulting from three years’ work conducted at a lean construction company based in the US. The work carried out by the company exemplifies the transition from a classic lean firm to one incorporating 41 different companies as a token of the meta-organizational system. In this sense, we will attend to the Meta-Organization Engine concept®; the inner structure of metaorganization companies; the use of lean philosophy for the generation of metaorganization systems; the communications Matrix developed; and the benefits of such implementation. We will conclude by stating that meta-organization systems have provided a better contextual knowledge of the environment. Furthermore we will show how this new interdependence between companies has entailed the increase of their business opportunities. The company studied will help us understand how it has become the core of meta-organization by sharing its innovation through the implementation of lean strategies. KW - Lean construction KW - value. PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/812/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/812 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Construction Crew Design Guidelines: a Lean Approach C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Nerwal, Naveen AU - Abdelhamid, T.S. AD - Graduate Research Assistant, 552 West Circle Rm 401H, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: nerwalna@msu.edu AD - Associate Professor, 552 West Circle Rm 214, School of Planning, Design and Construction, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: tariq@msu.edu ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Construction work is executed by a variety of specialty trades, using group of workers commonly known as crews. Performance of these crews is very crucial to the work being executed and consequently for the overall project performance. Yet decisions regarding how to design a crew (makeup and how work itself will flow) and improve their performance are addressed in an ad hoc fashion, if at all. Also, despite the clear significance of crew design, only a modest scholarly interest in this area has been seen in the last two decades. Developing lean-based guidelines for crew design will allow us to answer questions such as: Can we choreographically design construction work crews, and how? The aim of this research is to address this question by developing lean-based crew design guidelines for construction operations by conducting an extensive literature review focused on “work design/team design” that have well developed theoretical and empirical foundations in Lean Production, Lean Construction, Socio-Technical System theory, and Organizational Psychology. These theories provide important soft and hard factors which affect crew interactions. Synthesizing these existing production theories into a new unified model to develop a set of lean-based crew design guidelines is expected to lead to better overall performance of crews achieving lean construction ideals of minimizing waste and maximizing value for construction operations and projects at large. KW - Work structuring KW - production system design KW - lean construction KW - training PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/813/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/813 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Developing a “True North” Best Practice Lean Company with Navigational Compass C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Nesensohn, Claus AU - Demir, S. Tugra AU - Bryde, David J. AD - Researcher, Built Environment and Sustainable Technologies [BEST]–Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 2ET, UK, Phone +44 151 23 14 149, C.Nesensohn@2012.ljmu.ac.uk AD - Researcher, Built Environment and Sustainable Technologies [BEST]–Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 2ET, United Kingdom AD - Reader in Project Management, Built Environment and Sustainable Technologies [BEST]– Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - One challenge facing many organisations is how to become Lean. There are two aspects to this. First, what does a real Lean organisation look like? Second, how do you get there? This paper seeks to provide answers to these two questions. It presents an exemplar best practice Lean organisation for construction project management which has been developed through a benchmarking process involving 5 organisations. Using the Reading Model, a validated benchmarking process for construction, Lean methods, philosophy, strengths and weaknesses are analysed. Then a route map is outlined which can act as a compass to guide organisations wishing to undertake Lean as defined in the Reading Model. It is highlighted that the implementation of Lean in construction project management often requires both a change in organisational culture and structure. It is also stressed that the effective implementation of Lean requires a rigorous analysis of the organisation’s capability in relation to becoming Leaner. KW - Benchmarking KW - Collaboration KW - Continuous Improvement/Kaizen KW - Germany KW - Lean Construction KW - Project Management KW - True North. PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/814/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/814 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Lean Safety: Using Leading Indicators of Safety Incidents to Improve Construction Safety C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Ng, Kevin AU - Laurlund, Alan AU - Howell, Gregory AU - Lancos, George AD - Project Manager, XL Construction, Milpitas California. kng@xlconstruction.com AD - Vice President, XL Construction, Milpitas California. alaurlund@xlconstruction.com AD - Executive Director, Lean Construction Institute, ghowell@leanconstruction.org AD - Senior Project Manager, Johnson & Johnson, glancos1@its.jnj.com ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Safety and organization of a construction site were improved with the application of safety leading indicators and a 5-S assessment tool on a project managed using Lean principles. Safety related data collected on safety walks on a daily basis was organized for each specialty contractor and normalized for worker hours. The implementation of the 5-S assessment rated the site organization from zero to five for each contractor by a variety of key stakeholders. The observation of safety leading indicators provided a measure of safety risk on the construction site and a measure and mechanism for continuous learning. As a result, safety continually over the life of the project. Early results of the 5-S program clustered at the low end of the scale at the beginning of the project and significantly improved over time and reached almost 5 as the project approached completion. The paper will reflect on related conceptual foundations and propose follow up investigations aimed at exploring leading indicators and other assessment tools related to safety and quality of work. The paper will also explore challenges faced by a general contractor in the on going efforts to implement the leading indicators principles on a company-wide basis. KW - Safety KW - Leading Indicators KW - Lean Construction KW - Visual Management KW - 5-S. PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/815/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/815 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Value Paradigm: Revealing Synergy Between Lean and Sustainability C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Novak, Vera M. AD - PhD Candidate, School of Design and Architecture, Department of Building Construction, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 410 Bishop-Favrao Hall, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0156, USA, phone +1(801) 201-1388, vnovak@vt.edu ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - The current construction environment is characterized by risk aversion, and the delivery of value is constrained by the tension between time, cost and quality. Similarly, the approach to sustainability in the built environment remains largely focused on waste reduction and minimization of the carbon footprint. Yet the challenges of global environmental issues call for a paradigm shift from this reductionist, ‘scarcity’ approach to one of sustainable prosperity through resource renewal and value generation. The industry has recognized the need for a more integrated approach, not just to fix the process, but to transform it to deliver value beyond the tangible building product. Lean construction stands out as the approach which can facilitate a net enhancement of sustainability value through fully integrated design and delivery processes. The author explores the synergy between lean construction and sustainability, as expressed through the construct of value. Data from exemplary lean projects are gathered through survey and interviews of both prime contractor and owners, offering a two point perspective for enhanced data quality and reliability. The findings suggest a strong correlation between the cohesiveness of lean thinking and the level of collaboration on the delivery of sustainability values. KW - Value KW - lean thinking KW - construction process KW - green building KW - sustainability KW - integration. PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/816/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/816 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Transparency in Construction Sites C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Oliveira, Thiago Rosendo de AU - Costa, Dayana Bastos AU - Thomas, Natasha Ilse Rothbucher AD - Civil Engineer, Polytechnic School, Department of Structural and Construction Engineering, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, thiagorosendo@hotmail.com AD - PhD, Assistant Professor, Polytechnic School, Department of Structural and Construction Engineering, Master of Environmental and Urban Engineering, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, Phone: +55 71 3283-9731,dayanabcosta@ufba.br AD - MSc, Researcher Fellow, Polytechnic School, Department of Structural and Construction Engineering, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, nashatasha@hotmail.com ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Lean construction involves a set of concepts and principles that aim to increase the efficiency of the construction production process. Transparency is one of these processes, which can be defined as the ability of a production process to communicate with people. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the use of transparency practices on construction sites and identify a set of transparency practices that help reduce construction site deficiencies related to organisation, productivity, and production planning and control. This paper uses the exploratory research method based on five case studies in the city of Salvador-Bahia-Brazil and another case study in the city of Fortaleza in Ceará, Brazil, using document analysis techniques, interviews and direct observation for data collection. The main findings show a low level of transparency practices implemented within the construction sites visited. This indicates a great potential for improvement through using such practices, particularly when compared to the higher level of implementation of such practices found in the case study in Fortaleza. It was also observed that the transparency practices tend to contribute directly or indirectly towards the three expected improvement areas: improved construction site organisation, increased productivity levels and a more efficient production planning and control (PCP). KW - Lean Construction KW - transparency KW - production planning and control KW - organization and productivity PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/817/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/817 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Extending the Interaction of Building Information modeling and lean construction C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Oskouie, Pedram AU - Gerber, David J. AU - Alves, Thais AU - Becerik-Gerber, Burcin AD - Graduate Student, Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental Engrg., University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA, Phone +1 (213) 572-9373, oskouie@usc.edu AD - Assistant Professor, School of Architecture, WAH 316, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA, Phone +1 (617) 794- 7367, dgerber@usc.edu AD - Assistant Professor, Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA, Phone +1 (619) 594- 8289, talves@mail.sdsu.edu AD - Assistant Professor, Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, KAP 224C, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA, Phone +1 (213)- 740- 4383, becerik@usc.edu ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - BIM intrinsically provides many features and methodologies to eliminate waste, promote a streamlined flow of work and the delivery of value to internal and external customers. This study builds on an existing interaction matrix of lean principles and BIM functionalities and explores new interactions between these two. The study also aims to expand the existing matrix by discerning new and uncovered BIM functionalities and lean construction principles. In an attempt to pinpoint new interactions, researchers have identified academic and industry based projects, which have integrated BIM methodologies and have employed lean concepts. The research then integrated these new projects to the interaction matrix to further understand how BIM contributes lean construction and how coupling BIM and Lean Construction may affect projects in terms of time, cost and value. The nurturing proposition of this research is that BIM functionalities are still largely unexplored, especially those related to the operation and maintenance stages of a facility. Their link to the Lean Construction theory may actually help promote an informed use of BIM for the Architecture, Engineering, Construction, and Owner industry and to promote more effective transformation, flow and value generation throughout the life cycle of construction projects.` KW - Lean Construction KW - Building Information Modeling KW - BIM and Lean Interaction Matrix PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/818/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/818 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Lean and Green Construction: Lessons Learned from Design and Construction of a Modular LEED Gold Building C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Parrish, Kristen AD - Scientific Engineering Associate, Building Technologies and Urban Systems Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720-3111, kdparrish@lbl.gov, 510-486-5002 ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - This paper presents the collaboration efforts of a design-build project team that designed and constructed a modular LEED® Gold office building in Long Beach, California. A fixed budget, and requirements for modular construction, LEED® Gold, and design-build project delivery required the project team be innovative to meet the imposed constraints. The team was formed to design and build this project, which presented challenges for work structuring and building shared understanding. Despite challenges, the owner hopes this building will serve as a model for “lean and green” design and construction of municipal buildings in Southern California. The design-build team, led by the architect and the modular construction contractor, proposed various design concepts that fulfilled the modular and LEED® Gold requirements but were infeasible from a cost perspective. Leveraging technical assistance provided through a partnership with the United States Department of Energy (U.S. DOE), the team was able to refine their original concepts to more economically meet the energy efficiency requirements. Further, a partnership with the local utility provider, Southern California Edison (SCE), provided additional funding for low-energy building features. These partnerships proved instrumental for achieving green goals while meeting modular requirements. This paper describes the team’s efforts to design a modular building that is energy efficient and meets a stringent cost requirement. It discusses how the requirements for modularity and LEED® Gold defined the design, construction, and operations processes. This paper documents the team’s successes in achieving lean and green practices as well as challenges they faced in the design-build environment. KW - Lean construction KW - manufacturing KW - customisation KW - flexible KW - work structuring KW - sustainability PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/819/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/819 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - The 8th Flow – Common Understanding C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Pasquire, Christine AD - Professor, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University, Burton Street, Nottingham, NG1 4BU, UK. +44(0)1158482095 christine.pasquire@ntu.ac.uk ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Projects are a form of engineered-to-order (ETO) production which require that the definition of Value becomes part of the production process. Project production requires the inclusion of the product design, the design process, and the production process to be integrated in order to fully benefit from waste reduction and process improvement. In construction, project production is more challenging because of the temporal, transient, and fragmented nature of the project team and the supporting supply chain. This requires a form of ‘interoperability’ between the supply chain organisations, the particular teams involved, the commissioning clients and other stakeholders. It is proposed that this ‘interoperability’ is a form of common understanding and that this understanding needs to be defined, developed, and nurtured across the project execution as a flow in the same way that other flows are managed. Building on the seven flow model proposal reported by Koskela and Howell (1999), this paper proposes a common understanding as an eighth flow and suggests how it might be managed. The paper classifies the concept of common understanding as a soft flow and shows that although it is a fresh insight it actually has roots in lean production. The identity of common understanding as the eighth flow arises from a number of funded research projects in which the difficulties of lean construction implementation were investigated. KW - Collaboration KW - flow KW - common understanding. PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/820/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/820 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Applying Lean in Construction - Cornerstones for Implementation C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Pekuri, Aki AU - Herrala, Maila AU - Aapaoja, Aki AU - Haapasalo, Harri AD - Ph.D. student, aki.pekuri@oulu.fi. AD - Post-doctoral research fellow, maila.herrala@oulu.fi. AD - Ph.D. student, aki.aapaoja@oulu.fi AD - Professor, harri.haapasalo@oulu.fi ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - The majority of lean transformations fail to meet their initial expectations and end up as disappointments. Excessive focus on specific tools and failure to understand the philosophy or to motivate people in continuous improvement are often blamed for this. This research explores the cornerstones for successful lean implementation in the construction business. Research results based on 39 semi-structured interviews conducted in Finland and California suggest that managers should pay attention to the following aspects: building trust, motivation, ensuring skills and competence, developing and selecting the right people, and providing leadership. In general, lean should be embraced as a comprehensive management philosophy which requires a long-term viewpoint in order to achieve competitive advantage. In construction, it is important to pay attention to the way people are recruited, emphasize their social skills, and develop them through training. Building trust and constructing project teams based on participants’ suitability and competence will help to move the industry forward, but managers should also learn to take advantage of crises, when organizations are at their most receptive. KW - Lean construction KW - transformation KW - culture KW - change KW - implementation. PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/821/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/821 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Behavioral Factors Influencing Lean Information Flow in Complex Projects C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Phelps, Andreas F. AD - Integrated Projects Executive, Balfour Beatty Construction, 507 Cole Street, San Francisco, CA, 94117, USA, Phone +01 415 652 4505, aphelps@balfourbeattyus.com ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - As construction projects become increasingly complex, the success of these projects depends increasingly on effective information flow. Based on a three-year ethnographic study of the project team responsible for two capital healthcare projects, this paper presents a model of the interrelation of trust, commitment, learning, and understanding within project teams and how these constructs are vital to effective information flow. This model was developed through analysis of project team behaviors, behavioral trends, and triggers that prompted changes in behavioral trends. The model has implications regarding the competencies required of managers on complex projects, tools and processes that improve information flow, and the importance of information flow planning. KW - Information flow KW - trust KW - learning KW - commitment KW - knowledge management. PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/822/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/822 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - State of Production Plan Reliability – A Case Study From India C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Porwal, Vishal AU - Dave, Bhargav AU - Fernandez-Solis, Jose AU - Koskela, Lauri J. AU - Mehta, H. S. AD - Principal at InteloBuild Project Solutions (www.intelobuild.com), 505, Capt. C. S. Naidu Arcade, 10/2 Old Palasia, Indore, Madhya Pradesh-452002, India, Phone-(+91) (997) 730-8235, vporwal@intelobuild.com AD - Research Fellow at Salford Centre for Research and Innovation, University of Salford, Maxwell Building, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK, Phone-(+44) (161) 295-3431, b.dave@salford.ac.uk AD - Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Science, College of Architecture, 3137 TAMU, Langford A 430, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3137, USA, Phone- (+1) (979) 458-1058, jsolis@arch.tamu.edu AD - Professor of Theory Based Lean Project and Production Management, University of Salford, Maxwell Building, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK, Phone- (+44) (161) 295-6378, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk AD - Advisor to Prestige Institute of Engineering, No.74-C, Sector D, Vijay Nagar, Indore, Madhya Pradesh - 452010, India, Phone- (+91) (982) 703 9058, hsmehta17@gmail.com ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - In the quest to assess the state of production plan reliability on a mid-sized residential project in India, a case study is conducted with production planning inspired by Last Planner® System of production control (LPS). The residential construction sector in India is expected to grow at more than 26% per annum till 2014. However, India does not compare favorably with other countries in the efficient execution of projects and the government has pointed out the need to enhance productivity to meet the increasing rate of economic growth with the best use of labor and resources. Variability and uncertainty in construction project production is identified as an area of improvement. In order to investigate the current state of production plan reliability on mid-sized residential construction projects, a case study is conducted on a 17-story residential project in Mumbai, India. The results indicate that initially, production plans prepared by the project team were highly unreliable with a high degree of variability, but they improved toward the end of the project. Production plan reliability measured as Percentage Plan Complete, also known as Percent Promises Complete, (PPC) varied from 25% to 100% over a period of 24 weeks. The major reasons for production plan failure were bad weather, labor unavailability, material unavailability, untimely drawings and decisions, city regulations, government compliance and unplanned holidays. A feedback loop was put in place and project participants were interviewed at the end of the project. They reported improvement in production plan reliability and indirect cost and quality benefits. This case study provides a hint to the state of production plan reliability in Indian residential construction projects. However, additional and cross sectional research on a variety of residential projects is needed to statistically validate the findings and understand the current state of production plan reliability in India. KW - Last Planner® System of Production Control (LPS) KW - Residential Construction KW - Production Workflow Reliability. PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/823/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/823 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - A Lean Management Approach for Power Plant Construction Projects: Wastes Identification and Assessment C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Rashid, Mehdi AU - Heravi, Gholamreza AD - CEM Graduate Student, School of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: mmehdirashid@ut.ac.ir AD - Assistant Professor, School of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: heravi@ut.ac.ir ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - This research addresses wastes in construction and erection processes in power plant projects. The main paper objectives are identification and assessment of the wastes, mainly in power plant projects. Accordingly, seven main groups of wastes are introduced and subdivided to 42 common wastes, and based on an opinion survey the most important and common wastes in power plant construction projects are identified and assessed. Moreover, importance of wastes in common and valuable compounded work packages and activities in construction and erection processes are investigated. Finally, some recommendations for reducing critical wastes in valuable work package are presented. The findings of this research could be used in power plant projects or any other construction projects for identification, assessment, and reduction of the wastes in construction processes. KW - Value KW - Waste KW - Lean management KW - Lean construction KW - Power plant project KW - Waste in construction processes KW - Last planner system PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/824/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/824 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Management of Preconstruction Using Lean: An Exploratory Study of the Bidding Process C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Reginato, Justin AU - Alves, Thais da C. L. AD - Assistant Professor, Construction Management Program, Department of Civil Engineering, California State University Sacramento, 6000 J Street, Sacramento, CA, 95819-6029, USA, Phone +1 916/278-6592, reginato@ecs.csus.edu AD - Assistant Professor, J.R. Filanc Construction Engineering and Management Program, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182-1324, USA, Phone +1 619/594-8289, talves@mail.sdsu.edu ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - The study of office-related activities and their management in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry has been overlooked in the construction management literature. With that in mind, the authors of the present paper call attention to the need to manage information and shield projects from variation starting from the initial stages when service providers are chosen in projects where competitive bidding is used. The nurturing proposition of this paper is that regardless of the project delivery method being used, Lean Construction concepts can be used to shield projects against risk and unintended variation brought to projects due to the nature of the competitive bidding process. The paper presents a series of practical examples of how preconstruction office activities and documents are often handled in the AEC and discusses these examples vis-à-vis Lean Construction concepts and practices aiming to promote continuous flow. This exploratory study illustrates how the use of lean techniques in the bidding phase might facilitate the screening of subcontractors in hard bid environments, and contribute to reducing project risk and uncertainty, regardless of the delivery method. The paper concludes with practical recommendations regarding the management of bidding activities and topics that merit further investigation. KW - Preconstruction KW - office activities KW - bid process KW - making ready process KW - pull planning PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/825/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/825 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Öppen - Lean Thinking, Prefabrication, Assembly and Open Building Thinking - All Applied to Commercial Buildings C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Rich, John AD - John Rich RIBA +44(0)20 7544 8532 John.Rich@oppen.co.uk Öppen Ltd, Regent’s Place, 338 Euston Road, London NW1 3BT, UK. www.oppen.co.uk ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Describes the origin of the Öppen system buildings, how the system has developed and future possibilities. The system combines: lean thinking, all the way from briefing, through design, to construction; prefabrication and assembly of large components; and open building thinking for future adaptability. The first built example was a university research laboratory where the use of the system reduced the construction cost by 40% below the budget. The constructed building, now in use for five years, has proved fully adaptable. The second example to be built has recently been tendered. Against an identical building with traditional construction, the Öppen system building was cheaper and 50% quicker to construct. Most commercial buildings are from the ‘design one, build one’ mould, whereas many aspects of Öppen system buildings will be common from one building to the next, thereby enabling continuous improvement. Derivatives of the Öppen system are being developed for other types of building, such as schools and laboratories. The Öppen system does not aim to be suitable for all building typologies. It is aimed squarely at the mid-market: buildings that will be used for many years, for clients who need good value, robustness and adaptability. KW - collaboration/collaborative; lean construction; standardisation; customisation; open building; adaptable; Öppen. PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/826/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/826 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - An Overview of the Customisation Strategies Developed by Four Organisations of the House-Building Sector C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Rocha, Cecilia Gravina da AU - Formoso, Carlos Torres AU - Santos, Aguinaldo dos AD - Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Postgraduate Program in Civil Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 3rd floor, 99 Osvaldo Aranha Av., Centro, 90035-190, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, Phone +55 51 3308 3518, cecilia.rocha@ufrgs.br AD - Professor, Postgraduate Program in Civil Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 3rd floor, 99 Osvaldo Aranha Av., Centro, 90035-190, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, Phone +55 51 3308 3518, formoso@ufrgs.br AD - Professor, Nucleo de Design e Sustentabilidade, Federal University of Paraná (UFPr), Rua general Pedro Carneiro, 460, 7th floor, room 717, 80060-150, Curitiba, PR, Brazil, Phone +55 41 3360 3313, asantos@ufpr.br ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Mass customisation (MC) refers to the provision of customised products while striving to maintain the efficiencies of mass-production. Such concept has emerged in the manufacturing sector but can also be deployed by the construction industry to add more value to products. This paper analysis the customisation strategies developed by four organisations of the house-building sector using a conceptual framework. Such organisations have differences in terms of the scale of the product provided, the amount of years they have been operating, and the stage in the product development process that they are at. Two organisations are located in Brazil and the other two are located in the UK. This paper aims to explore how customisation strategies based on the MC approach can be pursued under different organisational contexts. An underlying proposition of this paper is that MC can add value to housing products and that it can be adapted and tailored to be used in different organisational contexts. The case studies with the four organisations aim to illustrate that. Such studies also provide an initial step in exploring how MC can be tailored to particular organisational contexts within the construction industry. KW - Customisation KW - housing KW - decision making KW - strategies KW - design. PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/827/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/827 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Analyzing Barriers to Construction Productivity Improvement in the Dominican Republic C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Senior, Bolivar A. AU - Rodríguez, Tulio A. AD - Associate Professor, Department of Construction Management, Colorado State University. 102 Guggenheim Hall, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1584, USA. Phone +1 (970) 491-7337. Bolivar.senior@colostate.edu. AD - Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Instituto Tecnológico de Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Phone +1 809-866-1530. tulio@intec.edu.do. ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - The present study examined the perceived importance, easiness to overcome and criticality of 29 barriers to productivity improvement in the Dominican Republic. It surveyed 134 construction professionals with 5 or more years of experience, who provided their assessment in the dimensions of importance and easiness to overcome on a Likert scale from 1 to 5. Barriers were grouped into environment driven, topmanagement driven and field-management driven. Two secondary questions explored attitudes towards education in productivity improvement. Respondents gave high average grades of 4.01 to 4.69 to all questions in the dimension of Importance. Average responses for Easiness to overcome were lower, had a broader range, from 2.31 to 3.74 and showed a more nuanced deliberation of possibilities. The criticality of some barriers seems difficult to justify using Lean Construction principles, and need further examination. Barriers with high criticality tended to be driven by field management, and those with low criticality tended to be driven by top management. Results point to an overall perceived need for improvement which is not followed by optimism for achieving it. The present study is the first of its kind in the Dominican Republic. Its results provide a roadmap for educational and managerial action in the immediate future. It can also serve as a foundation for similar studies in other developing countries. KW - Productivity improvement KW - benefits realization Dominican Republic KW - survey. PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/828/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/828 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Developing Production Theory: What Issues Need To Be Taken Into Consideration? C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Rooke, John AU - Koskela, Lauri AU - Howell, Greg AU - Kagioglou, Mike AD - Research Fellow, HaCIRIC, School of the Built Environment, The University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK, Phone +44 (0)161 295 6344, j.rooke@salford.ac.uk AD - Professor, School of the Built Environment, 4th Floor, Maxwell Building, , The University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK, Phone +44 (0)1612956378, L.J.Koskela@salford.ac.uk AD - Executive Director, Lean Construction Institute, Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340, Phone +1 208/726-9989, ghowell@leanconstruction.org AD - Professor, HaCIRIC, Head of School, School of the Built Environment, The University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK, Phone +44 (0)161 295 3855, m.kagioglou@salford.ac.uk ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - The aim of this paper is to establish key issues that a theory of production should address, to conceptualize these issues and to sketch an account of their interaction. Aristotle's analyses of knowledge and causality are used, in conjunction with Wittgenstein's concept of language games, to integrate the insights of transformationflow- value (TFV) theory and the language action perspective (LAP) within a framework derived from Liker (2004). Building on Liker, we identify four language games that are necessary for production: 1. drawing on scientific knowledge to determine the best physical arrangements for the achievement of a pre-given value; 2. two value discourses which determine (a) the target value for (1) and (b) the human relations which will enable the achievement of (1) - Liker's ‘long term philosophy’ and ‘developing people and organization’, plus the Language Action Perspective; 3. a discourse of learning and knowledge with the aim of continual improvement. Four of the key concepts used in these games are identified (flow; work, knowledge and commitment) and related to the functions of management. Finally, an overall theoretical framework is proposed. KW - Production Theory; Lean Theory; Lean Construction; Value; TFV Theory; Language Action Perspective PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/829/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/829 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Green-Lean Approach for Assessing Environmental and Production Waste in Construction C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Rosenbaum, Sergio AU - Toledo, Mauricio AU - Gonzalez, Vicente AD - Undergraduate Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Chile. E-Mail: srosenba@ing.uchile.cl AD - PhD(c), Instructor Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Chile. E-Mail: mjtoledo@ing.uchile.cl AD - PhD, Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, New Zealand. E-Mail: v.gonzalez@auckland.ac.nz ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Sustainability research in construction has been focused on the design and operation stages of projects. However, the production stage has received not much attention. Current sustainable construction approaches exhibit a disconnect between environmental and production waste management in projects. To overcome these limitations, an approach based on green building and lean production principles is proposed in this paper. Thus, a lean tool named Value Stream Mapping (VSM) is adapted to simultaneously assess environmental and production waste over the production stage of construction projects. This paper reports the application of the proposed “green-lean” approach in the construction of a hospital as a case study, analyzing the structural concrete work stage. The main findings showed the ability of the approach to find out the sources of environmental/productive waste, quantify them, and suggest reduction strategies. This also demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed “green-lean” approach for improving the sustainable performance of projects. KW - Green Building KW - Lean Production KW - Sustainability KW - Value Stream Mapping KW - Waste. PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/830/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/830 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Causes of Time Buffer in Construction Project Task Durations C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Russell, Marion M. AU - Howell, Greg AU - Hsiang, Simon M. AU - Liu, Min AD - Graduate Student, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7908. PH (757) 218-3425; E-mail: mmrusse2@ncsu.edu AD - President,Lean Construction Institute. PH(208)726-9989; E-mail: ghowell@leanconstruction.org AD - Derr Professor, Industrial Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, PH (806) 742-3543; E-Mail: simon.hsiang@ttu.edu AD - Assistant Professor, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7908. PH (919) 513-7920; E-mail: min_liu@ncsu.edu, Corresponding author ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Due to the inherent nature of the construction industry, all construction projects have some amount and type of uncertainty. Personnel involved with the project compensate for the uncertainty by adding buffers. This research is focused on “time buffers” added to construction task durations. We define “time buffer” as time added to task durations to compensate for uncertainty and protect against variation. Although previous research acknowledges this addition of time buffer, the root causes of buffer have not been thoroughly researched. The research objectives include determining which factors are the most prevalent and severe causes of buffer and determining opinion differences amongst various groups. A survey was developed and then completed by 180 construction personnel across the United States. The top twelve most frequent and severe causes of buffer in task durations were identified. The factors were analysed in how they are viewed differently by foremen, superintendents, and project managers; trade to trade; general contractors to subcontractors; level of experience; and companies regularly using the Last Planner System® and those who do not. The findings will help construction managers understand what drives the need for buffer in construction schedules and focus efforts on strategically addressing critical areas of concern or uncertainty. KW - Buffer KW - uncertainty KW - time KW - variation PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/831/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/831 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Survey Instrument to Facilitate Continuous Improvement of Lean Teaching Materials: A First Run Study C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Rybkowski, Zofia K. AU - Munankami, Manish AU - Smith, James AU - Kulkarni, Aditi AD - Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Science, School of Architecture, Fellow, Center for Health Systems and Design, 434 Langford A, 3137, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, Phone +1 (979) 845-4354, zrybkowski@tamu.edu AD - Graduate Student, Department of Construction Science, School of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA AD - PhD Student, Department of Construction Science, School of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX AD - Graduate Student, Department of Construction Science, School of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Training workshops are a popular means to transfer knowledge of lean construction principles to industry stakeholders. Although numerous workshops are being offered by various members of the lean construction community, the amount of understanding that has been successfully transferred to participants during a workshop is not always measured or known, making it difficult to assess success. The purpose of this research is to develop and test an assessment instrument to indicate the level of understanding that was transferred during a three-day lean construction workshop. Drawing on published and unpublished case studies, we developed lean construction teaching materials for a three-day workshop and tested them on a healthcare facility owner and its most frequently engaged architects, engineers, general contractors and trade partners. To test the effectiveness of the teaching materials, we developed an anonymous, paired, pre-and post-workshop assessment survey instrument. Participants were asked to (a) rate their level of confidence in their understanding of lean construction principles, and (b) provide specific examples of potential application of the named principles. Participants rated their confidence levels in understanding of specific lean principles higher after the workshop than before (all comparisons of means were statistically significant to p<=0.05). Also, participants described twice as many potential construction applications of lean principles after the workshop than before, implying an increased level of understanding which translated into actionable items. Results from this research suggest that the lean workshop format delivered was relatively effective in transferring basic knowledge and application of lean principles. However, there is also clear need to continually improve our workshop teaching materials. PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/832/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/832 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Go or No-Go Decisions at the Construction Workface: Uncertainty, Perceptions of Readiness, Making Ready and Making-Do C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Pikas, Ergo AU - Sacks, Rafael AU - Priven, Vitaliy AD - Virtual Construction Laboratory, National Building Research Institute, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel +972-4-8292245, epikas@tx.technion.ac.il; cvsacks@technion.ac.il; vitaliyp@tx.technion.ac.il AD - Virtual Construction Laboratory, National Building Research Institute, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel +972-4-8292245, epikas@tx.technion.ac.il; cvsacks@technion.ac.il; vitaliyp@tx.technion.ac.il AD - Virtual Construction Laboratory, National Building Research Institute, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel +972-4-8292245, epikas@tx.technion.ac.il; cvsacks@technion.ac.il; vitaliyp@tx.technion.ac.il ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Construction work is performed at the end of a chain of decisions made by the individuals involved in planning the work at increasingly detailed levels of resolution. At each step planners make decisions based on their perception of the state of readiness, or maturity, of the work, but there is always, by definition, some residual uncertainty. Therefore, fine-grained planning decisions are often required even after commitments are made in weekly work planning using the Last Planner ® System. These decisions can result in abandoning (or stopping) the planned work or improvisation or ‘making-do’. However, the motivations and context of these decisions are not well understood. Empirical data collected over eleven weeks at a large residential construction project enabled synthesis of a taxonomy of scenarios and proposal of a candidate flow chart of the decision-making process at the operational level. In doing so, we define questions for future research concerning the impact of uncertainty on decision-making in this context. KW - Last Planner® System KW - make-ready KW - making-do KW - decision making KW - individual behavior and motivation KW - task maturity KW - uncertainty PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/833/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/833 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Exploring Value Concept Through the IGLC Community: Nineteen Years of Experience C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Salvatierra-Garrido, Jose AU - Pasquire, Christine AU - Miron, Luciana AD - PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering Works, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile, Phone +56 (2)7182838, jose.salvatierra@usach.cl AD - PhD, Professor of Lean Project Management, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University, UK, Phone +44 (0)115 941 8418, Christine.Pasquire@ntu.ac.uk AD - PhD, Professor, School of Architecture and Urbanism, Department of Architecture, Researcher at Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, FAX:+ 55 51 3308 4054, Luciana.miron@ufrgs.br ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - The concept of value has been widely cited within Lean Construction (LC), and important discussions have been taking place during the conferences of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC). This paper aims at exploring the concept through the nineteen years of proceedings of the IGLC community (1993 to 2011). In order to select the sample, the concept of value is firstly identified from titles, abstracts and key words of all papers presented in previous conferences. Then, information is summarised to mainly underline value conceptualisation from different authors and contribution to the LC experience. A review of the published work leads to conclude that (1) this concept has been broadly influenced by the production view of construction (value generation view from the TFV model of Koskela, 2000); (2) value is still regarded as an ambiguous concept because different interpretations contribute to its understanding, and more subjective aspects are deemed as an important part of this concept; (3) most efforts have been mainly endeavoured to deliver value at project level, where waste reduction and planning & control of construction site activities have been key activities linked to value; and (4) numerous efforts have been mainly endeavoured to fulfil particular customer’s requirements. KW - Lean Construction KW - Lean Thinking KW - Theory KW - Value Concept. PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/834/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/834 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Look-Ahead Planning: Reducing Variation to Work Flow on Projects Laden with Change C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Samudio, Mike AU - Alves, Thais da C. L. AD - Project Manager, Mike_Samudio@rsconst.com, Rudolph and Sletten AD - Assistant Professor, J.R. Filanc Construction Engineering and Management Program, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182-1324, USA, Phone +1 619/594-8289, talves@mail.sdsu.edu ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Project delivery methods have tremendous influence over the amount of design changes and revisions realized during the course of construction. Studies have found that early collaboration with cross-functional teams during design can eliminate considerable waste during construction through impeccable coordination of the construction documents. However, the traditional design-bid-build approach has notoriously produced the opposite of that, that is, projects that result in numerous document revisions creating significant schedule delays and substantial variation to work flow. To counter the negative ramifications that this approach has during construction, the Last Planner System™ (LPS™) can provide a systematic methodology to improve reliability in an environment inundated with variation. The main hypothesis of this paper is that the use of the LPS™ can bring benefits to the planning process in design-bid-build projects and ultimately to its production trades. In order to deliver in 22 months an exceedingly unique 280,000 SF cast-in-place laboratory replacement project, which employed the traditional design-bid-build approach, the LPS™ was used. The LPS™ provided a structure to assist the team in improving planning on a project that had double the amount of revised drawings than the original bid set. KW - Last Planner System™ KW - lookahead planning KW - design-bid-build KW - laboratory facility KW - federal project PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/835/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/835 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Whole-Building Measurement and Computing Science BIM for Lean Programming and Performance C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Sands, Mark AU - Abdelhamid, Tariq Sami AD - President, Performance Building Institute, Rockford, MI 49341. Email: mark.sands@performancebuilding.org AD - Associate Professor, 552 West Circle Rm 214, School of Planning, Design and Construction, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: tariq@msu.edu ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - The construction industry is poised to enter into an era of high performance and production by merging Lean Construction practices with comprehensive wholebuilding and systems measurement. W. Edwards Deming urged, “Train people to measure things and they will keep pushing their own standards to beat themselves.” To even have standards there must be a basis by which they are measured against. Comprehensive measurement systems must be instituted in order for the Lean Construction vision to be fully realized. To achieve this, sophisticated computing science applications are called for. This paper presents a vision for whole-building measurement integration into the different phases of Lean Project Delivery. A program-based BIM (Building Information Modeling) 3 system is developed to provide such a measurement application. This program-based BIM provides for the early planning and programing stages, what the geometric-based BIM systems provide for design. More than that, it provides total life-cycle cost simulation. With the adoption of standards from which to measure against, the construction industry will experience a re-training of the mind, as Deming proved in other industries. This re-training begins with top-down whole-building measurement in combination with bottom-up component and sub-system measurement. The computing science and modeling technology now exists and soon ready for market. The next need is data: both for baseline (business as usual) actual whole-building results, as well as benchmark (improvement) cause and effect claims. KW - Whole-Building Measurement KW - Performance Measurement KW - Lean Programming KW - Benchmarking KW - Performance Baselines KW - Program-based BIM PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/836/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/836 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Utilization of Extra Planning Activities by Construction Companies in Sergipe, Brazil C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Santos, Débora de G. AU - Grosskopf, Joana AU - Souza, Andreza Menezes AU - Neto, Antônio T. dos Santos AU - Heineck, Luiz Fernando M. AD - Dr., Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil, Phone +55 79 2105 6700, FAX +55 79 2105 6684; deboragois@ufs.br AD - Civil Engineering, Master’s Student, Post-Graduation in Civil Engineering Program, Federal University of Sergipe, SE, Brazil. Phone +55 79 2105 6700; joanagross@hotmail.com AD - Civil Engineering, Master’s Student, Post-Graduation in Civil Engineering Program, Federal University of Sergipe, SE, Brazil. Phone +55 79 2105 6700; andreza_sma@yahoo.com.br AD - Undergraduate Student, Civil Engineering Department, Federal University of Sergipe, SE, Brazil. Phone +55 79 2105 6700; eu_teles@hotmail.com AD - PhD., Professor, Production Engineering Department, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, Phone +55 85 3267 0096; heineck@pesquisador.cnpq.br ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - The peculiar characteristics of civil construction associated with obstacles to the production process result in constraints that cause downtime for workers, often filled by non value-adding activities. This research work is directed to construction companies that are already using extra planning activities, informally, to remove these constraints. We wanted to identify the tacit knowledge level of construction managers working in Sergipe, Brazil, relative to extra planning activities. We applied a structured checklist for the following knowledge areas: Learning, Work Safety, Constructability, Lean Construction, Reengineering, Theory of Constraints, Quality and Productivity, and Planning and Production Control. Major findings of this research are related to those knowledge areas most applied by the respondents: Work Safety (92.31%), Reengineering (83.59%) and Lean Construction (77.62%). We could identify that the least widespread knowledge area was Theory of Constraints (67.31%). The authors are of the opinion that the informal implementation of these activities demonstrates the lack of dissemination of knowledge among managers. With this in mind, in future research, we will focus on facilitating the implementation of activities in these areas, and particularly in the area of Theory of Constraints, seeking to formalize it. KW - Lean Construction KW - continuous improvement KW - extra planning activities KW - constraints analysis KW - process KW - production KW - value PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/837/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/837 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Trends and Challenges to the Development of a Lean Culture Among Uk Construction Organisations C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Sarhan, Saad AU - Fox, Andrew AD - Postgraduate Civil Engineer, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom, Tel: +447961757059, sarhan_com@hotmail.com AD - Lecturer in Civil Engineering, School of Marine Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, Tel: +441752586120, andrew.fox@plymouth.ac.uk ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Lean construction efforts could prove to be highly rewarding for the UK construction industry, but there is a lack of experiential research to demonstrate how lean thinking principles are diffused and enacted by organizations to successfully attain the promised rewards. Building upon established conceptual frameworks, this study sought to identify how lean concepts are being enacted and reveal trends in the development of a lean culture among UK construction organisations. A theoretical framework, incorporating soft and hard aspects of lean was adopted for the research and formed the basis for a questionnaire survey. The study targeted practitioners in the UK construction industry and the data obtained was clustered into six classifications to allow trends and contrasting views to be determined. Results revealed that although there seems to be positive trends in the development of a lean culture amongst UK construction organisations, but there is still a significant lack of understanding of how to successfully apply lean thinking principles to specific construction processes and activities. Analysis of the results also identified a number of structural and cultural barriers that are hindering progress towards the successful implementation of LC in the UK. The paper concludes with proposals to overcome barriers to the successful adoption of lean thinking and provides recommendations for future research. KW - Lean thinking KW - Culture KW - Collaboration KW - Barriers KW - Strategy for success PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/838/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/838 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Incentive Systems to Support Collaboration in Construction Projects C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Schöttle, Annett AU - Gehbauer, Fritz AD - Research Fellow. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), Am Fasanengarten, Geb. 50.31, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. Phone +49 (0)721/608-45259, Annett.Schoettle@kit.edu. AD - Professor. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), Am Fasanengarten, Geb. 50.31, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. Phone +49 (0)721/608-42646, Fritz.Gehbauer@kit.edu. ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - In Germany construction projects are based on traditional contracts with competitive bidding, which do not support collaboration. The behavior of non-cooperation results in a mass of claims and problems by the final inspection up to legal proceedings. Furthermore, the complex and dynamic environment as well as the asymmetric information between the participants of a construction project lead to uncertainty, which often ends in conflicts between contractor and client. To fight against the uncertainty a collaborative project environment based on an incentive system has to be built in order to share information and knowledge. The theory of incentive systems mostly concentrates on material incentives particularly on financial incentives, while the intrinsic motivation of the participants has a very high impact of the project success. By reviewing the literature it can be hypothesized that the implementation of an incentive system consisting of monetary and non-monetary incentives will increase the total project performance. Therefore, this paper will focus on managing an incentive system to support the collaboration in a construction project in order to realize the optimal delivery of the project. In the end of the paper suggestions for further research are given. KW - collaboration KW - incentive system KW - culture KW - trust PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/839/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/839 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - An Analysis of Decision-Making Theories Applied to Lean Construction C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Senior, Bolivar A. AD - Associate Professor, Department of Construction Management, Colorado State University. 102 Guggenheim Hall, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1584, USA. Phone +1 (970) 491-7337. Bolivar.senior@colostate.edu. ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - A critical review of decision making theory aspects of relevance to Lean Construction is presented in this study. It hypothesizes that decision making processes have substantial implications to the development and implementation of Lean Construction. Specifically, this study has the objective of identifying the natural human tendencies concerning decision making that can distort rational outcomes of relevance to Lean construction and the Lean Construction features that could be impacted by these biases. It is concluded that Lean Construction can be described as an enriched option, with more salient features relative to traditional management approaches. Enriched options lead to stronger reactions of adoption and rejection depending on the framing used for their discussion. Lean Construction techniques such as phasing scheduling in the Last Planner System™ can be impacted by the brainstormed number and order of ideas. The human tendency to defer decisions when many similar options are available could lead to a delay in the perceived last responsible moment to make a decision under such conditions. An alternative can be rejected when it contains features perceived as not adding value to current needs, even if the features do not carry any cost. This could point to the need for a gradual introduction of the possibilities offered by Lean Construction at the initial stages of an individual implementation. The role of psychology in the creation, management and even manipulation of value in a Lean Construction context needs further consideration. The findings of this study are interpretations and extrapolations from areas other than construction management and Lean Construction. They need to be validated by further research. KW - Theory KW - Lean Construction KW - Decision Making KW - Language / linguistic action PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/840/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/840 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - A Production Control Game for Teaching of Location-Based Management System's Controlling Methods C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Seppänen, Olli AD - Postdoctoral Researcher, Aalto University and Vice President of Services, Vico Software Inc., olli.seppanen@vicosoftware.com ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Typical issues seen in the production data of projects which have implemented Location-Based Management System (LBMS) include subcontractors not finishing locations, working in random location sequences, working with smaller or large crew sizes than planned, and starting earlier than planned. LBMS control methods include delaying start dates until enough work is available and controlling production rates to prevent interference. These methods have been difficult to teach because any theoretical material is easily forgotten when actual production starts. The research described in this paper tries to solve the teaching problem. A production control game was defined using a simple, repetitive building. Each subcontractor had a predetermined behavior modeled by variables including preferred crew size, how fast the subcontractor is able to adjust the crew size, and production rates for different crew sizes. The players of the game planned a schedule and implemented control actions when they wanted to influence subcontractors’ behavior. Each group of players utilized the same subcontractors, so the effect of their decisions could be directly compared to other players in the same group. For comparison purposes, a purely heuristical game based on textbook LBMS method and textbook CPM method was also played with each group. Game results show that total duration and total cost have a large variance depending on the control actions taken during the project. Purely theoretical LBMS outperformed all players in all groups. Purely theoretical CPM focusing on the critical path finished last or second to last both in terms of durations and total cost. All the players felt that they understood the impact of their decisions better after finishing the game and comparing the results with others in the same group. KW - Location-Based Management System KW - production planning KW - production control KW - variability KW - buffer KW - production system design PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/841/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/841 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Subsidy Allocation Mechanism for Successful Implementation of Green Contracting Strategies C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Sharma, Deepak K. AU - Cui, Qingbin AD - PhD, Sustainable Infrastructure Group, University of Maryland, 0122F Engineering Lab Building, College Park, MD, USA 20742, Email: dsharma@umd.edu AD - Assistant Professor, Project Management Program, Clark School of Engineering, University of Maryland, 1157 Glenn L. Martin Hall, College Park, MD, USA 20742. Phone: (301) 405-8104 Email: cui@umd.edu ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Construction industry in the U.S. is one of the top Green House Gas (GHG) emitters. It produced 1.7% of the total U.S. GHG emissions in 2002. These emissions are equivalent to 6% of total U.S. industry related GHG emissions, earning it a third rank on the list of highest emitting industries. However, these numbers represent only a part of the total construction emissions but if we add all the direct and indirect construction emissions from the supply chain of construction projects, the construction emissions would represent up to 54% of the total U.S. emissions. Hence, there is a need to lower emission levels from each and every emitter in the construction supply chain. This research work, defining and addressing the importance of Lean Carbon Supply Chain (LCaSC) for construction projects, develops a subsidy allocation mechanism using a two-stage sequential game to model the Agency’s and Contractor’s behavior. The subsidy allocation mechanism would enable successful implementation of Green Performance Contracting strategies at a minimum cost. KW - Construction Supply Chain KW - Carbon Supply Chain KW - Game Theory KW - Implementation KW - Subsidy Design PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/842/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/842 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Norwegian Project Managers and Foremen’s Experiences of Collaborative Planning C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Skinnarland, Sol AD - Researcher, Fafo, Institute for Labour and Social Research, P.O. Box 2947 Tøyen, 0608 Oslo, Norway, Phone +47 22088600, sol.skinnarland@fafo.no ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Many reports within in the Lean Construction literature have described positive effects of implementing the Last Planner system (LPS), such as increased reliability in planning, improved workflow reliability, and reduced time and waste. LPS has also affected human aspects as work has become more satisfying and challenging, and participants have become more enthusiastic in progression planning meetings. Reports show an increased use of each other's expertise, increased respect and collaboration both between trades and within hierarchical structures. Further positive effects are reportedly improved information sharing and communication, and improvements concerning tidying and cleaning which in turn increases efficiency. This paper reports from a research project based on implementing LPS in a Norwegian construction company. The Last Planner system was first implemented in 2008, in two pilot projects, and was subsequently implemented in a number of construction projects within the company. The aim of the study was to review the experiences of project managers and foremen, with the implementation LPS. Group interviews were conducted with 34 informants around questions concerning information and support, elements of LPS employed, effects and outcomes, challenges and drivers for future use of LPS. The findings noted above are largely supported in this paper. However, this paper offers a systematic review of recent practices and experiences within the context of a construction company in Norway. The informants were challenged to reflect upon the reasons for achieving effects and outcomes. These reflections shed light upon processes taking place. KW - Effects and outcomes KW - Lean construction KW - Last Planner system KW - Collaborative Planning. PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/843/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/843 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - The Last Planner System as a Driver for Knowledge Creation C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Skinnarland, Sol AU - Yndesdal, Solveig AD - Researcher, Fafo, Institute for Labour and Social Research, P.O. Box 2947 Tøyen, 0608 Oslo, Norway, Phone +47 22088600, sol.skinnarland@fafo.no AD - Research and Development Manager, Kruse Smith, Vassbotnen 1, 4313 Sandnes, Norway, Phone +47 51444200, solveig.yndesdal@kruse-smith.no ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Successful companies consistently create new knowledge, skills and competences. In this paper a knowledge building process is viewed in light of the expertise needed in carrying out construction projects successfully. The way knowledge building is processed will have a direct impact on how the building project is brought forward. The question raised in this paper is how the Last Planner system (LPS) may contribute to the process of building knowledge on the project level. This paper suggests the following hypothesis: The Last Planner system is capable of contributing to the process of creating knowledge in construction projects. The structure, arenas and conditions for collaboration provided by LPS offer a potential to create new knowledge, skills and competences. One such example is the meeting structure, which suggests that a multi-trade collaborative work practice is adopted. The paper discusses these interactions from a knowledge building process perspective, and point to necessary premises to create new knowledge. The theory is tested empirically through the examination of transcripts of interview data concerning LPS implementation in a search of evidence of such processes taking place, and the extraction of understanding of how such processes develop. Learning occurs when new routines, processes, procedures or behaviour patterns are established in the construction project. KW - Last Planner System KW - dynamic knowledge building KW - organisational learning KW - single and double loop learning KW - tacit and explicit learning PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/844/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/844 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Literature Review on Trust and Current Construction Industry Trends C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Smith, James P. AU - Rybkowski, Zofia AD - Primary Contact: Ph.D. Student, Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, U.S.A., james.smith@tamu.edu AD - Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, U.S.A. ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - There is a growing body of evidence supporting the theory that project performance can be assisted by increased levels of trust. Trust in construction has received some academic attention but warrants more. This research provides additional rationale and foundational support for the advancement of knowledge regarding trust in construction. Specifically, we emphasize the role of chosen project delivery method and its impact on trust levels. We conducted an extensive literature review on trust and pertinent concepts were collected for application to the construction industry. Extant literature indicates a high level of relevance and applicability of trust research to construction issues. It seems probable that the chosen project delivery method plays a major role in the resultant levels of trust between project participants. Recent evolutions in project delivery methods and support systems, such as Integrated Project Delivery and Lean Construction are argued by their supporters to be more effective at maintaining high levels of trust than traditional methods. Results from this research suggest that academicians and industry practitioners alike who value trust should consider the ramifications of their current practices on the subject. Further research is required to determine if IPD, relational contracting, and lean construction are capable of systemically supporting higher levels of trust than traditional methods. KW - Trust KW - Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) KW - project delivery KW - construction industry trends KW - relational contracting PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/845/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/845 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - On Improvement in Construction Supply Chain Management C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Souza, Diego Vinicius Souza de AU - Koskela, Lauri AD - PhD Student, College of Science & Technology, School of the Built Environment, The Crescent – Maxwell Building, 4th floor – Room 412, M5 4WT, Salford, UK, Phone +44 (0) 161 295 4748, d.v.souzadesouza@edu.salford.ac.uk AD - Professor, College of Science & Technology, School of the Built Environment, The Crescent – Maxwell Building, 4th floor – Room 412, M5 4WT, Salford, UK, Phone +44 (0) 161 295 6378, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - The aim of this paper is to provide a discussion on improvement in construction supply chain management. The study is based on a literature review regarding the evolution of supply chain management theory within the construction environment and a review of the current findings of supply chain management in industrial engineering. The paper presents five managerial practices to be studied and implemented in construction supply chain management. Such managerial practices are traditionally adopted by manufacturing companies and they reflect best practices for improvement in a multi-organizational environment. Even though this paper has a theoretical approach, it also aims to bring a contribution to practitioners by providing directions for improving construction supply chain management. KW - Supply chain management KW - Theory KW - Lean construction KW - Strategic planning KW - Flexibility PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/846/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/846 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - How Integrated Governance Contributes to Value Generation – Insights From an IPD Case Study C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Tillmann, Patricia AU - Ballard, Glenn AU - Tzortzopolous, Patricia AU - Formoso, Carlos AD - PhD Candidate at Civil Eng. Dpt. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Osvaldo Aranha, 99, Porto Alegre, Brazil. patriciatillmann@gmail.com AD - Professor, Civil and Environmental Eng. Dept, Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL), 214 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu AD - Senior Lecturer, School of the Built Environment (BUHU). Maxwell Building - 5th floor (500c), University of Salford, The Crescent, Salford, M5 4WT. p.tzortzopoulos@saldford.ac.uk AD - Professor, Civil Engineering Dept. UFRGS. Brazil. formoso@ufrgs.br ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Past research has found many drawbacks in the conventional approaches to managing projects. Among the criticisms is the traditional understanding of value generation primarily focused on product creation, while the industry struggles to meet the expectations of different groups of stakeholders about the benefits that these projects are supposed to generate. In the pursuit of projects as means to achieve agreed goals and the fulfilment of a purpose, alternative approaches have been suggested. Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) is structured to deliver greater value from projects by aligning stakeholder expectations through integrated governance. This allows the major players to develop a much higher level of common understanding of the project, its purpose, and work towards value generation collaboratively. A case study was carried out in an IPD project to understand how integrated governance affects value generation. The findings suggest that IPD enables an environment in which value can be co-created, as it shifts the customer versus supplier relationship into a customer plus supplier relationship. Customer expectations and supplier assumptions are challenged in a dynamic and collaborative environment. While this can represent great improvement in generating value from construction projects, the increased managerial challenges of such interactions should also be noted. To establish and maintain focus in such environments is more challenging and this paper suggests that more research should be carried out on the role of techniques and tools in supporting people to focus on what is important. KW - Integrated Project Delivery KW - Project Governance KW - Value Generation PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/847/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/847 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - A Case Study on Benefits Realisation and Its Contributions for Achieving Project Outcomes C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Tillmann, Patricia AU - Tzortzopolous, Patricia AU - Sapountzis, Stelios AU - Formoso, Carlos AU - Kagioglou, Mike AD - PhD Candidate, Civil Engineering Department. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Osvaldo Aranha, 99. Porto Alegre, Brazil. patriciatillmann@gmail.com AD - Senior Lecturer, School of the Built Environment.University of Salford, 4th floor Maxwell Building, Salford, M5 4WT. p.tzortzopoulos@salford.ac.uk AD - Research Fellow and project co-ordinator for the Health and Care Infrastructure Research and Innovation Centre (HaCIRIC). Maxwell Building - 4th floor (412), Univ. of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT. s.sapountzis@salford.ac.uk AD - Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil. formoso@ufrgs.br AD - Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK, m.kagioglou@salford.ac.uk ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Value generation has been an increasing concern in the project management literature. It has been argued that the main challenge for generating value is no longer the design of a physical facility or asset, but the capability of understanding the project holistically and going beyond the physical facility to generate benefits that are aligned with strategic intent. Thus it has been suggested that projects should be understood as means of achieving agreed goals rather the simply delivery of outputs. Thus, this paper presents a case study that was carried out to analyse the contributions of the BeReal model on achieving agreed outcomes and goals. The BeReal model was developed by the University of Salford and was being implemented in a healthcare redevelopment programme in the UK. It was observed that the BeReal model was beneficial for the case study project in many ways: enabling a holistic understanding of value, enabling a dialogue about stakeholders’ expected outcomes; and providing means for accountability. Expected contributions of the model were not observed in its full extent. Two main reasons were identified, the adoption on a later stage of development and the team’s focus on complying with OGC procedures. While adopting the model from the earlier stages might be beneficial, the rigid structures commonly imposed to governmental projects might be a hinder to learning and continuous improvement. KW - Benefits Realisation KW - Value Generation KW - Project Planning and Evaluation PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/848/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/848 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Pull Planning as a Mechanism to Deliver Constructible Design C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Tiwari, Saurabh AU - Sarathy, Partha AD - BIM Manager, DPR Construction. 1450 Veterans Blvd, Redwood City, CA 94063, saurabht@dpr.com AD - Project Engineer, DPR Construction. 1450 Veterans Blvd, Redwood City, CA 94063, parthas@dpr.com ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - The team at Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital Expansion project adopted the pull planning process as a mechanism for collaboration between the design team and the construction team to prepare a constructible set of design drawings that would curb any post-permit design changes due to cost, constructability or coordination issues. Pull planning helped the team come up with a process that was comprehensive, transparent, flexible and collaborative and eliminated overproduction. This process was a new way of planning for the team members. A process that was initially perceived as “stating the obvious” soon turned out to be a process that helped discover misinterpretations of scopes of work between the team members. It became a tool to define who is supposed to do what, and when, and a tool to track commitments, and to ensure all prerequisites are identified. The plan-do-check-act cycle of pull planning demanded continuous involvement of team members which was resource intensive. The team was gradually able to attain a balance between the necessary level of detail in the pull plan and the collaboration time required. KW - Collaboration KW - Pull KW - Commitment KW - Visual Management KW - Transparency KW - Over- Production KW - Flexibility PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/849/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/849 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Root Causes of Clashes in Building Information Models C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Tommelein, Iris D. AU - Gholami, Sepide AD - Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, and Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 (510) 643-8678, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu AD - Research Volunteer, Project Production Systems Laboratory, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, gholami.sepide@gmail.com ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Building Information Models (BIM) support designers and builders in creating and coordinating system designs and planning work. In practice—out of necessity—this includes checking that systems do not clash, but what constitutes a clash? How do clashes come about? Do clashes relate to design-, buildability-, or building- performance qualities? How does a clash detection process fit (or not) in lean project delivery? In this paper we describe our findings from research into clashes. Our sample is biased in that a number of the people we spoke with have been working in Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) teams, with commercial terms spelled out in an Integrated Form Of Agreement (IFOA). Many are co-located on their project site—at least some part of each week—so that they can work together closely as their thoughts on design and construction unfold. It is common practice for these teams to share their BIMs, each discipline-specific model having been developed by a specialist design- or contracting firm, and integrate them in a big-room setting. Nevertheless, this integration process invariably appears to include the identification and resolution of clashes. When viewing these BIM development practices from a ‘lean’ perspective, we found that many are far from lean. Accordingly, we present opportunities for process improvement when using of BIM in pursuit of lean ideals. KW - Building Information Model (BIM) KW - BIM pathology KW - clash detection KW - root-cause analysis KW - design management KW - tolerances KW - constructability KW - contingency KW - waste PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/850/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/850 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Different Perspectives on Teaching Lean Construction C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Tsao, Cynthia C.Y. AU - Alves, Thais da C. L. AU - Mitropoulos, Panagiotis (Takis) AD - Research Affiliate, Lean Construction Institute, Brookline, MA, 02445, Phone +1 510/593-4884, dr.tsao@leanconstruction.org AD - Assistant Professor, J.R. Filanc CEM Program, Dept. of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engrg., SDSU, San Diego, CA, 92182, Phone +1 619/594-8289, talves@mail.sdsu.edu AD - Associate Professor, J.R. Filanc CEM Program, Dept. of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engrg., SDSU, San Diego, CA, 92182, Phone +1 619/594-0137, pmitropoulos@mail.sdsu.edu ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - There has been limited documentation in the literature on the structure of Lean Construction (LC) teaching. This may be due to the existence of multiple theoretical interpretations of LC and how its concepts may be adapted and applied in different project life cycle phases by using various tools, systems, and processes. To contribute to the discussion on teaching LC, this paper describes three distinct perspectives based on the authors’ experiences teaching in universities in the U.S. and Brazil. Specifically, we discuss how our teaching approaches involve readings, lectures, discussions, simulation exercises, team projects and assignments, field trips, and guest speakers to mix theory with action. This paper seeks to (1) document experiences and lessons learned from multiple LC course offerings and (2) promote the exchange of ideas between those teaching LC. Leveraging our unique teaching approaches and lessons learned, we develop basic recommendations for teaching an introductory course on LC in universities. While this paper’s primary audience will be those who teach university students, we hope those who teach practitioners will also benefit from the proposed instruction structure, participate in the conversation on teaching LC, and offer new ideas for providing “proof of concept” to students. KW - University Teaching KW - Syllabus Design KW - Instruction Structure KW - Lessons Learned PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/851/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/851 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Tsao&Beikmann 2012 12 Meeting Facilitation Techniques to Improve Healthcare Design Development.pdf C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Tsao, Cynthia C.Y. AU - Beikmann, Bernita AD - Research Affiliate, Lean Construction Institute, Brookline, MA, 02445, Phone +1 510/593-4884, dr.tsao@leanconstruction.org AD - Associate Principal / Senior Vice President, HKS Inc., 1919 McKinney, Dallas, TX, 75201, Phone +1 214/969-5599, bbeikmann@hksinc.com ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Architecture-Engineering-Construction (AEC) project development is complex when the work of many design and construction specialists is tightly coupled. Since it is inefficient for these specialists to be individually responsible for obtaining the input they need from others, project team leaders often rely on coordination meetings to facilitate the exchange of requests and information between specialists. Such coordination meetings are critical to lean projects because they provide a framework for clarifying and prioritizing stakeholder values, design and construction objectives, and constraints to design and construction work. To help the AEC industry improve its management of coordination meetings, we describe 12 meeting facilitation techniques used to improve coordination of design development on a current hospital project. These techniques enable project team leaders to view and manage coordination meetings as production systems and thus learn how to better manage the decision making process required for design development. We want this paper to inspire others to share their facilitation techniques and begin investigating their effectiveness to improve efforts in “coordinating the coordination meetings.” KW - Meeting Facilitation KW - Coordination Meetings KW - Healthcare Design Management KW - Lean Leadership KW - Big Room KW - Oobeya PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/852/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/852 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Driving Continuous Improvement by Developing and Leveraging Lean Key Performance Indicators C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - España, Fernando AU - Tsao, Cynthia C.Y. AU - Hauser, Mark AD - President, CornerCube Inc (www.cornercubeinc.com), 89 Oakmont Avenue, Piedmont, CA 94610, Phone +1 510/813-2038, fespana@cornercubeinc.com AD - Research Affiliate, Lean Construction Institute, Brookline, MA, 02445, Phone +1 510/593-4884, dr.tsao@leanconstruction.org AD - Vice-President, CornerCube Inc (www.cornercubeinc.com), 89 Oakmont Avenue, Piedmont, CA 94610, Phone +1 925/588-9799, mhauser@cornercubeinc.com ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Lean advocates defining value from the perspective of the customer, striving for perfection, continuous improvement, and reducing waste. However, unlike formal lean programs in the manufacturing sector, the Architecture-Engineering- Construction (AEC) industry often uses the Last Planner System ® (LPS) and forms ad hoc project teams to manage their lean programs. To advance to the next stage of improving project performance, we propose that the AEC industry begin adopting an available set of lean metrics and analytics that are more effective in evaluating system performance. These metrics and analytics can help project teams aggregate and filter project and enterprise information. They can then determine lean key performance indicators that reveal new opportunities for continuous improvement of the production system. Ensuring that a holistic objective as well as a good governance structure is in place is important to leverage the metrics and analytics as enablers for global optimization. Otherwise, misuse may lead to measurement drift and local optimization from misguided attempts to improve one metric in isolation. By aligning lean metrics and analytics to delivery, stakeholder management, and risk mitigation strategies, owners of capital programs and their service providers can attain better project outcomes and accelerate continuous improvement objectives. KW - KPIs KW - measurement drift KW - lean governance KW - system performance KW - metrics KW - analytics PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/853/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/853 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Use of Design Drivers, Process Mapping, & Dsm to Improve Integration Within an Introductory Bim Course C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Xu, Lei AU - Tsao, Cynthia C.Y. AD - Former Graduate Research & Teaching Assistant, Univ. of Cincinnati, CEE Dept., Phoenixville, PA, 19460, Phone +1 513/305-7168, xulei25@gmail.com AD - Research Affiliate, Lean Construction Institute, Brookline, MA, 02445, Phone +1 510/593-4884, dr.tsao@leanconstruction.org ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - The Architecture-Engineering-Construction (AEC) industry recognizes Building Information Modeling (BIM) as an efficient means to develop and disseminate design information. However, if a project requires (1) tight coupling between systems and components because doing so generates value for the project and (2) interdependent engineering disciplines to work in parallel due to schedule requirements, the team may face difficulties when they re-integrate any work completed independently back into the main model. To address this problem, we propose combining the use of design drivers, process mapping, and Design Structure Matrices (DSM) to improve a project’s ability to de-couple building components, enable concurrency in component development, and achieve seamless BIM integration within a parametric BIM environment. Specifically, these tools combined may help projects reveal and then reduce the number of design interdependencies between building components. We developed and tested the proposed methodology using a civil engineering course that introduced undergraduate and graduate students to parametric BIM. We taught this course once a year for three years, and we refined the proposed methodology during the third year. Although the methodology is rudimentary and requires further study, we hope this paper will inspire other researchers to test this methodology within learning labs in academia and practice. KW - Parametric BIM KW - BIM Integration KW - Design Handoffs KW - Teaching BIM PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/854/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/854 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Lean Monitoring and Evaluation in a Construction Site: A Proposal of Lean Audits C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Valente, Caroline P. AU - Novaes, Marcos de V. AU - Mourão, Carlos Alexandre M. do A. AU - Neto, José de Paula B. AD - Civil Engineer, Lean & Green Coordinator, Construtora C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, caroline@crolim.com.br AD - Civil Engineer, President, COOPERCON (Civil Construction Cooperative of the State of Ceará), Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, presidencia@coopercon.com.br AD - Civil Enginner, Technical Director, Construtora C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, alexandre@crolim.com.br AD - Professor, Dr., Dean of Technological Center of UFC (Federal University of Ceará), Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, jpbarros@ufc.br ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - The positive situation currently experienced by building industry, towards to an industrialization and rationalization, is the result of various new technologies of production and management emerged in the 90s, in order to enhance the competitiveness of firms, increase the flexibility in the final products and improve the quality of these. One of these philosophies, specifically the one is against waste and seeks to add value to the product by understanding needs of the final customer, is known as lean construction. In accord to this, the objective of this study is to propose, through a case study in C. Rolim Engenharia Ltda. (Brazilian building company), guidelines for internal evaluations at the construction site about the level of application, implementation and consolidation of this philosophy in a company that already has embedded in its organizational culture. The methodology for the development of this proposal includes: characterization of the company which will be evaluated in this case study; formulation of the lean tool checklist according to lean practice of the company; and the definition of the application parameters, such as frequency and evaluation criteria. For this case study, the lean audits were applied monthly, from June 2011 to October 2011. These, in fact, point out to reach the goals set, once: all audits have attended more than 80% of the lean checklist requirements, and performance and areas for improvement in the lean aspect are reported on the Lean Diagnosis generated from the Lean Checklist, besides the fact that the audits and their Lean Diagnoses impact positively the process of making strategic and tactical decisions in the construction site. KW - Lean construction KW - lean audits KW - performance measurement KW - construction site KW - quality PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/855/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/855 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Adoption of Lean Construction in the Final Stages of a Construction Process, Why Does It Not Happen? C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Vasconcelos, Iuri A. AU - Soares, Marcella F. AU - Heineck, Luiz Fernando M. AD - Master’s Degree Student, Structural Engineering and Civil Construction Department, 710 Pici University Campus, Univ. of Ceará, Brazil, BR 60455-760, Phone 011-55-88-33669607, iuriav.ufc@gmail.com AD - Master’s Degree Student, Hydraulic Engineering and Environmental Department, 713 Pici University Campus, Univ. of Ceará, Brazil, BR 60451-970, Phone 011-55-88-33669624, marcellafs@gmail.com AD - Ph.D. Professor, Structural Engineering and Civil Construction Department, 710 Pici University Campus, Univ. of Ceará, Brazil, BR 60455-760, Phone 011-55-88-33669607, freitas8@terra.com.br ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Lean construction principles emphasize indistinctively streamlining construction processes, being them part of the initial stages of construction or as suggested by Just- in-Time (JIT) concentrated nearer to customers taking possession of the new building. Every new project offers an opportunity to start afresh with better management techniques and it might be taken that this earlier period, free from time pressures to hand over the building, is more receptive for the application of lean concepts, as compared to latter stages. As a hypothesis, it is believed that cash flow could be jeopardized and the strategic decision to leave greater proportion of work for the end of construction might decrease the effect of ongoing lean management techniques or require greater efforts in connection to them. This research work investigates the application of lean construction principles on a 16,800sqm construction site in Fortaleza, Brazilian northeast, investigating performance outcomes as related to management lean grading according to a questionnaire developed by Hofacker (2008). It concludes that work disruptions, rework and making ready activities near to the end of the construction period accumulates and lean grading decreases when it is possibly most needed to deliver customers the required quality. KW - Final Stages of Construction KW - Lean Construction KW - Interaction PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/856/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/856 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Characterizing Final Stages of Construction Work C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Vasconcelos, Iuri A. de AU - Soares, Marcella F. AU - Heineck, Luiz Fernando M. AD - Master’s Degree Student, Structural Engineering and Civil Construction Department, 710 Pici University Campus, Univ. of Ceará, Brazil, BR 60455-760, Phone 011-55-88-33669607, iuriav.ufc@gmail.com AD - Master’s Degree Student, Hydraulic Engineering and Environmental Department, 713 Pici University Campus, Univ. of Ceará, Brazil, BR 60451-970, Phone 011-55-88-33669624, marcellafs@gmail.com AD - Ph.D. Professor, Structural Engineering and Civil Construction Department, 710 Pici University Campus, Univ. of Ceará, Brazil, BR 60455-760, Phone 011-55-88-33669607, freitas8@terra.com.br ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Modern management philosophies as lean construction emphasize continuous flow for processes and operations throughout contract duration. However, many sites are still plagued with discontinuity, erratic flows and overlapping of activities, what occurs in increasing stances as construction activities came to an end and project is overhand to the client. This research work purports to define such concepts and illustrate them in a case study taking as an example a 16,800sqm building development in Fortaleza. A host of methodological avenues are pursued, including photography documentation, line of balance representation, cost evaluation and clients’ questionnaires in connection to the disrupted activities. The hypotheses of this study are related to finding the problematic issues intrinsic to the final stages of construction work. It was found that despite their potential impact to trouble management activities on site, costs associated with their correction were small. Notwithstanding their major outcome was to deliver a fragile and unsatisfactory building as it is signaled by client claims when the project was finally commissioned. Lessons are related to suggest greater efforts in evaluating indirect costs of disrupted activities and the reasons why clients are able to associate them with low quality work and increased maintenance costs. KW - Final Stages of Construction KW - Erratic Flow KW - Overlapping and Discontinuity PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/857/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/857 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Waste in Construction: a Systematic Literature Review on Empirical Studies C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Viana, Daniela Dietz AU - Formoso, Carlos Torres AU - Kalsaas, Bo Terje AD - Architect, Doctorate Student, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. danidietz@gmail.com AD - Ph.D., Associate Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Phone +55 51 33083518, formoso@ufrgs.br AD - Dr Ing, Associate Professor, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Department of Working Life and Innovation, University of Agder, 4846 Grimstad, Norway, Cellular +47 97082582, email: bo.t.kalsaas@uia.no ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - Waste is one of the key concepts in the Lean Production philosophy. The elimination of waste has been largely used as driver for improvement in the manufacturing industry. By contrast, it has not been strongly emphasised in the construction management books and mainstream journals. This paper presents a review on papers that have systematically investigated the occurrence of waste in the construction industry, including concepts adopted, metrics, and type of feedback provided. This study is part of a wider research initiative that aims to conceptualize waste in production management theory. In order to ensure that the most relevant studies have been considered, a systematic literature review on that topic has been carried out. This kind of review makes explicit the criteria used to select publications, which enables an assessment of the search undertaken, as well as makes it possible to replicate or extend it. The main sources were the IGLC conference papers, the Lean Construction Journal and a set of mainstream construction management journal. This study intends to make a contribution towards the understanding of the nature of waste, particularly in the construction industry, and how the construction management community have approached this theme so far. KW - Lean Production; Waste; Systematic Literature Review PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/858/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/858 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Application of the Rapid Lean Construction-Quality Rating Model to Engineering Companies C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Vieira, Lígia Cardoso AU - De Souza, Lahuana Oliveira AU - Amaral, Marques Tatiana AD - AD - AD - ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - The philosophy of Lean Construction, widely circulated in construction sites as a means towards greater product and process flexibility without major technological outlays, has caught the imagination of managers, as the construction market is becoming increasingly heated up. It is imperative that engineering firms wishing to implement the Lean Construction philosophy get an update on its current state, so that they can set achievable goals and objectives with the help of this philosophy. This study proposes the application of the Rapid Lean Construction-Quality Rating Model (LCR) by means of a questionnaire to two companies in the State of Goiás. As a result, the performance level of these companies in relation to the use of Lean Construction was obtained, to check how it was understood and how its principles were applied. After this step, the results were evaluated and suggestions were made to the companies to help them implement Lean Thinking. The model used was effective, because it was possible to obtain results in terms of the implementation of lean thinking in the two companies analyzed. KW - Lean Construction. Performance level. Rating model PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/859/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/859 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Cost Performance of Energy Efficiency Measures in Residential Retrofit Projects C1 - San Diego, California, USA C3 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction PY - 2012 AU - Whelton, Michael G. AU - Riley, David R. AU - Carlsen, Ben AD - Research Associate, Center for Sustainability, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Engineering Unit A, University Park PA 16802, Office: 814-867-4484, Fax: 814-863-4789, mwhelton@engr.psu.edu AD - Associate Professor, Center for Sustainability, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Engineering Unit A, University Park PA 16802, Office: 814-867-4484, Fax: 814-863-4789, DRiley@engr.psu.edu AD - Energy Corps Member, Center for Sustainability, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Engineering Unit A, University Park PA 16802, Office: 814-867-4484, Fax: 814-863-4789, antidespotic@gmail.com ED - Tommelein, Iris D. ED - Pasquire, Chrisitne L. AB - To date, few experiments have attempted to apply lean principles within the residential energy retrofit sector. This research focuses on factors that influence the setting of target costs in residential energy retrofit assessments. A case-study-based cost-performance model is presented. The model is centered on savings/investment ratios and describes the variability of upgrade costs and their relationships with community size; house characteristics; site constraints; project site complexity; labor and materials: and the production operations design of installation procedures. The cost model for the community studied indicates that savings/investment ratios increase and per-unit costs decrease as the number of housing units to be retrofitted increases. The project is estimated to achieve approximately 50% per-unit cost savings from the initial baseline of a single home estimate. Significant labour cost savings are achieved by completing more attics in one day and/or by increasing the production rate of the installation crews. Per-unit overhead costs are cut significantly as the scope of the project expands. Based on this cost performance model, the study proposes a set of target cost planning principles to support energy efficiency retrofit decisions by facility managers of centrally-managed housing communities. KW - Energy efficiency measures KW - cost modeling KW - home energy assessments KW - target cost planning KW - residential energy retrofits PB - T2 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2012/07/18 CY - San Diego, California, USA L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/860/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/860 N1 - Export Date: 28 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER -