@CONFERENCE{McHugh2021, author={McHugh, Kevin and Patel, Viranj and Dave, Bhargav }, editor={ }, title={Role of a Digital Last Planner® System to Ensuring Safe and Productive Workforce and Workflow in Covid-19 Pandemic}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={87-96}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1842}, doi={10.24928/2021/0102}, affiliation={Associate Director, Mace Technology, Ireland, Kevin.McHugh@macegroup.com, orcid.org/0000- 0002-6017-4585 ; Customer Success Manager, VisiLean India Pvt. Ltd, India, viranj.patel@visilean.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-0886-874X ; CEO, VisiLean Ltd, Finland, bhargav@visilean.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-4228-506X }, abstract={To cope with the dynamics of production, construction managers spend a significant amount of time organising the workforce, managing logistics and controlling the flow. Underestimating the process of workforce allocation and management could lead to serious productivity, safety, logistics, and coordination problems. To exacerbate this situation, the onset of the global Covid-19 pandemic has created a situation where unorganised workforce allocation and tracking could increase the health and safety risk for the project. The Last Planner® System (LPS) advocates and incorporates processes to sustain flow suggested in Lean Production theory. Hence, the complex job of creating the workforce-flow can potentially be simplified through the LPS proactive planning during lookahead discussions. The paper captures a case study where the same safety and productivity issues were heavily encountered in a project involving multiple trades (15+) and having hundreds of workers struggling in the pandemic situation. Implementing design Science approach, the team has discovered a digital workflow management system that exhibits significant improvement in coordination, control over productivity wastage and safe working environment. This research utilised a digital LPS powered by real-time cloud-based system, capable of actively tracking the agreed workforce boosting productivity whilst keeping the workforce safe and secure. }, author_keywords={Workforce flow planning, digital, Last Planner® System, production planning and tracking. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Emuze2021, author={Emuze, Fidelis and Mpembe, Willem }, editor={ }, title={A Case-Based Study of Lean Culture Among South African Contractors}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={353-362}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1843}, doi={10.24928/2021/0104}, affiliation={Professor, and Head, Department of Built Environment, Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa, femuze@cut.ac.za, orcid.org/0000-0001-7714-4457 ; Postgraduate Diploma Graduate, Department of Built Environment, Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa, mpembewillem@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-8804-8206 }, abstract={Problems such as low productivity, poor health and safety, poor working conditions, waste and insufficient quality, and poor performance are experienced in the South African construction industry. The call for change is necessary as South African construction is constrained by a lack of required skills and under-performing employees and management, which collectively generate waste on projects. However, lean construction (LC) concepts, tools and techniques could be used to resolve such problems that exist in South African construction. Thus, the study reported in this paper was undertaken to investigate how contractors could help to drive the implementation of lean construction in South Africa. A multi-casestudy research design was used to discover how contractors could addressimplementation problems by adopting a lean culture. The results from the study, obtained through crosscase analysis, showed that the contractors perceived that LC cannot be implemented so there is significant scope for tackling resistance to change through engaged LC education and training. }, author_keywords={Contractors, culture, leadership, lean construction, people }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fang2021, author={Fang, Yanqing and Daniel, Emmanuel Itodo }, editor={ }, title={Defining Lean Construction Capability From an Ambidextrous Perspective}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={147-156}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1844}, doi={10.24928/2021/0105}, affiliation={PhD Graduate, School of Management Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Finance and Economics, China. fangyq_lc@sina.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-2989-9737 ; Sr. Lecturer in Constr. Mgmt., School of Arch. and Built Envir., Faculty of Sci. and Engrg., Univ. of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom WV1 ILY, E.Daniel2@wlv.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-5675-1845 }, abstract={Lean construction (LC) is widely used to eliminate waste in the construction industry. However, research on LC capability is lagging relative to other works in the LC field. By exploring relevant literature on the rigid and flexible characteristics of LC, this study proposes for the first time that LC capability is an ambidextrous capability from a paradoxical lens. The investigation reveals that the concept of LC capability has no clear definition and puts forward the view that LC capability is an ambidextrous capability. The study established that LC ambidextrous capability is a paradox which consist of two dimensions—namely LC exploitative capability and LC exploratory capability. LC ambidextrous capability emphasizes striving for a balance between the two capabilities. This study contributes to current knowledge and future application of organizational ambidexterity theory to LC capability development. Regarding contribution to practice, this research would enable LC project practitioners to understand the paradoxical tensions in LC projects, and to how to deal with them. Additionally, this study brings new insight and opens a new debate on how LC ambidextrous capability could develop in the construction field. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, ambidextrous capability, paradox, exploitation, exploration }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koohestani2021, author={Koohestani, Kayvan and Poshdar, Mani and Moayedi, Sara and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Talebi, Saeed and González, Vicente A. }, editor={ }, title={A Review of Components and Configurations of Survey Research in Lean Construction}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={239-248}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1845}, doi={10.24928/2021/0106}, affiliation={Freelance Researcher, Iran, koohestani@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-9988-3688 ; Lecturer, Built Envir. Engrg. Dept., Auckland Univ. of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand, mani.poshdar@aut.ac.nz, orcid.org/0000-0001-9132-2985 ; PhD Student, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK, Sara.moayedi@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0003-4349-6934 ; Professor, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK, P.Tzortzopoulos@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-8740-6753 ; Sr Lecturer, School of Engineering and the Built Environment, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK, Saeed.Talebi@bcu.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0001-6711-0931 ; Sr Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Founder and Research Lead Smart Digital Lab, The University of Auckland, 20 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand, v.gonzalez@auckland.ac.nz, orcid.org/0000-0003-3408-3863 }, abstract={The reliability of research is substantially linked with its methodology and design. The use of surveys is one of the methods that has been commonly used in research projects. Therefore, identifying the active state and classification of the mechanisms used by the survey studies can help increase the quality of future research. Accordingly, this study reviews the survey literature on Lean Construction to identify their common components along with their configurations. To achieve this goal, a total number of seventy studies were randomly sampled from the publications pool and reviewed. Afterwards, their bibliographic and content characteristics were extracted and analysed and a total of seven common components as well as three dominant configurations were found. Through a thematic analysis, twelve main themes were identified which were further sorted by their observed frequency. The result shows the relationship between the themes and the configurations applied by the studies so far. It also discloses an overall status of the survey research in Lean Construction which can be used as a valuable lead for researchers to decide for the orientation and design of their future research projects. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, literature review, research, survey }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Schimanski2021, author={Schimanski, Christoph Paul and Monizza, Gabriele Pasetti and Matt, Dominik T. }, editor={ }, title={The Role of Common Data Environments as Enabler for Reliabe Digital Lean Construction Management}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={97-106}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1846}, doi={10.24928/2021/0110}, affiliation={PhD Cand., Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy, christophpaul.schimanski@natec.unibz.it, orcid.org/0000-0002-0747-7173. Research Associate, Fraunhofer Italia Research, Bolzano, Italy. BIM Manager, HOCHTIEF ViCon GmbH, Essen, Germany ; Research Associate, Fraunhofer Italia Research, Bolzano, Italy, gabrielepasettimonizza@fraunhofer.it, orcid.org/0000-0003-2197-6267 ; Head of Fraunhofer Italia, Fraunhofer Italia Research, Bolzano, Italy, dominik.matt@unibz.it, orcid.org/0000-0002-2365-7529. Full Professor, Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy }, abstract={Collaboration has always been a core element of Lean Construction. However, the current pandemic is changing the way collaborative environments can be created. Moving away from face-to-face discussions, concepts are needed that allow people to collaborate without meeting in person. Lean Construction methods implemented with digital technologies are a possible way to achieve this. Digital technologies in the built environment sector rely often on the Building Information Modelling (BIM) process. When information is managed and exchanged in a BIM process, Common Data Environments (CDE) as central information hubs come into play. How Lean concepts can make use of a standardized CDE workflow to access reliable information needed, e.g. for construction process planning, is yet to be addressed by the scientific community. This paper outlines a concept for using CDE workflows together with a digital variant of the Last Planner® System that has been devised from a Design Science Research initiative. We hypothesize that this concept allows for achieving similar positive collaboration effects in remote planning sessions as in physical ones. First findings from a mock-up implementation of this concept in a Focus Group environment are presented and discussed in this paper. }, author_keywords={Common data environment, BIM, Last Planner® System, lean construction, information management. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Salazar2021, author={Salazar, Luis A. and Pardo, Daniela and Guzmán, Sebastián }, editor={ }, title={Results of Key Indicators From Linguistic Action Perspective in Pandemic: Case Study}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={363-372}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1847}, doi={10.24928/2021/0114}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad,Católica de Chile. Assistant Profesor, Construction Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile, +56 2 2661 8346, lasalaza@uc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0001- 7339-8935 ; MSc. in Civil Engineering, Civil and Envir. Engineering. Department, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia, d.pardo12@uniandes.edu.co, orcid.org/0000-0002-5619-3732 ; Civil Engineering Student, Civil and Envir. Engineering. Department, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia, sa.guzmanv@uniandes.edu.co, orcid.org/0000-0002-3333-7318 }, abstract={Due to the low productivity of the construction sector and current global pandemic conditions, it is essential to analyze interpersonal relationships at work, engagement and labour productivity, through the management of commitments. Therefore, this article seeks to measure and analyze key Linguistic Action Perspective (LAP) indicators to examine commitment management in Last Planner® System (LPS) weekly work planning meetings during the pandemic (virtual and face-to-face meetings). The case of study methodology was used in 27 projects of a construction company in Colombia, in which the authors analyzed the results of LAP engagement indicators and compared them to the PPC, determining Spearman´s correlation coefficient in each indicator and finding that the projects that had strong correlations were those where: the percentage of progress was between 65% and 95%; average PPC was between 60% and 90%; a “Big Room” was used; and the meetings had between 10 and 20 attendees. For future research, we propose the use of other methods of relationship, causation and/or prediction analysis, such as Structural Equation Models or Machine Learning, a future methodology for virtual or semi-face-to-face meetings and the study of other performance indicators. }, author_keywords={Linguistic action perspective, pandemic, case Study, Last Planner® System. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Wandahl2021, author={Wandahl, Søren and Neve, Hasse H. and Lerche, Jon }, editor={ }, title={What a Waste of Time}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={157-166}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1848}, doi={10.24928/2021/0115}, affiliation={Professor, Dept. of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Aarhus University, Denmark, +45 4189 3216, swa@cae.au.dk, orcid.org/0000-0001-8708-6035 ; Consultant, Senior Associate, PhD, PwC, Aarhus, Denmark, +45 2879 1838, hasse.hojgaard.neve@pwc.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-2311-3529 ; PostDoc, PhD, Department of Business Development and Technology, Aarhus University, Denmark, +45 6013 3595, jon.lerche@btech.au.dk, orcid.org/0000-0001-7076-9630 }, abstract={The elimination of waste is a core focus of lean construction. Reducing waste will increase work efficiency. For several years it has been debated how flow and the efficiency of processes can be measured. Kalsaas, Koskela, and others conclude that in order to operationalize workflow measures, it must be disconnected from productivity and throughput measures and instead focus on work efficiency. However, an extensive and valid baseline of work time efficiency is missing in the community. The establishment of such becomes the objective of this research. The method is an extensive litterateur review that identified 474 case studies of time waste measures from the 1970s until today. This sample is analyzed in different ways, among others showing that the average direct work time is 43.6%. The results show that the sample contains considerable uncertainty, which is mainly due to an inconsistent understanding of direct work, indirect work, and waste work in the many different studies. Besides, the results show no statistically significant difference between the performance of varying trades or between countries. The construction industry can use this research as a baseline for the current direct work level and apply this as a benchmark in a continuous improvement process. }, author_keywords={Waste, time, work sampling, productivity }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Seppänen2021, author={Seppänen, Olli and Lavikka, Rita and Lehtovaara, Joonas and Peltokorpi, Antti }, editor={ }, title={Improving Street Reconstruction Projects in City Centers Through Collaborative Practices}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={373-382}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1849}, doi={10.24928/2021/0116}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-5924 ; Senior Scientist, Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT), Finland, rita.lavikka@vtt.fi, orcid.org/0000-0003-1200-4773 ; Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, joonas.lehtovaara@aalto.fi , orcid.org/0000-0002-4761-3811 ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, antti.peltokorpi@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-7939-6612 }, abstract={Renovation and relocation of underground utilities and renovating the streets are essential to maintain urban infrastructure. In cities, street reconstruction projects cause substantial harm to citizens in the form of traffic jams, noise, and poor access to businesses. Although some harm is unavoidable, the harm could be mitigated, for example, by decreasing overall construction durations. We used design science research to diagnose the current state of street reconstruction projects in the City of Helsinki and to develop a new model aimed at shortening project durations. The diagnosis was made based on interviews, workshops, observations, a survey, and an archival study. The identified key root causes of problems were lack of collaboration and inflexible contract forms in projects with high uncertainty. The new model was co-created with stakeholders participating in these projects, including a collaborative development phase, a shared situation picture among actors, and joint risk analysis of all parties. The study's key contribution was the way to use design science research to start a lean implementation in a challenging project type with multiple public stakeholders. The City of Helsinki will pilot and further develop the model in three street reconstruction projects. }, author_keywords={Street reconstruction, contract forms, collaboration, trust, design science research }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ng2021, author={Ng, Ming Shan and Hall, Daniel Mark }, editor={ }, title={Teaching Target Value Design for Digital Fabrication in an Online Game: Overview and Case Study}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={249-258}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1850}, doi={10.24928/2021/0117}, affiliation={Scientific Researcher, Chair of Innovative and Industrial Construction, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zurich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland, ng@ibi.baug.ethz.ch, orcid.org/0000-0003-2610-3561 ; Assistant Professor, Chair of Innovative and Industrial Construction, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zurich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland, dhall@ethz.ch, orcid.org/0000-0002-0957-484X }, abstract={Digital fabrication (DFAB) for construction automation is emerging in the industry. However, DFAB requires better integration of fabrication-related information and organisation into the design process. Discrete processes in traditional delivery models such as Design-Bid-Build can hinder DFAB implementation when stakeholders find it hard to manage project costs. Target Value Design (TVD) has been proposed as possible approach to manage the DFAB design process, but management of DFAB using TVD is still new in the industry. Meanwhile, existing educational games have been successful at teaching players the basic principles of TVD principles. However, these games do not explicitly consider how players should select from advanced fabrication processes. They also have not yet been adopted for online play. This work presents an overview of an online TVD for DFAB game that can 1) help players understand basic TVD principles and 2) explicitly considers fabrication processes and resulting production times as an additional project value. The paper presents the results of a validation case played by 36 construction professionals, researchers and students in December 2020. Overall, this work contributes to the body of knowledge in learning and teaching TVD, online lean games, and technology adoption. }, author_keywords={Target Value Design (TVD), digital fabrication, target cost, collaboration, concurrent, integrated project delivery, design management. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lohne2021, author={Lohne, Jardar and Drevland, Frode and Lædre, Ola }, editor={ }, title={Agency Problems as a Driver for Crime in the AEC-Industry}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={383-392}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1851}, doi={10.24928/2021/0123}, affiliation={Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), jardar.lohne@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000- 0002-2135-3468 ; Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), frode.drevland@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000- 0002-4596-1564 ; Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), ola.laedre@ntnu.no, +47 911 89 938, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4604-8299 }, abstract={The paper seeks to outline agency problems as a fundamental driver for crime occurring in the AEC industry. The investigation uses Principal/Agent-theory to articulate how specific industry mechanisms serve as structural drivers of crime and how they can be counteracted. This paper is conceptual, based on former empirical investigations—the approach springs from industry knowledge, extensive literature reviews and empirical research. The research reveals that little discussion has been carried out concerning the root causes of criminal activity within the AEC industry. Widespread theoretical insights from economics and criminology can explain significant parts of the challenges. Production control efforts seem to be an auspicious path for combatting crime. Being under-analysed to such a degree as identified, the theoretical conditions for criminal activity within the AEC industry needs more in-depth consideration. This need for further exploration especially concerns the implications of criminal activity on advanced process-driven production systems approaches. Establishing effective countermeasures depends heavily on such an understanding. }, author_keywords={The paper seeks to outline agency problems as a fundamental driver for crime occurring in the AEC industry. The investigation uses Principal/Agent-theory to articulate how specific industry mechanisms serve as structural drivers of crime and how they can be counteracted. This paper is conceptual, based on former empirical investigations—the approach springs from industry knowledge, extensive literature reviews and empirical research. The research reveals that little discussion has been carried out concerning the root causes of criminal activity within the AEC industry. Widespread theoretical insights from economics and criminology can explain significant parts of the challenges. Production control efforts seem to be an auspicious path for combatting crime. Being under-analysed to such a degree as identified, the theoretical conditions for criminal activity within the AEC industry needs more in-depth consideration. This need for further exploration especially concerns the implications of criminal activity on advanced process-driven production systems approaches. Establishing effective countermeasures depends heavily on such an understanding. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rodriguez2021, author={Rodriguez, Maria Guadalupe Mandujano and Alarcon, Luis Fernando and Dave, Bhargav A. and Mourgues, Claudio and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={ }, title={Understanding the Interaction Between Virtual Design, Construction and Lean Construction}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={107-115}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1852}, doi={10.24928/2021/0124}, affiliation={CEO, MARO Consulting, Huejutla de Reyes, Hidalgo, Mexico, Phone +52-789-89-609-69, info@maroconsulting.mx, orcid.org/0000-0002-3588-2002 ; Professor of Civil Engineering, Dept. of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontifica Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 360, Correo 22, Santiago de Chile, Phone (56 2) 2354-4201, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-9277-2272 ; Senior Researcher, Dept. of Computing, Aalto Univ., Espoo 02150, Finland, Phone +358-50-4364717, bhargav.dave@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0003-4228-506X ; Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering, Dept. of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 360, Correo 22, Santiago de Chile, Phone (56 2) 2354-4245, cmourgue@ing.puc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0001-6706-2255 ; Professor, School of Art, Design, and Architecture, Univ. of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK, Phone: +44-01484-472892, l.koskela@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0003-4449-2281 }, abstract={There have been important advances regarding the synergies between Building Information Modeling (BIM) – as part of Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) – and Lean Construction. However, the literature does not fully explore the nature of these synergies nor the conceptual reasons behind them. This better understanding of these synergies would allow the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry to achieve better Lean and VDC implementations and would provide a stepping-stone for the academia to continue building on these synergies. This article presents a thorough literature review based on leading international journals, conference proceedings and books, to explore the synergies between Lean Construction and VDC, including BIM (product), process and organization modeling. As part of this review, the article tests mechanisms about interaction mechanisms, previously mentioned in the literature. The findings indicate that using the entire VDC framework, the positive interactions between Lean and VDC increased significantly with respect to the same analysis restricted to the interaction between Lean and BIM. Identifying these new interactions and interaction mechanisms can help the AEC industry take a more holistic approach and generate improvements in every project phase. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, collaboration, BIM, VDC, synergy }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Asadian2021, author={Asadian, Elnaz and Leicht, Robert M. }, editor={ }, title={Lean Teams and Behavioral Dynamics: Understanding the Link}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={393-402}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1853}, doi={10.24928/2021/0125}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Architectural Engineering Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA, eza234@psu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-3146-7725 ; Associate Prof., Architectural Engineering Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA, rml167@psu.edu, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6705-8141 }, abstract={The emphasis of lean thinking on eliminating waste and improving production makes it easy to relate to the construction domain to have more successful projects. Several tools and techniques have been introduced to simplify lean adoption. However, the human side of lean has not yet seen the emphasis it deserves. Interdisciplinary teams are the implementers of lean practices within projects. Therefore, this study seeks to shed light on the nature of lean teams within construction projects. The human dynamics are mapped to the lean principles to investigate the link between these constructs and lean initiatives implementation. To support the alignment of team enablers with lean principles, eight constructs from the A_B_C framework of team psychology have been identified through the literature search, including openness, trust and psychological safety, cohesion, team viability, collaboration and communication, conflict, information sharing, and knowledge exchange. The findings highlight that organizations should consider the behavioral side of lean in a team context if they want to realize the full benefits of lean transformation. By emphasizing the importance of lean foundations within the organizational culture and team member behavior, construction teams will be able to develop the link necessary between team members' interactions and lean principles adoption. }, author_keywords={Team dynamics, lean construction, collaboration, trust, culture }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hatoum2021, author={Hatoum, Makram Bou and Nassereddine, Hala and Badurdeen, Fazleena }, editor={ }, title={Reengineering Construction Processes in the Era of Construction 4.0: A Lean-Based Framework}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={403-412}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1854}, doi={10.24928/2021/0126}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA, mbh.93@uky.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-8824-3941 ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA, hala.nassereddine@uky.edu, orcid.org/0000-0001-7952-5034 ; Professor and Director of Graduate Studies for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA, badurdeen@uky.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-8471-1074 }, abstract={Industries around the world continue to be reshaped, and the construction industry is no exception. Being one of the oldest industries, construction did indeed undergo major transformations over the years. However, for the past few decades, traditional businessas-usual in construction has reached a stagnation point, adding pressure on organizations to rethink their current processes. Two major transformations changed and continue to change the landscape of the construction industry: Lean Construction and Construction 4.0. While Lean has taken a hold of construction, Construction 4.0, a counterpart of Industry 4.0, is a growing transformation that leverages the power of technology. While the importance of Construction 4.0 has been highlighted, the “how” component of achieving a Construction 4.0 state has not been yet discussed. A process reengineering methodology is needed to assist construction companies in adopting technologies, especially since the existing construction processes have been mostly designed before current technologies became available. Therefore, this paper proposes a holistic conceptual framework to reengineer construction processes in the Construction 4.0 era. The proposed Construction 4.0 Process Reengineering (CPR4.0) framework, which embodies the Futures Triangle methodology, is inspired by Kurt Lewin Change Management Model, and consists of three phases that build on existing reengineering methodologies, people-process-technology methodology, and Lean principles. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, process reengineering, Construction 4.0, futures triangle, lean framework. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Prado2021, author={Prado, Guillermo }, editor={ }, title={Challenges of Virtual Design and Construction Implementation in Public Projects}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={413-422}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1855}, doi={10.24928/2021/0129}, affiliation={ Research Assistant, Construction Management & Technology Research Group (GETEC), Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, guillermo.prado@pucp.edu.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-5325-1132 }, abstract={The Peruvian AEC industry has started implementing VDC and BIM in public projects due to recent regulations that state the progressive adoption of BIM (as a methodology) in public construction. Regardless of the benefits of these new approaches, some challenges to VDC implementation have emerged as a response to the resistance to change of the Peruvian AEC industry, which is stronger in the Peruvian public sector. The aim of this paper is to present the challenges found in the author´s VDC implementation experience in a public project, as part of the third VDC Certificate Program in Lima lead by CIFE from Stanford University. These challenges will be identified based on a schema, constructed by the literature review. The results show that the main challenges found are the lack of commitment and the lack of collaboration between stakeholders. These results suggest the need to overcome this resistant-to-change environment by focusing on training programs and conducting capability assessments within public institutions before start implementing VDC, so more benefits will be achieved by the Peruvian public institutions. }, author_keywords={Process, collaboration, commitment, challenges, VDC }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Engebø2021, author={Engebø, Atle and Torp, Olav and Lædre, Ola }, editor={ }, title={Development of Target Cost for a High-Performance Building}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={3-12}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1856}, doi={10.24928/2021/0131}, affiliation={PhD candidate, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, +47 905 719 02, atle.engebo@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-5293-0176 ; Associate Professor, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, +47 934 226 73, olav.torp@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-1916-5097 ; Professor, dr. ing. , Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), ola.ladre@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0003-4604-8299 }, abstract={Target costing aims at making both cost and value to drivers for design. Still, few have studied how this is done in a high-performance building project, where a set of parameters beyond the typical cost, schedule, and quality parameters are optimised. Here we explore how a construction project team collaborated to reach the owner's allowable cost during design using observations and document study. The findings show that the owner should precisely describe expectations before starting Target Value Design. If not, the owner will get disengaged or develop suspicion towards provided cost estimates. Furthermore, we argue that the typical development of expected cost can inhibit a high-performing design team. The expected cost typically starts at the owner's allowable cost, increases drastically during design, and has to be substantially reduced. The consequence is that a highperforming team's mood moves from optimism towards realism and eventually into a realm where challenges occur. The domain where challenges arise is when the project team must substantially reduce the expected cost to reach an acceptable level. To remain high-performing throughout, the project team should avoid a drastic increase in expected cost in the initial stages. }, author_keywords={Target cost, Target Value Design, collaboration, team development }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pütz2021, author={Pütz, Carla and Lühr, Gunnar J. and Wenzel, Mona and Helmus, Manfred }, editor={ }, title={Potential of Gamification for Lean Construction Training: An Exploratory Study}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={259-268}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1857}, doi={10.24928/2021/0134}, affiliation={PhD student, civil engineering, dept. construction management, University of Wuppertal, Germany, +49 202 439 4190, puetz@uni-wuppertal.de, orcid.org/0000-0002-0793-1428 ; PhD student, Alma Mater Europaea – ECM, Maribor, Slovenia, +386 2/250 1997, gunnar.luhr@almamater.si, orcid.org/0000-0002-7288-6133 ; Student, civil engineering, dept. construction management, University of Wuppertal, Germany, +49 202 439 4190, mowenzel@zechbau.de, orcid.org/0000-0002-8607-8911 ; Professor, civil engineering, dept. construction management, University of Wuppertal, +49 202 439 4412, helmus@uni-wuppertal.de, orcid.org/0000-0002-5421-9142 }, abstract={For several years, Lean Construction has been an established management approach in the construction industry. Despite the high popularity of Lean Construction, the philosophy is far from being applied in all companies and projects. When changing the construction management methods, the use of Lean Construction represents a massive transformation of working methods and project culture. Studies show examples of failed implementations of Lean Construction and barriers like lacking understanding of Lean Construction methods. Thus, accompanying change by systematic change management processes is important in order to implement it successfully in the long term. Efficient and targeted training to enable the workforce to apply Lean Construction methods is one way to foster the change. Gamification supports a motivating design of such training. The concept pursues the game-like design of non-game contexts to transfer the motivation gamers show in videogames to those non-game contexts. Despite its success in other industries, gamification has not been used frequently in the construction industry. Nevertheless, approaches of the concept are already included in Lean Construction training. In this paper we propose an exploratory study to improve the effectiveness of training on Lean Construction using Gamification. Various trainings on different Lean Construction methods like the Last Planner® System, takt planning and takt control, 5S and A3, were observed and show the potential of gamification for Lean Construction, but also room for improvements. The presented exploratory study provides guidance for the integration of gamification in Lean Construction training. Applying the concept of Gamification can improve the learning outcome of trainings and employee’s motivation to use Lean Construction methods. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, gamification, training, change management }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rybkowski2021, author={Rybkowski, Zofia K. and Alves, Thaís da C. L. and Liu, Min }, editor={ }, title={The Emergence and Growth of the on-Line Serious Games and Participatory Simulation Group “APLSO”}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={269-278}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1858}, doi={10.24928/2021/0135}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843 USA, o: (979) 845-4354, zrybkowski@tamu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-0683-5004 ; Associate Professor, J. R. Filanc Construction Eng. and Mgmt. Program, Dept. of Civil, Constr., and Env. Eng., San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA, talves@mail.sdsu.edu, orcid.org/0000- 0001-7928-9190 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA 27695-7908, o: (919) 513-7920; E-mail: min_liu@ncsu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-3070-7109 }, abstract={Lean simulations provide a critical “aha moment” that helps with the understanding and buy-in of key lean principles. The purpose of this article is to share the process of development and implementation of an ongoing international on-line Lean-IPD simulation experimentation community called Administering and Playing Lean Simulations Online (APLSO). The group emerged following the arrival of the COVID19 pandemic to include academicsfrom 38 universities(70%) and consultant practitioners (30%). This paper documents the inception and growth of this community so that lessons learned can be shared with the international lean construction community. Serious games and simulations were transitioned to an online format, relying heavily on commonly available software such as Zoom™ and Google Slides™. The most frequently developed simulations tended to be those most typically played by academics and consultants prior to the pandemic. The authors classified games presented, as well as identified physical simulations still needing to be converted to an online format. }, author_keywords={Serious games, participatory simulations, on-line simulations, COVID-19, lean principles }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Cisterna2021, author={Cisterna, Diego and Hergl, Mariana and Oprach, Svenja and Haghsheno, Shervin }, editor={ }, title={Digitalization of Lean Learning Simulations: Teaching Lean Principles and Last Planner® System}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={279-288}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1859}, doi={10.24928/2021/0136}, affiliation={Research Fellow. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Technology and Management in Construction, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. Phone +49 (0)721 608 45476, diego.cisterna@kit.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-4282-1141 ; MSc. Industrial Engineering. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Department of Economics and Management, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany. Phone +49 (0)173 974 5642, mariana.hergl@t-online.de ; Research Fellow. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Technology and Management in Construction, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. Phone +49 (0)721 608 41513, svenja.oprach@kit.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-0376-1791 ; Professor. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Technology and Management in Construction, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. Phone +49 (0)721 608 42646, shervin.haghsheno@kit.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-0602-6370 }, abstract={Lean simulations are an effective way to learn Lean principles and experience the impact on process optimization. However, to date, in construction these have mostly been conducted physically on site or in the office. As digital solutions for collaboration and teaching are increasingly developed in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, Lean simulations also need to evolve by being decentralized from the project team and driven by digitalization. This paper examines the adaptation and creation of Lean simulations that can be run on a digital platform that supports interactions between multiple participants in real time. Specifically, two simulations were created through a three-phase iterative development. The first simulation focuses on Lean principles and the second on the Last Planner® System. To evaluate the developed digital simulations, feedback was collected from the participants through questionnaires. It can be noted that all rating results were in the upper range. Research objectives were achieved: The evaluation of the technology, the fun and the design indicate that the participants can successfully interact with each other via the chosen digital platform. It also proved that digital simulations offer high flexibility, integration of technology with low costs and effort as well as a high level of sustainability. }, author_keywords={Lean principles, Last Planner® System, digital lean simulation, collaboration, action learning. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mourão2021, author={Mourão, Carlos Alexandre M. do A. and Filho, Antonio N. de Miranda and Nogueira, Rebeca Nara and Neto, José de P. Barros and Costa, Jorge Moreira da }, editor={ }, title={Using Storytelling to Understand a Company´s Lean Journey}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={423-432}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1860}, doi={10.24928/2021/0140}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Civ. Eng. M.Sc., Fac. of Engin., Univ. of Porto, Technical Director, C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza/Bazil, alexandre@crolim.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-9711-970X ; Civil Engineer, Ph.D., CEO, Construtora Santo Amaro Ltda., Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, anmirandaf@yahoo.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-8107-5159 ; M.Sc. Candidate, Fed. Univ. of Ceará, rebecanara@alu.ufc.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-4423-500X ; Professor, Dept. of Acad. and Technol. Integ., Fed. Univ. of Ceará, Fortaleza/Brazil, jpbarros@ufc.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-5131-4593 ; Assoc. Professor, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Portugal, jmfcosta@fe.up.pt, orcid.org/0000-0002-7128-2952 }, abstract={Lean implementation has become a recurring topic in literature. Scholars have studied lean tools, implementation barriers and proposed strategies, audit tools, and maturity models to overcome such barriers. However, despite the importance of these methods, over the years, researchers have realized that "best practices" emerge from a combination of contextual factors and coherent strategic choices affecting workforce management, supplier relationship, and other "soft" factors. Therefore, through exploratory research structured according to business storytelling fundamentals, the authors describe a company's lean journey along a timeline to provide an overview to understand the strategic choices and even the underlying rationale aligning strategic, tactical, and operational level decision-making. Findings suggest that lean implementation is a never ending journey, which requires organization-wide changes for achieving success. Furthermore, strategic choices enhancing organizational stability and predictability seem to have played a crucial role in the company's success in lean implementation, knowledge retention, and capability development. }, author_keywords={Lean implementation, organizational stability, strategic choices, business storytelling. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Retamal2021, author={Retamal, Fabián and Salazar, Luis A. and Alarcón, Luis F. and Arroyo, Paz }, editor={ }, title={Monitoring of Linguistic Action Perspective During Online Weekly Work Planning Meetings}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={433-442}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1861}, doi={10.24928/2021/0142}, affiliation={MSc Student, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Researcher – GEPUC, Santiago, Chile, +56 2 2354 7165, faretamal@uc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-6554-5576 ; PhD Candidate, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Assistant Profesor, Construction Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad. Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile, +56 2 2661 8346, lasalaza@uc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0001-7339-8935 ; Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, +56 2 2354 7165, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-9277-2272 ; Quality Leader, DPR Construction, San Francisco, CA 94111, USA, paza@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000- 0002-8098-8172 }, abstract={There is a need to improve construction productivity through project planning and control. In this study, the authors measured and analyzed the Key Indicators for Linguistic Action Perspective (LAP) in the Last Planner® System (LPS) through the Lean Implementation Plan (LIP) research method. This research was carried out for four high rise construction projects in different Colombian cities. Some of the most notable results were that the positive LAP indicators increased in three of the four projects during the first five weeks of intervention. In addition, there was a positive trend for all the projects regarding the LAP indicators in the long term. Furthermore, the percentage of plan completed (PPC) stabilized in all projects, improving the level of LPS maturity. The research was successful even though it was performed using online intervention due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, the authors propose future research that focuses on finding other patterns, adding additional variables to the study, and analyzing projects with different characteristics and in other countries. }, author_keywords={Linguistic action perspective, Last Planner® System, lean implementation, case study }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hao2021, author={Hao, Xinyue and Florez-Perez, Laura }, editor={ }, title={The Effect of Classroom Environment on Satisfaction and Performance: Towards IoT-Sustainable Space}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={443-453}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1862}, doi={10.24928/2021/0145}, affiliation={Postgraduate student, The Bartlett School of Sustainable Construction, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, UK, WC1E7HB, xinyue.hao.19@ucl.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0001- 7136-9612 ; The Bartlett School of Sustainable Construction, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, UK, WC1E7HB, l.florez@ucl.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-9286-6949 }, abstract={The physical classroom environment includes the overall design and layout facilities that are provided in a classroom. Classroom facilities should be organised to maximise the satisfaction and performance of students. With the increased demand of well-equipped classrooms, upgrades in new high-technology need to be adopted to enable the optimisation of the students’ perceptions and behaviours. A number of studies have investigated the impact of classrooms in high schools. However, few studies have investigated the impact of the physical classroom environment in university settings. This paper examines the impact of the physical classroom environment on students’ satisfaction and performance in a university setting. A total of 173 responses from students were obtained regarding their perceptions of five physical classroom environment factors, namely, classroom layout, noise, temperature, lighting and colour. The questionnaire results showed that students have different demands for the physical classroom environment. Using the guidance of the person-environment fit theory, a smart IoT-enabled classroom has been proposed. The results of this study could be used by managers who make capital decisions on classroom construction upgrades and facility managers who aim to improve the satisfaction and performance of students in higher education institutions. }, author_keywords={Process, design science, person-environment fit, internet of things (IoT). }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Brandalise2021, author={Brandalise, Fernanda M. P. and Pedo, Barbara and Viana, Daniela D. and Formoso, and Carlos T. }, editor={ }, title={Exploring Visual Management Purposes in Construction Projects}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={289-298}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1863}, doi={10.24928/2021/0146}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, School of Engineering, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil, +5551999302604, fernandampbrandalise@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-5126-4741 ; Ph.D. Candidate, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, UK, b.pedo@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-6520-0981 ; Adjunt Professor, Interdisciplinary Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil, danidietz@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-8958-4708 ; Professor, School of Engineering, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil, formoso@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-4772-3746 }, abstract={The application of the lean construction principle of increasing process transparency is the main purpose of Visual Management (VM), a strategy for making information clear and accessible. There are other purposes of VM, such as continuous improvement, job facilitation, and simplification. However, the connections among those purposes are not fully explored in the literature, which limits the current conceptual understanding of VM. The aim of this paper is to propose a conceptual map of the VM purposes in construction projects, based on the analysis of three VM practices. This research study is part of a broader ongoing research project which objective is learning and teaching about VM through a serious game that considers different VM aspects. Design Science Research was the methodological approach adopted in this investigation. The main findings of this study are concerned with some connections between different VM purposes. Some of these purposes are specific, while others are more generic. Moreover, a specific purpose may have a different meaning for each practice, so context analysis plays an important role. Finally, different ways of shared understanding by using VM practices have been identified, such as by adhering to standards or by encouraging collaboration. }, author_keywords={Visual management, purpose, lean construction, learning, teaching }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Trentin2021, author={Trentin, Bianca T. and Etges, Bernardo M. B. S. }, editor={ }, title={Lean Construction and Organizational Knowledge Creation}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={299-308}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1864}, doi={10.24928/2021/0149}, affiliation={M.Sc. Eng. Student, Lean Construction Consultant, Climb Consulting Group, University of Rio dos Sinos, Porto Alegre, Brazil, bianca8tt@gmai.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-6023-0439 ; PhD Candidate, M.Sc. Eng., Founding-Partner at Climb Consulting Group, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil, bernardo.m.etges@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-3037-5597 }, abstract={It is essential for the construction industry to continuously create new knowledge, aiming at innovation and maintaining competitiveness. As for Lean Construction in addition to improving construction processes, the characteristic inherent in its implementation is that of creating collaborative, interdisciplinary moments with a high level of information sharing, which shows the great potential of the methodology for the creation of knowledge. This article sets out to analyze how people participating in Lean Construction implementation projects see the potential of Lean Construction for creating knowledge. To do so, in addition to a thorough review of the literature on the subject, the results of a form-based survey conducted with six Brazilian construction companies, partners of a consultancy company, are presented. The results show that everyone surveyed agrees that Lean Construction increases the sharing of information between people, the creation of improvement actions for projects, and finally, knowledge creation for the company. This perception is sharper in people who occupy management positions than in those in operational positions. Also, the present study concludes that the most effective way to generate organizational knowledge in Lean Construction implementation projects is to combine tools, methods and training that make use of both tacit and explicit knowledge. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, tacit knowledge, explicit knowledge, learning, knowledge creation. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Dragone2021, author={Dragone, Isabela S. and Biotto, Clarissa N. and Serra, Sheyla M. B. }, editor={ }, title={Evaluation of Lean Principles in Building Maintenance Management}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={13-22}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1865}, doi={10.24928/2021/0151}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Civil Engineering Department, Federal University of Sao Carlos (UFSCar), Brazil, isabeladragone@estudante.ufscar.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-8945-5754 ; Post-Doctoral Researcher, Postgraduate Programme of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Sao Carlos (UFSCar), Brazil, clarissa.biotto@ufscar.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-2433-6735 ; Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Federal University of Sao Carlos (UFSCar), Brazil, sheylabs@ufscar.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-9508-976X }, abstract={Buildings do not usually receive the necessary maintenance during their use, which may cause serious accidents. Building maintenance is essential for ensuring the project’s planned performance, safety, and functionality during the phase of use and occupation, which are ensured by the maintenance management. However, with the increasing complexity of buildings, the traditional maintenance management methods have become outdated. The lean mentality is shown as a viable alternative since it is possible to apply it in building maintenance through its principles and practices. The research strategy adopted was the case study carried out in a building maintenance company. A lean maintenance checklist was created, composed of 46 practices grouped in the five lean principles, which support identifying the level of lean maintenance deployed in the activities and processes of building maintenance management adopted by the company. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, lean maintenance, building maintenance management, construction industry. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Obulam2021, author={Obulam, Rajeswari and Rybkowski, Zofia K. }, editor={ }, title={Development and Testing of the 5S Puzzle Game}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={309-319}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1866}, doi={10.24928/2021/0152}, affiliation={Graduate student, Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843 USA, o: (979) 845-4354, raji.obulam@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-6739-9747 ; Associate Professor, Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843 USA, o: (979) 845-4354, zrybkowski@tamu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-0683-5004 }, abstract={Lean methods were originally developed in the manufacturing industry in the early 20th century to reduce the use of resources that did not contribute to added value. In the 1990’s, there was steady growth in a movement to replicate the successes of manufacturing in the construction industry. By effectively deploying lean methods on the construction site, material and human labor that was expended with no increase in the value of the constructed work can either be reduced or reapplied to increase value. The 5S methodology was originally developed in Japan and implemented by Toyota. The 5S system is a type of visual management tool used to handle and maintain workplace organization and efficiency. The 5S method has been adopted by lean thought leaders to improve productivity by more rigorously organizing the workplace via five sequential steps: sort, set in order, shine, standardize, and sustain. Inspired by a popular participatory simulation to introduce players to 5S, this “5S Puzzle game” simulation was created to present the topic in a way that is more aligned with the way construction companies practice. This simulation was developed to be administered on-line in either of two ways: (1) with a single individual, or (2) with up to 4 players. The puzzle session consists of five rounds, each representing one of the S’s that help a player progress from low levels of efficiency to maximally efficient processes. The stated goal of the simulation is to complete the puzzle. The actual goal is to help players experience an “aha” moment by quantifying the impact of each successive step as the player(s) progress through each round. }, author_keywords={Construction sector, serious game, simulation, 5S, continuous improvement. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Peltokorpi2021, author={Peltokorpi, Antti and Seppänen, Olli and Lehtovaara, Joonas and Pikas, Ergo and Alhava, Otto }, editor={ }, title={Developing a Framework for Systemic Transformation of the Construction Industry}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={454-463}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1867}, doi={10.24928/2021/0154}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, antti.peltokorpi@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-7939-6612 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-5924 ; Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, joonas.lehtovaara@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-4761-3811 ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia, ergo.pikas@taltech.ee, orcid.org/0000-0001-5691-685X ; CTO, Fira Group Oy, Vantaa, Finland, otto.alhava@fira.fi, orcid.org/0000-0001-5691-685X }, abstract={In the era of customer-driven and digitalized businesses, the construction industry has still demonstrated inadequate performance development. This research aims to disentangle the industry’s current problems and present justified paths toward sustainable improvement. Following the design science research approach, the paper develops a conceptual framework about the path toward the systemic transformation of the construction industry. We first argue how current efforts to improve construction system are often limited to changes in sub-systems, namely in a) products, b) processes, c) organizing and people, d) information systems, or e) value creation models, therefore lacking a systemic approach needed for significant and sustainable improvements. We then propose a framework that underlines the need to simultaneously develop all the identified five sub-systems to achieve successful transformation. Three cases are presented as partial solutions to such systemic innovations. The paper provides new insights into how a systemic approach could be utilized when transforming the construction industry. More specifically, takt production is identified as one key driver for systemic change. The theoretical contribution lies in the identified five sub-systems and their parallel development as a source for sustainable transformation. However, the paper is conceptual and limited to three partial cases. More empirical research is needed to validate the framework and to specify the most effective transformation paths. }, author_keywords={Systemic innovation, transformation, construction industry, design science approach. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Frantz2021, author={Frantz, Lena and Hanau, Anna and Budau, Maximilian R.-D. and Haghsheno, Shervin and Väth, Cornelius and Schmidt, Jan-Simon }, editor={ }, title={Trust and Control in the Context of Integrated Project Delivery}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={464-473}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1868}, doi={10.24928/2021/0158}, affiliation={Research assistant, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, lena.frantz@kit.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-0199-5399 ; Project manager, Väth & Schmidt, info@vaeth-schmidt.de, +49 711 / 49004-337, orcid.org/0000- 0001-8438-9057 ; Research assistant, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, maximilian.budau@kit.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-2572-1176 ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Director, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, shervin.haghsheno@kit.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-0602-6370 ; Managing Director, Väth & Schmidt, info@vaeth-schmidt.de, +49 711 / 49004-337, orcid.org/0000- 0001-8416-9206 ; Managing Director, Väth & Schmidt, info@vaeth-schmidt.de, +49 711 / 49004-337, orcid.org/0000- 0002-3537-6396 }, abstract={Project delivery models with a high level of integration of the involved partners like "Project Alliancing" (e.g. in Australia and Finland) and "Integrated Project Delivery" (IPD) (e.g. in the US and Canada) have been used successfully for many years. These models differ from traditional models particularly by integrating key project participants at an early stage and offer incentive models based on the success of the project. In this article the term “Integrated Project Delivery” (IPD) is also used as a generic term for project delivery models with a high level of integration. The successful implementation of these models requires a high degree of trust between the partners. At the same time a certain level of control can be beneficial or even required. The following article examines the question which elements in an IPD project influence the level of trust between the partners and to what extent control is required in turn. Therefore elements of IPD that require trust are identified and their configuration depending on the level of trust is analysed. }, author_keywords={Trust, control, integrated project delivery, IPD }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Jacobsen2021, author={Jacobsen, Emil L. and Strange, Nikolaj S. and Teizer, Jochen }, editor={ }, title={Lean Construction in a Serious Game Using a Multiplayer Virtual Reality Environment}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={55-64}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1869}, doi={10.24928/2021/0160}, affiliation={PhD student, Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark, elj@cae.au.dk, orcid.org/0000-0001-6008-2333 ; MS student, Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmar ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark, teizer@cae.au.dk, orcid.org/0000-0001-8071-895X }, abstract={Whereas Lean Construction is a state-of-the-art practice in construction, associated simulation games in academic or professional education still rely on manual data input and analysis. Proposed is a digital learning platform that teaches the concept of lean construction using an active, hands-on serious gaming environment involving multiple players simultaneously in virtual reality. The novelty is to share rapid feedback with the participants while playing the game. Findings through testing demonstrate they benefit from the run-time data analysis and more effectively understand lean principles to eliminate waste, allow collaboration, and optimize quality in the value-added building chain. }, author_keywords={Lean, education and training, multiplayer virtual reality, runtime data, serious gaming. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hua2021, author={Hua, Duan and Schwartz, Thomas }, editor={ }, title={LPS Implementation Using Physical and Digital Visual Management-Based Tools: A Case Study in Luxembourg}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={65-74}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1870}, doi={10.24928/2021/0161}, affiliation={R&D Engineer, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Luxembourg, duan.hua@list.lu, orcid.org/0000-0002-8793-285X ; Senior R&D Engineer, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Luxembourg, thomas.schwartz@list.lu, orcid.org/0000-0002-1775-0524 }, abstract={The Work described in this paper presents the results of a lean construction research project. The objective was to evaluate the impact of Visual Management-based tools to improve Last Planner® System implementation in Luxembourg. To drive this project, a Design Science Research methodology has been used on two construction sites. The first step of the research focuses on the use of physical supports to design visual management-based tools to implement LPS conversations. The results show a very positive impact as it tackles LPS implementation challenges (collaboration between trades, skills acquisition, change management) but also show that the workload to manage LPS conversation is a serious problem. The second step of the research tackles this workload issue by digitizing the Visual Management-based tools designed in the first iteration. The results show a huge improvement for users allowing more efficient meetings, better access to data, improved use of LPS outputs to communicate between the client and the project management team and even more flexibility to respect COVID 19 sanitary rules. The paper concludes with the limit of the digital solution which was used in this project. As it is not specially dedicated to LPS it lacks the possibility to calculate and simulate planning and production data. }, author_keywords={Last Planner® System, digital, visual management, obeya }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Malvik2021, author={Malvik, Tobias O. and Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Shabani, Rouzbeh and Sandvik, Karl Oscar }, editor={ }, title={The Impact of BVP in a TVD Based Project Delivery}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={23-32}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1871}, doi={10.24928/2021/0162}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, +47 986 70 354, tobias.o.malvik@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-7588-1899 ; Professor, Dr Ing, University of Agder, Grimstad, Norway, bo.t.kalsaas@uia.no, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4383-1683 ; PhD Candidate, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, rouzbeh.shabani@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0001-8781-7862 ; Independent Researcher, Trondheim, Norway, karl.oscar.sandvik@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0003- 0882-4306 }, abstract={Best Value Procurement (BVP) and Target Value Delivery (TVD) are registered to be increasingly applied in construction, and in some cases, also in the same project. The purpose of our paper is to address these two concepts theoretically and empirically to see if challenges occur when combining BVP and TVD. We deduce the proposition from a theoretical analysis: Best Value Procurement (BVP) is inconsistent with the Target Value Delivery (TVD) approach. We have examined a theoretical-oriented case study of a Norwegian highway construction project. Data was gathered by document analysis, direct observation, and semi-structured interviews. One finding was that BVP did not hinder the client from being a proactive actor and solution enabler in collaboration with the general contractor team. The study shows a lack of alignment of joint project development with a BVP and TVD structure. BVP has proved good results in projects using transactional contracts. However, in projects based on a relational contract, a more direct dialogical procurement approach may be more productive. The paper contributes to the literature by pinpointing conceptual and empirical counterproductive differences when combining BVP and TVD. }, author_keywords={Best value procurement, Target Value Delivery, contradiction, decision-making }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pedo2021, author={Pedo, Barbara and Tezel, Algan and Koskela, Lauri and Whitelock-Wainwright, Andrew and Lenagan, Daniel and Nguyen, Quynh Anh }, editor={ }, title={Lean Contributions to BIM Processes: The Case of Clash Management in Highways Design}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={116-125}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1872}, doi={10.24928/2021/0164}, affiliation={PhD Student and KTP Associate, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, UK, b.pedo@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-6520-0981 ; PhD Student and KTP Associate, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, UK, b.pedo@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-6520-0981 ; Professor, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, UK, l.koskela@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0003-4449-2281 ; Associate Technical Director, Arcadis, UK, andrew.whitelock-wainwright@arcadis.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-0517-3563 ; Sector BIM Manager, Arcadis, UK, daniel.lenagan@arcadis.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-9960-4116 ; PhD Student, School of Art, Design and Architecture, U }, abstract={Managing design is still considered a challenge and few design and construction companies apply Lean and BIM in an integrated manner to support it. The interactions of Lean and BIM have been explored for more than 10 years. Despite this, most of the practical and theoretical discussions have focused on BIM capabilities' and features' contributions to Lean goals and techniques. Therefore, this paper aims to explore and discuss Lean contributions to BIM processes, which is still missing in the analysed context. Initial findings of an ongoing research project on exploring Lean and BIM synergies in the UK are presented. The investigation adopts case study as its research strategy, while exploring the potential implementation of Lean into the BIM-based clash management in highways design. The paper contributes to knowledge by determining how Lean could reduce waste and increase value of a clash detection and resolution process. The results indicate that Lean can contribute to the BIM processes, beyond the BIM capabilities and features, to support BIM process improvements. The wide range of intervention opportunities in BIM processes from a Lean perspective needs further investigation for Lean to have a firmer place in BIM discussions. }, author_keywords={Lean and BIM, clash management, process, design management, waste }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alves2021, author={Alves, Thais da C. L. and Martinez, Manuel and Liu, Min and Scala, Natalie M. }, editor={ }, title={Project Delivery Contract Language, Schedules, and Collaboration}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={33-42}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1873}, doi={10.24928/2021/0168}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Civ., Const. & Env. Eng. Dept., San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA, +1 619 594-8289, talves@sdsu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0001-7928-9190 ; Research Assistant, Civ., Const. & Env. Eng. Dept., San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182,USA, manamrt1@gmail.com , orcid.org/0000-0001-6093-6212 ; Associate Professor, Civ., Const. & Env. Eng. Dept., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA, +1 919 513-7920, mliu2@ncsu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-3070-7109 ; Associate Professor and Graduate Program Director, Towson Univ., Towson, MD 21252, USA, +1 410 704-2773, nscala@towson.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-2851-134X }, abstract={The construction industry has developed a variety of project delivery methods, contractual arrangements, and scheduling methods in order to facilitate collaboration of stakeholders to maximize project performance. It is critical to investigate how project delivery methods and contractual arrangements might influence collaboration during scheduling practice. Understanding this influence can help managers choose/adapt available project delivery methods to their needs and develop strategies to enforce collaboration when they plan for future projects. This research reviewed contractual language in project delivery methods from the perspective of how those methods accommodate stakeholders’ collaboration. Twenty-six professionals were also interviewed to reveal their insights on how contractual arrangements influence collaborative scheduling practices. Contract clauses were identified and categorized based on their level of supporting compliance or collaboration. Finally, the results from the interviews were compared and contrasted with the analysis of contracts for cross validation. Results show that schedules are commonly used as contractual documents, and a need exists to improve contractual arrangements to address the lack of application of collective knowledge to develop, review, and validate schedules for construction projects regardless of the delivery method used }, author_keywords={Collaboration, transactional, relational, language, schedules }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Wickramasekara2021, author={Wickramasekara, Amila N. and Gonzalez, Vicente A. and O’Sullivan, Michael and Walker, Cameron G. and Abdelmegid, Mohammed A. }, editor={ }, title={Exploring Controlled Experimental Settings for Lean Construction Research}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={177-186}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1874}, doi={10.24928/2021/0170}, affiliation={PhD Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, awic135@aucklanduni.ac.nz, orcid.org/0000-0002-4964-3539 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Founder and Research Lead Smart Digital Lab, The University of Auckland, 20 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand, v.gonzalez@auckland.ac.nz, orcid.org/0000-0003-3408-3863 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Founder and Research Lead Smart Digital Lab, The University of Auckland, 20 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand, v.gonzalez@auckland.ac.nz, orcid.org/0000-0003-3408-3863 ; Associate Professor, Department of Engineering Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, cameron.walker@auckland.ac.nz, orcid.org/0000-0003-3176-9341 ; Professional Teaching Fellow, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, New Zealand, m.abdelmegid@auckland.ac.nz, orcid.org/0000-0001-6205-570X }, abstract={In recent years, an increasing number of research articles have been published to demonstrate the benefits of applying Lean tools using different approaches within the construction domain. However, there is a need to enhance the effectiveness of Lean Construction (LC) research by incorporating it within a controlled experimental environment. Due to the fact that many compound effects impact on the variable(s) of interest, it is challenging to develop controlled experiments in real construction projects. This controlled experimental environment can be achieved by developing a Serious Game-based Experimental Setting (SGES) for construction. For this paper, a literature review was conducted to identify synergies between the Agile Project Management (APM), Design Thinking, Lean Start-up and Design Science Research Methodology (DSRM) for establishing effective SGESs for construction management. We found that little research used Serious Games to establish controlled experiments for construction management. In conclusion, we propose 7 research questions to guide the development of SGESs for construction project management research in future. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, design science, integration, collaboration, experiments }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Huaman-Orosco2021, author={Huaman-Orosco, Cristian and Erazo-Rondinel, Andrews A. }, editor={ }, title={An Exploratory Study of the Main Barriers to Lean Construction Implementation in Peru}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={474-483}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1875}, doi={10.24928/2021/0173}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Lima, Peru, chuamano@uni.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-8125-3768 ; Teaching Assistant, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Lima, Peru, aerazor@uni.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-5639-573X }, abstract={Lean Construction (LC) has been implemented for 20 years in Peru in different types of projects: buildings, sanitary works, mining, sports infrastructure, and for the development of people, finding significant benefits after its implementation. However, some barriers make complicated Lean Construction from being applied in many projects in Peru. This research aims to identify and classify the obstacles that lead to poor implementation of Lean thinking. First, the study started with a literature review and consultation with six experts with more than ten years of experience in the implementation of Lean Construction in different types of projects, identifying thirty-two barriers to Lean Construction implementation, dividing the barriers into four types: culture barriers, technology barriers, lean philosophy, and other barriers. One hundred and twenty-four engineers from various projects are surveyed, and the main obstacles to Lean Construction implementation are ranked. The findings identified that "lack of government policies," "lack of alliances between academy and organizations," and "high use of time and cost with no return" are the main barriers related to the implementation of Lean. Research is the basis for generating a roadmap and lines of research. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, challenges, barriers, Peru, Latin America. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Soliman-Junior2021, author={Soliman-Junior, Joao and Awwal, Samira and Bridi, Marcelle Engler and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Granja, Ariovaldo Denis and Koskela, Lauri and Gomes, Danilo }, editor={ }, title={Living Labs in a Lean Perspective}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={484-493}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1876}, doi={10.24928/2021/0176}, affiliation={Research Assistant, Innovative Design Lab (IDL), University of Huddersfield, UK, j.solimanjunior@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-8089-8628 ; PhD Student, Innovative Design Lab (IDL), University of Huddersfield, UK, samira.awwal@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0001-7771-1511 ; PhD Student, Laboratory for Construction Management Research (LAGERCON), University of Campinas, Brazil, marcelle.bridi@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-4317-5938 ; Professor, Innovative Design Lab (IDL), University of Huddersfield, UK, p.tzortzopoulos@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-8740-6753 ; Associate Professor, Laboratory for Construction Management Research (LAGERCON), University of Campinas, Brazil, adgranja@m.unicamp.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-2964-5609 ; Professor, Innovative Design Lab (IDL), University of Huddersfield, UK, l.koskela@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0003-4449-2281 ; Senior Lecturer, Innovative Design Lab (IDL), University of Huddersfield, UK, d.gomes@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-1963-392X }, abstract={Living Labs (LLs) consist of social and dynamic environments that enable end-users and stakeholders to collaborate towards an innovation. This paper presents the concept of LLs and analysis on how it can foster communication and collaboration from a lean perspective. Key concepts, such as co-creation, common ground, shared understanding and boundary objects are discussed in relation to LLs. The paper highlights the synergies between LLs and lean, including the focus on users’ needs and values, the use of participatory approaches and early inclusion of stakeholders in the decision-making process, for example. There is however lack of clarity in the literature regarding the concept of LLs and, hence, there is a need for future empirical research to enable a better understanding of the synergies between Living Labs and lean. }, author_keywords={Living labs, co-creation, common ground, shared understanding, boundary objects }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela2021, author={Koskela, Lauri and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={ }, title={Shifting the Focus of Discussion: From Cost (Under)Estimation to Cost Reduction}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={43-52}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1877}, doi={10.24928/2021/0177}, affiliation={Professor, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, UK, l.koskela@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0003-4449-2281 ; Research Associate, Project Production Systems Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, gballard@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-0948-8861 }, abstract={In the last five years, two fierce academic debates have emerged in connection to cost planning in infrastructure projects – a domain which usually is not known as raising passions. The topic debated is alleged – or recommended – underestimation of project costs. Flyvbjerg has promoted the view that cost overruns in transport infrastructure projects are caused by initial cost underestimation, due intentional strategic misrepresentation on the part of project promoters. Love and his co-authors have attacked on Flyvbjerg’s views, claiming that such cost overruns are primarily caused by natural, evolutionary scope changes. In turn, Flyvbjerg has objected the earlier suggestion of Hirschman to underestimate project costs, for getting the project started and for unleashing the creativity needed achieve the budget. Both debates have created several rounds of papers. In this presentation, we contend that in these debates, the focus is partially misplaced, and the conceptualisation of cost planning too narrow. We argue that the primary focus of cost management should be on cost reduction, rather than on cost estimation. We contend that cost formation is a process controlled by man: costs inflate if they are allowed to do so; costs are reduced with will, effort and apt conceptual and methodological knowledge. For justifying this argument, it is helpful to consider the underlying inferences in cost management. Deduction of total costs from the costs of components is a common inference in cost management. Induction of cost estimates from prior cost data is likewise very common. Reasoning backwards, in terms of regressive or abductive reasoning, is also used. Regressive reasoning answers to the question: How much can we get when using a given sum of money? Abductive reasoning answers to the question: How can we creatively reduce the costs? The common conceptualization of cost management as cost estimation leads to a situation where deduction and induction are given a privileged or exclusive role as types of reasoning, thus overlooking regressive and abductive reasoning. We recommend applying regressive and abductive reasoning actively as means towards controlling and reducing costs }, author_keywords={Cost estimation, cost management, inference type }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Saurin2021, author={Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu and Viana, Daniela Dietz and Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tommelein, Iris D. and Koskela, Lauri and Fireman, Marcus and Barth, Karina and Bataglin, Fernanda and Coelho, Rafael and Singh, Vishesh and Zani, Carolina and Ransolin, Natália and Disconzi, Claudia Guerra }, editor={ }, title={Slack in Construction - Part 2: Practical Applications}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={197-206}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1878}, doi={10.24928/2021/0178}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Industrial Engineering and Transportation Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, saurin@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0003-2929-5888 ; Adjunct Professor, Interdisciplinary Department, NORIE, UFRGS, dietz.viana@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-8958-4708 ; Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, formoso@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-4772-3746 ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL), University of California, Berkeley, CA, tommelein@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-9941-6596 ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL), University of California, Berkeley, CA, tommelein@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-9941-6596 ; PhD Student, Postgraduate Program in Civil Eng.: Construction and Infrastructure, UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90035-190, Brazil, marcus@climbgroup.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-5843-4715 ; PhD Candidate, NORIE, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Consultant and Managing Partner at LD Consulting, kbertotto@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-9612-6246 ; PhD Candidate, Postgraduate Program in Civil Eng.: Construction and Infrastructure, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil, fernanda.saidelles@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-8859-1201 ; PhD Student, Civil and Envir. Eng. Dept. and Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL), Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, rvcoelho@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-3298-3622 ; PhD Student, Civil and Envir. Eng. Dept. and Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL), Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, visheshvs@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-6999-9727 ; PhD Student, Civil and Envir. Eng. Dept. and Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL), Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, visheshvs@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-6999-9727 ; PhD Candidate, Postgraduate Program in Civil Eng.: Construction and Infrastructure, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil, natalia.ransolin@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-7128-8000 ; PhD Candidate, Postgraduate Program in Civil Eng.: Construction and Infrastructure, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil, natalia.ransolin@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-7128-8000 }, abstract={Construction projects are exposed to a wide diversity of variabilities, which suggests the existence of a correspondent wide diversity of variability coping mechanisms, whether they are designed or not. This wide diversity is not properly accounted for by the concept of buffer, as it neglects the social and informal dimensions of coping with variability. The use of the concept of slack is proposed as an alternative. A companion IGLC 29 paper defines slack and discusses its relationships with proxy concepts such as flexibility and resilience. This paper presents nine practical examples of slack in managerial processes and topics that are of interest for the lean construction community. These examples suggest that, while slack has been concealed by the lack of theorization and consistent terminology, it is ubiquitous in lean construction. Opportunities for future studies are outlined }, author_keywords={Slack, complexity, concept map }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Salhab2021, author={Salhab, Diana and Noueihed, Karim and Fayek, Ahed and Hamzeh, Farook and Ahuja, Ritu }, editor={ }, title={A Framework for Implementing the Last Planner® System in a Virtual Environment}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={75-84}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1879}, doi={10.24928/2021/0179}, affiliation={Ph.D. Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta (U of A), Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, salhab@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0003-0307-6193 ; M.Sc. Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, U of A, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, noueihed@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0003-2449-3308 ; M.Eng. Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, U of A, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, ahed@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-6124-6747 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, U of A, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-000203986-9534 ; Lean Integration Leader, Kinetic Construction Ltd., Richmond, British Columbia, Canada, rahuja@kineticconstruction.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-0941-4659 }, abstract={The Last Planner® system (LPS) has witnessed a major shift in implementation at the onset of Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). Governed by maintaining social distancing and many other safety restrictions, some construction practices including LPS implementation are now taking place in the virtual environment. However, potential challenges and enablers of implementing LPS in such an environment are yet to be investigated. This paper presents a framework based on lean philosophy and aims at successful implementation of LPS in a virtual environment. The framework calls for embracing a strong lean culture in the virtual work environment. The study also seeks to outline the challenges and enablers of this implementation. The framework was tested on a construction project through an expert panel. Results show that the framework is promising, and that although COVID-19 inflicted many challenges, it also had some positive impacts on LPS implementation. The framework will help practitioners and managers adopt a systematic approach from initiation to implementation of LPS in a virtual environment. }, author_keywords={Last Planner® System (LPS), challenges, enablers, COVID-19, virtual environment }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sosa2021, author={Sosa, Alvaro A. and Torre, Jorge R. De La }, editor={ }, title={Feasibility of Stakeholder Management to Improve Integration and Communication Using Big Room, Lean Construction, PMBOK and PRINCE2 in Multifamily Projects in Times of Change}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={494-503}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1880}, doi={10.24928/2021/0180}, affiliation={Bachelor of School of Civil Engineering, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru, +51 995 904 426, u201518172@upc.edu.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-1324-6865 ; Magister Civil Engineer, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru, +51 975 355 556, pccijdel@upc.edu.pe, orcid.org/0000-0003-3596-8196 }, abstract={The purpose of this article is to corroborate the feasibility of stakeholder management for multifamily projects using Big Room as the main tool and Lean Construction, PMBOK6 and PRINCE2 as management methodologies. In Peru, multifamily projects have a great lack of integration and communication between stakeholders in all phases of execution. For this purpose, a survey was conducted among engineers with expertise in construction project management with emphasis on stakeholder management and a comparative technical analysis to highlight the best of each methodology. Finally, a stakeholder management proposal was developed taking into account these changing times due to the pandemic. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, big room, integration, management }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hamzeh2021, author={Hamzeh, Farook and González, Vicente A. and Alarcon, Luis F. and Khalife, Salam }, editor={ }, title={Lean Construction 4.0: Exploring the Challenges of Development in the AEC Industry}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={207-216}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1881}, doi={10.24928/2021/0181}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-3986-9534 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, v.gonzalez@auckland.ac.nz, orcid.org/0000-0003-3408-3863 ; Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-9277-2272 ; Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, khalife@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0003-1907-4547 }, abstract={In 1994, Lean Construction was understood as the application of Toyota Production principles to Construction. Since then, Lean Construction researchers and advocates have made two fundamental contributions: i) Lean Construction has become a production management theory in its own right; ii) Lean Construction has involved not only production management, but also people, technology, sustainability, safety, education, among others. With the arrival of the “fourth industrial revolution” or Industry 4.0, there has been seminal research attempts to acknowledge the influence of Industry 4.0 on the architecture-engineering-construction (AEC) industry (e.g. Construction 4.0), where the focus has been primarily on technology. However, for Lean Construction to keep evolving and serving the AEC industry, it must embrace the changes propelled by Industry 4.0, but maintain the people-processes-technology triad at its core. We argue that a shift towards Lean Construction 4.0 is needed, paying attention to the synergies between production management theory and digital/smart technologies. The term “Lean Construction 4.0” does represent the vision where we envision the AEC industry to be in the future, rather than its current status. The goal of this paper is not to propose an implementation plan, but to identify research needs and to motivate a discussion on the role of Lean Construction in facing the challenges of adopting Industry 4.0 in the AEC industry. }, author_keywords={Production management theory, industry 4.0, integration, people-process-technology }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Thompson2021, author={Thompson, Benjamin R. and Nassereddine, Hala }, editor={ }, title={The Lifecycle Value of Facility Management Professionals}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={217-226}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1882}, doi={10.24928/2021/0182}, affiliation={Graduate, Civil Engineering Department, Construction Engineering and Project Management, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA, + 1 931 801-8524, benjamin.r.thompson11@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-7241-3195 ; Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Construction Engineering and Project Management, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA, +1 859 257-1687, hala.nasserddine@uky.edu, orcid.org/0000-0001-8870-5854 }, abstract={As the construction industry focuses its effort on adopting lean principles to eliminate waste during project execution, an argument exists to reorient the industry’s lean journey to start with the operations phase. The continued absence of Facility Managers in the design process will prolong the inefficiencies of current project delivery methods. The failure to adapt planning processes to include Facility Management (FM) professionals prevent a total lean transformation of the construction industry. A question then arises about what value-adding activities exist in the operations phase to impact lifecycle costs of future projects. Using insights gained from existing literature, this paper assesses the lifecycle value of the FM industry and applies it to the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction industry to maximize the delivered value. This paper identifies five interactions between FM and Lean Principles that justify the integration of FM professionals into the development phase of a facility’s lifecycle. This paper is limited to the scope of FM and design and does not account for external pressures and requirements caused by contractual agreements, fiscal requirements, or regulatory guidance. }, author_keywords={Facility management, lean, stakeholder integration }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Formoso2021, author={Formoso, Carlos and Tommelein, Iris D. and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu and Koskela, Lauri and Fireman, Marcus and Barth, Karina and Bataglin, Fernanda and Viana, Daniela and Coelho, Rafael and Singh, Vishesh and Zani, Carolina and Ransolin, Natália and Disconzi, Claudia }, editor={ }, title={Slack in Construction - Part 1: Core Concepts}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={187-196}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1883}, doi={10.24928/2021/0183}, affiliation={Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, formoso@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-4772-3746 ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL), University of California, Berkeley, CA, tommelein@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-9941-659 ; Associate Professor, Industrial Engineering and Transportation Department, UFRGS, Brazil, saurin@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0003-2929-5888 ; Professor of Construction and Project Management, School of Art, Design and Architecture. University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, UK, l.koskela@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0003-4449- 2281 ; PhD Student, Postgraduate Program in Civil Eng.: Construction and Infrastructure, UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90035-190, Brazil, marcus@climbgroup.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-5843-4715 ; PhD Student, Postgraduate Program in Civil Eng.: Construction and Infrastructure, UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90035-190, Brazil, marcus@climbgroup.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-5843-4715 ; PhD Student, Postgraduate Program in Civil Eng.: Construction and Infrastructure, UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90035-190, Brazil, marcus@climbgroup.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-5843-4715 ; Adjunct Professor, Interdisciplinary Department, NORIE, UFRGS, dietz.viana@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-8958-4708 ; Graduate Student, Civil and Envir. Eng. Dept., University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, rvcoelho@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-3298-3622 ; Graduate Student, Civil and Envir. Eng. Dept., University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, visheshvs@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-6999-9727 ; MSc Student, Postgraduate Program in Production Eng. UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil, zani.carol@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-2649-2432 ; PhD Candidate, Postgraduate Program in Civil Eng.: Construction and Infrastructure, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil, natalia.ransolin@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-7128-8000 ; PhD Candidate, Postgraduate Program in Industrial Eng:, UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90035-190, Brazil, claudiaguerraep@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-4224-5167 }, abstract={Construction projects are known to be complex, due to being subject to uncertainty and variability. The use of buffers to protect them from the detrimental impact of variability has been well-researched. A key managerial choice is not whether or not to buffer variability, but rather how to define the necessary combination of buffers. Slack is a concept related to buffers but has been used in the literature to describe a broader range of strategies for coping with complexity. It allows an organisation to adapt to internal pressures for adjustment or to external pressures for change in policy. This paper aims to further develop the concept of slack and to unveil its relationships with other concepts and ideas that are partly overlapping such as buffers, resilience, robustness, flexibility, and redundancy. A concept map was devised in order to articulate the nature of the slack concept. This paper explores in detail this concept map and proposes a conceptual role for slack in the realm of Lean. }, author_keywords={Slack, buffer, complexity, variability, uncertainty, concept map, waste }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Jacob2021, author={Jacob, Georgie and Sharma, Nimish and Rybkowski, Zofia K. and Devkar, Ganesh }, editor={ }, title={Target Value Design: Development and Testing of a Virtual Simulation}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={320-329}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1884}, doi={10.24928/2021/0185}, affiliation={Teaching Associate, Faculty of Technology, CEPT University, Ahmedabad - 380009, India +919961957876, georgie.jacob@cept.ac.in, orcid.org/0000-0001-6548-9538 ; Post Graduate Student, Faculty of Technology, CEPT University, Ahmedabad - 380009, India +918368938579, nimish.sharma@cept.ac.in, orcid.org/0000-0002-8050-7893 ; Associate Proffessor, Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA, zrybkowski@tamu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-0683-5004 ; Associate Professor, Faculty of Technlogy, CEPT University, Ahmedabad – 380009, India +919099010303, ganesh.devkar@cept.ac.in, orcid.org/0000-0002-5482-1221 }, abstract={Early in the development of a lean project, Target Value Design (TVD) practices define owner value, and it is toward actualization of defined owner value that all subsequent lean practices should flow. Participatory simulations have been used to help stakeholders comprehend TVD processes before they are implemented on an actual project, enhancing their effectiveness. This paper introduces results from testing of an online version of a TVD simulation that was being used to teach TVD at universities and to practioner stakeholders before embarking on a sometimes lengthy TVD journey. The online TVD simulation described in this paper arose out of the need to continue to teach TVD despite social distancing requirements that emerged during the global COVID-19 pandemic. This paper chronicles the details associated with the online simulation: the template design, choice of suitable online platform, strategy for playing the simulation, and facilitation of post-simulation discussions. The developed simulation was tested with post graduate students of Construction Engineering and Management Programme at CEPT University. The post simulation discussion and analysis of questionnaire responses received indicate that participants enjoyed this simulation and learned important principles related to TVD. This online simulation is an evolved version of the Marshmallow Tower TVD simulation. Hence, it indicates the growing trend towards evolution of lean simulations and serious game to adjust to changing conditions. }, author_keywords={Target Value Delivery, collaboration, target cost, virtual online simulation, lean simulation. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Arroyo2021, author={Arroyo, Paz and Schöttle, Annette and Christensen, Randi }, editor={ }, title={The Ethical and Social Dilemma of AI Uses in the Construction Industry}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={227-236}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1885}, doi={10.24928/2021/0188}, affiliation={Quality Leader, DPR, San Francisco, CA, PazA@dpr.com, and Founder and Co-Director, CollabDecisions, www.collabdecisions.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-8098-8172 ; Partner, Head of Refine Cell Munich, Refine Projects AG, Schelmenwasenstraße 34, 70567 Stuttgart, Germany, +4915156561529, annett.schoettle@refine.team and Founder and Co-Director, CollabDecisions, www.collabdecisions.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-6001-7320 ; Associate Technical Director (Lean), COWI, RMCH@cowi.com and Founder and Co-Director, CollabDecisions, www.collabdecisions.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-3377-7057 }, abstract={Given the growth in data collection and application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the construction industry, there is a need to study the ethical and social considerations for employees in the industry and for society in general. AI could support more efficient ways of working where technology is better equipped for the tasks compared to humans. With new technologies such as AI, many decisions will be made by algorithms and not by humans. This paper explores the ethical and social dilemmas that are intrinsic in decisionmaking, and how they will also impact the decisions made by AI algorithms. The paper presents definitions of ethical and social dilemmas, a definition of AI, and summarizes current applications of AI in construction. It also discusses several questions associated with the current and future application of AI in the construction industry and the ethical and social dilemmas defined. This is an exploratory paper and the aim of the authors is to spark further research and discussion on the topic within the Lean Construction community, given that lean is based on respect for people a }, author_keywords={Artificial intelligence, decision-making, ethical and social dilemma, biases }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bhatnagar2021, author={Bhatnagar, Shaurya and Devkar, Ganesh }, editor={ }, title={Development and Testing of a Simulation Game on Waste Elimination Using Lean Practices}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={330-339}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1886}, doi={10.24928/2021/0190}, affiliation={Shaurya Bhatnagar1 and Ganesh Devkar ; Associate Professor, Faculty of Technlogy, CEPT University, Ahmedabad – 380009, India +919099010303, ganesh.devkar@cept.ac.in, orcid.org/0000-0002-5482-1221 }, abstract={Lean concepts of waste elimination and analysis of Value-Adding (VA) and Non-Value-Adding (NVA) activities holds the potential for improved processes in a construction project and enhanced value creation for the client. Simulation games can be effectively used to impart knowledge about these concepts and tap the potential of lean philosophy in the construction industry. This paper reports the development and testing of a simulation game that focuses on waste elimination and value maximisation using lean principles. This paper chronicles the details of setting game requirements, prototype design, material selection, sequence of work, room set up, roles and scenarios and rules for different rounds. The simulation game consisted of three rounds. Round 1 involved traditional construction processes in which, lean wastes are evident, which adversely affects variables like time, cost and quality. In Rounds 2 and 3, various lean practices are introduced, with an aim to eliminate waste and to understand value-adding and non-value-adding activities. The developed simulation was tested with post graduate students at CEPT University, India. The post simulation discussion indicated that the simulation game resulted in enhanced understanding on waste, value and lean practices. This simulation game can be further enhanced by integrating aspects of value stream mapping of construction process. }, author_keywords={Lean, simulation game, waste elimination, value maximisation, cost, lead time }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kallassy2021, author={Kallassy, Jessica and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={ }, title={Developing a Lean Culture Index in Construction}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={504-513}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1887}, doi={10.24928/2021/0192}, affiliation={Masters Graduate, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut Riad El-Solh 1107 2020, Lebanon, jfk06@aub.edu.lb ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-3986-9534 }, abstract={Metrics and indices have become commonly available for construction planners in general, and Lean practitioners in particular, to evaluate and control their projects’ performance. Amidst the ample availability of such measures, the fight against specious Lean implementation in different construction firms has been the concern of many researchers. In order to address this issue, and in an attempt to provide practitioners with new methods to assess the Lean culture, this research develops a Lean Culture Index that can be used to measure Lean culture and the readiness of an organization to apply Lean. It presents a comprehensive model to assess Lean culture, and it can be used as a basis for future models of Lean implementation. It also provides practitioners with a diagnostic tool that measures where areas need further improvement. The paper utilizes a thorough literature review to identify features of Lean culture. Then, a survey is conducted to assess the derived features. Analysis of the data revealed that although surveyed construction companies showed some relation to Lean culture such as flexibility and consistency, there is still room for improvement in areas such as training and human focus. The study is capped with recommendations and conclusions. }, author_keywords={Lean construction index, lean culture, organizational culture }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Perez-Apaza2021, author={Perez-Apaza, Fernando and Ramírez-Valenzuela, Andre and Perez-Apaza, Juan D. }, editor={ }, title={The Toyota Kata Methodology for Managing the Maturity Level of Last Planner® System}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={514-523}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1888}, doi={10.24928/2021/0194}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, National University of Engineering, Perú, jfperez@uni.pe, orcid.org/0000-0003-0322-9110 ; Chief Executive Officer at Sonder Hub, Lima, Perú, raramirezv@uni.pe, orcid.org/0000-0003-4585-9946 ; Civil Engineer, Peruvian Union University, Perú, judipeap@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-2277-3189 }, abstract={The implementation of the Last Planner® System (LPS) generates reliable production flows in construction projects and improves the competitiveness of companies that adopt the system. Research shows a greater number of implementations in construction companies and also recognizes that the effectiveness of LPS in projects is not achieved due to partial, short-term implementations, and without continuous feedback. This paper describes a proposal for managing the LPS maturity level with the objective of implementing all the components of the methodology and developing the project organization. It proposes the use of a method based on the LPS maturity model proposed by the Lean Construction Institute and the Toyota Kata methodology, described by Myke Rother, to help organizations achieve improvement actions. The proposed methodology was evaluated in a case study and the results were compared based on literature regarding the level of adoption of the organizations implementing the LPS components. The results and indicators obtained were compared with studies on the implementation of LPS in projects. }, author_keywords={Last Planner® System, lean construction, continuous improvement, toyota kata, maturity }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Veras de Carvalho2021, author={Veras de Carvalho, Yan Mota and Olimpio, Luiz Carlos Magalhães and Lima, Matheus Gomes and Lima, Mariana Monteiro Xavier and Neto, José de Paula Barros }, editor={ }, title={BIM and Visual Programming Language Supporting Project Constructability}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={126-135}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1889}, doi={10.24928/2021/0199}, affiliation={Lean Consultant of Capital Projects and Infrastructure, VerumPartners, Fortaleza, Brazil, +55 88 99660-3141, yanveras00@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-6038-4056 ; Engineering Analyst - Lean Planner, Cortez Engenharia Ltda., Fortaleza, Brazil, +55 85 98638-7670, olimpio@alu.ufc.br, orcid.org/0000-0003-3576-0547 ; Master’s Student, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Brazil, +55 88 99765-0743, matheusgsdelima@alu.ufc.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-6243-6075 ; Adjunct Professor, Department of Architecture and Urbanism and Design, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Brazil, mariana@daud.ufc.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-6560-4070 ; DBA., Full Professor, Department of Structural Engineering and Civil Construction, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Brazil, +55 85 99969-1871, barrosneto@gercon.ufc.br. orcid.org/0000-0001-5131-4593 }, abstract={Construction projects need to consider the multiplicity of constructive aspects on its development process via predefined parameters. Constructability is a concept that comprehends these features, and has a direct relationship with time, cost, and quality criteria. However, it is often neglected due the difficulty in measuring its indicators during project design process. Additionally, the indicators measurement is usually laborious, resulting in waste of resources during design stage. Recognizing this scenario, this research proposes a practical tool for designers and integrated with a design software. One of the steps of the model is the identification of project performance indicator’s regarding its constructability. Following is the development of a programmable routine, created on Dynamo, used for the data collection from the BIM model. The indicators are updated in real time, granting project constructability evaluation during the modelling process. The alghorithm developed allows users to propose solutions that are almost impossible when using only a modeling software and that would require many operations. Some limitations that were identified are: the developed routines may not support unforeseen variations and since the model was built with a visual programming tool (Dynamo), it may have to undergo some adaptations for correct efficiency in other tools. }, author_keywords={Constructability, visual programming, product development, lean construction }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Biotto2021, author={Biotto, Clarissa N. and Herrera, Rodrigo F. and Salazar, Luis A. and Pérez, Cristina T. and Luna, Roberto M. and Rodrigheri, Priscila M. and Serra, Sheyla M. B. }, editor={ }, title={Virtual Parade Game for Lean Teaching and Learning in Students From Brazil and Chile}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={340-349}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1890}, doi={10.24928/2021/0203}, affiliation={Post-Doctoral Researcher, Postgraduate Programme of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Sao Carlos (UFSCar), Brazil, clarissa.biotto@ufscar.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-2433-6735 ; Professor, School of Civil Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile, rodrigo.herrera@pucv.cl, orcid.org/0000-0001-5186-3154 ; PhD Candidate, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, and Assistant Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad Andres Bello, Chile, lasalaza@uc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0001-7339-8935 ; Post-Doctoral Researcher, Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Aarhus University, Denmark, cristina.toca.perez@cae.au.dk. orcid.org/0000-0002-4182-1492 ; PhD Candidate, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, raluna@uc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0001-7647-7049 ; Master Candidate, Postgraduate Programme of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Brazil, eng.priscilamr@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-6067-8943 ; Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Brazil, sheylabs@ufscar.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-9508-976X }, abstract={The use of games in engineering teaching is common practice in classes with lecturers all over the world. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, undergraduate civil engineering education became virtual and remote. In this context, many games traditionally played in person among students have undergone adaptations to the digital environment. The game "Parade of Trades" or "Parade Game" is used worldwide to teach the effects of variability in construction workflows in linear, dependent and sequential production systems. An adapted version of the game to the virtual environment was proposed by ASKM & Associates LLC and Navilean LLC. It was presented at the International Group for Lean Construction Congress (IGLC 2020). This version of the Parade Game was applied in three different high education institutions in Brazil and Chile. The game's effectiveness for teaching the variability concept was tested by administering a questionnaire before and after the game with the Production Planning and Control course's students in Civil Engineering. The main contribution of this study is the evaluation of learning brought by the game. Results show an increase of 20% in the correct answers in the post-game questionnaire, demonstrating that the students captured the game's main concepts. }, author_keywords={Engineering education, lean games, parade game, COVID-19, virtual teaching. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gordon2021, author={Gordon, Elizabeth and Rawlinson, Keila and Reed, Dean }, editor={ }, title={Assessing Impact of Organizational Change for a Systems Approach to Quality}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={524-533}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1891}, doi={10.24928/2021/0207}, affiliation={Quality Leader, DPR Construction, San Francisco, CA 94111, USA, +1 650 339-9588, elizabethg@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-8165-0459 ; Operations Data Business Analyst, DPR Construction, Denver, CO 80112, USA, +1 303 349-0831, keilar@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-9718-5483 ; Owner and Consultant, Capability-Building, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA, +1 650 207-3486, dean@deansreed.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-2916-8558 }, abstract={This paper explains what leaders of a change initiative for a new systems approach to Quality did and how they assessed the impact of their work within a large US construction management and general contracting company. All three of the authors were engaged directly or indirectly in the initiative. The research question is to understand what the organizational change agents did to measure the impact of the work contemporaneously and overall. The ideas of three well-known organizational change thought leaders influenced the work of these agents. This paper describes the iterative development of the change initiative over seven years and how leaders used data in combination with participant feedback to assess the impact of the work. Key findings are: the systems approach to Quality was applicable in all five of the organization’s core markets, and onethird of all projects by revenue in the five years of data studied attempted to implement the approach }, author_keywords={Organizational change, quality, capability, data, impact }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Chuquín2021, author={Chuquín, Frank and Chuquín, Cristhian and Saire, Romina }, editor={ }, title={Lean and BIM Interaction in a High Rise Building}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={136-144}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1892}, doi={10.24928/2021/0208}, affiliation={Lecturer, Researcher at Construction Management & Technology Research Group (GETEC), Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Lima, Peru, frank.chuquin@pucp.pe, orcid.org/0000-0001- 8342-6602 ; Civil Engineer, Researcher at Construction Management & Technology Research Group (GETEC), Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Lima, Peru, chuquin.cr@pucp.edu.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002- 4080-9600 ; Research Assistant at Construction Management & Technology Research Group (GETEC), Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Lima, Peru, rsairecanales@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-2433-1301 }, abstract={Lean Design has been spreading its use in the AEC industry along with the emergence of Building Information Modelling (BIM).Those two methodologies; Lean and BIM are being implemented first independently and then together. as new means to deliver more efficient projects. This paper researches some tools of Lean and BIM that permit a positive interaction by focusing on a case study related to a high rise building for residential use. Those tools are; from Lean Construction, set based design and value stream mapping. From BIM were used a 3D model and Integrated Concurrent Engineering (ICE) sessions. Also, the paper describes the interaction between those tools in the design phase and its impact in the construction stage. }, author_keywords={Lean design, BIM, set based design, value stream, ice session }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Skaar2021, author={Skaar, John and Kalsaas, Bo Terje }, editor={ }, title={The Importance of Alignment}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={534-541}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1893}, doi={10.24928/2021/0211}, affiliation={PhD Student/Assistant Professor, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, University of Agder, N-4846 Grimstad, Norway, john.skaar@uia.no, orcid.org/0000-0003- 2290-2374 ; PhD Student/Assistant Professor, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, University of Agder, N-4846 Grimstad, Norway, john.skaar@uia.no, orcid.org/0000-0003- 2290-2374 }, abstract={Illeris learning model for working life claims that learning only happens if both the individual psychological level and the interaction with the surrounding environment is aligned. With an assumption that a principle-based leadership framework can support and maintain lean initiatives, a conceptual walkthrough is conducted by putting the principlesbased framework up against Illeris’s model for learning in working life. Learning is a fundamental prerequisite for behavioural change, so by discussing how principles can enhance learning in an organization crucial insight is ggained. This insight will further support ongoing fieldwork on action-based research implementing principles within the construction business. A principles-based leadership framework can help align, activate and increase the overlapping area both on work identity and on working practice and therefore be an important contribution for behavioural change in the construction business. }, author_keywords={Experimental learning, commitment, action research, continuous improvement and leadership. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Erazo-Rondinel2021, author={Erazo-Rondinel, Andrews A. and Huaman-Orosco, Cristian }, editor={ }, title={Exploratory Study of the Main Lean Tools in Construction Projects in Peru}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={542-551}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1894}, doi={10.24928/2021/0213}, affiliation={Teaching Assistant, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Lima, Peru, aerazor@uni.pe , orcid.org/0000-0002-5639-573X ; Graduate Student, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Lima, Peru, chuamano@uni.pe , orcid.org/0000-0002-8125-3768 }, abstract={Lean Construction (LC) has been applied in various construction projects in Peru for over 20 years in different projects: buildings, roads, sanitary works, mining, sports infrastructure, energy, oil, and industrial plants; as well as a series of tools such as Last Planner System (LPS), takt time, visual management, among others. However, in Peru, practitioners are focused on LPS, leaving aside other lean tools that can help manage construction projects. The research aims to identify the main lean tools applied in Peru's construction projects and classify them according to the project type. First, a literature review of lean tools applied in Peru is conducted; second, expert judgments are interviewed to validate the tools, and fourteen main LC implementation tools are identified. Then, one hundred and twenty-four engineers answered the survey from various types of projects and classified the primary tools that have been implemented in their respective projects. The data is analysed by linear correlation and reliability. It was found that the primary tools used in Peru are: LPS, Visual Management (VM), Continuous Improvement, Feedback, Big Room, and Value Stream Mapping (VSM). The study found that professionals do not know the benefits of each tool or when to apply it. Also, the professionals implement few tools in the design stage of the projects. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, tools, benefits, Perú, Latin America }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Garcia2021, author={Garcia, Alejandro and Murguia, Danny }, editor={ }, title={A Scenario-Based Model for the Study of Collaboration in Construction}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={552-561}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1895}, doi={10.24928/2021/0216}, affiliation={Research Assistant, Construction Management & Technology Research Group (GETEC), Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, garcia.alejandro@pucp.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-1347-0824 ; Assistant Professor, Construction Management & Technology Research Group (GETEC), Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, dmurguia@pucp.pe, orcid.org/0000-0003-1009-4058 }, abstract={The construction sector has been widely criticized for its low productivity, fragmented structure, and adversarial relationships. To address these problems, some industry actors are adopting innovations such as lean construction, digital technologies, and collaborative contracts. However, these transformative innovations are underpinned by interorganizational collaboration within complex supply chain networks. Understanding collaboration in theory and practice is a difficult task. Therefore, this study aims to investigate factors influencing collaboration and develop a model for inter-organizational collaboration. To achieve this aim, first, a literature review on collaboration in construction was conducted. Second, qualitative data were collected via semi-structured interviews using the critical incident technique. Third, data were deductively and inductively analyzed using thematic nodes. Data showed that collaboration can be classified into four dimensions: trust, project uncertainty management, client’s operational capability, and business relationships. Finally, an empirical framework was constructed using the scenario technique. Client attributes and Supply Chain Capabilities were found to be the most influential and uncertain factors. Based on these, four collaboration scenarios were developed and assessed with illustrative implications derived from the empirical data. The scenario-based model would provide a further understanding of inter-organizational collaboration within supply chains and would aid Lean Construction practitioners to develop collaborative relationships. }, author_keywords={Collaboration, supply chain management, lean construction, relationships, scenarios }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Paucar-Espinoza2021, author={Paucar-Espinoza, Anthony F. and Erazo-Rondinel, Andrews A. and Yong-Zamora, Seiko }, editor={ }, title={Choosing by Advantages for the Selection of a New Member of the Project Team}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={562-571}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1896}, doi={10.24928/2021/0219}, affiliation={Researcher, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Lima, Peru, apaucare@uni.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-5369-1584 ; Teaching Assistant, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería,, Lima, Peru aerazor@uni.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-5639-573X ; Planner, Consorcio Sihuay, Ancash, Peru, seiko.yong@consorciosuyay.com, orcid.org/0000-0003- 0635-374X }, abstract={The construction industry works through projects; each project needs people who make its realization possible, and these people relate to each other, forming work teams. Thus, there is an important relationship between the projects and the team members of a construction project, who must be selected based on competencies that allow them to satisfactorily perform their role in the project and thus contribute to the project's success. This research aims to provide a systematic approach while also providing decisionmakers with best practices by demonstrating the application of the Choosing By Advantages (CBA) system tabular method in selecting a member of the project team. To this end, the research begins with a bibliographic compilation to consolidate the main factors that allow us to choose a new member of the project team. Later, the team is trained in the CBA system. The choice is determined by applying the Tabular CBA method to support a collaborative virtual platform and a remote communication program. Finally, the team decided and chose the new member to be part of the project team in the Project Control area. }, author_keywords={Choosing by Advantages, project team, multi-criteria decision analysis, CBA tabular method, project controls }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Reed2021, author={Reed, Dean and Powell, Will and Berg, Peter }, editor={ }, title={Competitive Capability-Building for Integrated Design Scheduling and Management}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={572-581}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1897}, doi={10.24928/2021/0221}, affiliation={Owner and Consultant, Capability-Building, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA, +1 650 207 3486, dean@deansreed.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-2916-8558 ; Integrated Design Scheduling and Management Subject Matter Expert, DPR Construction, San Diego, CA 92122, USA, +1 858 597 7070, willpo@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-4720-4572 ; Project Executive, DPR Construction, Phoenix, AZ 85034, USA, +1 602 808 0500, peterb@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-8227-2012 }, abstract={This paper explores the relevance of Takahiro Fujimoto’s theory of the role capabilitybuilding played in the emergence of the Toyota Production System to design and construction. It is the third in a series on this topic. The research question is whether Fujimoto’s explanation of how capability was built within Toyota can help project teams build better capability leading to system-level improvement. In this new paper the authors connect Fujimoto’s evolutionary perspective with the possibility that complex systems theory is a useful starting point for understanding design and construction. The authors explain Fujimoto’s theory and how they used it to evaluate building-capability for Integrated Design Scheduling and Management on several projects they reviewed retrospectively. Key findings are: 1, effective use of routines is important and a prerequisite for effectiveness; 2, routinized capability (regular patterns of doing essential things) is essential to affect change at system level; 3, entrepreneurial leadership is necessary for effective capability-building, and 4, system emergence, where there is no relationship between the content and pattern of system changes, together with routinized capability is possible although rare; 5; this is also possible, but even more rare with a second, systems level of problem solving. }, author_keywords={Theory, capability, complexity, emergence, evolutionary }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Neve2021, author={Neve, Hasse H. and Lerche, Jon and Wandahl, Søren }, editor={ }, title={Combining Lean Methods to Improve Construction Labour Efficiency in Renovation Projects}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={647-656}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1898}, doi={10.24928/2021/0107}, affiliation={Consultant, Senior Associate, PhD, PwC, Aarhus, Denmark, +45 2879 1838, hasse.hojgaard.neve@pwc.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-2311-3529 ; PostDoc, PhD, Department of Business Development and Technology, Aarhus University, Denmark, +45 6013 3595, jon.lerche@btech.au.dk, orcid.org/0000-0001-7076-9630 ; Professor, Dept. of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Aarhus University, Denmark, +45 4189 3216, swa@cae.au.dk, orcid.org/0000-0001-8708-6035 }, abstract={The construction industry has experienced stagnation and perhaps even a decline in construction labor productivity for decades. This is problematic as labour costs in construction constitute up to 60% of the total project costs. This research aimed to investigate further how much complimentary lean construction tools could impact Construction Labor Efficiency (CLE). CLE is a key element in the denominator when calculating Construction Labor Productivity (CLP) because CLP focuses on maximizing value-adding-work time (numerator) and minimizing nonvalueadding-work time (denominator). A case study research approach with four renovation projects was used to collect Lean Implementation Degree (LID) and CLE data. The research findings showed a strong positive correlation between LID and CLE in the four renovation projects. The findings have implications for both academia and industry professionals. Academia now has initial results on which future research can be built. Industry professionals now have a better understanding of how lean improves efficiency and hereby better arguments for why lean construction methods must be implemented in future renovation projects. The research was limited by a small sample size of only four renovation projects. Thus, further research is needed to validate the effects in renovation projects and other types of construction projects as well. }, author_keywords={Performance, productivity, work sampling, efficiency, implementation, lean }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Cossio2021, author={Cossio, Natalia A. and Salazar, Luis A. }, editor={ }, title={Implementing Elements of Last Planner® System in the Orchestra Wheel Method}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={657-666}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1899}, doi={10.24928/2021/0108}, affiliation={Student Civil Engineering, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile, n.cossio@uandresbello.edu ; PhD Candidate, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad, Católica de Chile, and Assistant Professor, Construction Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile, +56 2 2661 8346, lasalaza@uc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0001- 7339-8935 }, abstract={Due to the high costs and low level of productivity of high-rise building constructions, it is necessary to plan the Tower Crane’s stay on site. In a first instance and to establish a baseline, a survey was conducted along with a Panel of Professional Experts to validate how the Tower Crane works and the performance indicators mostly used in Chile. The authors then developed a planning methodology, which has its origin in the “Orchestra Wheel” method but incorporates elements from the Last Planner® System. The primary aims were to achieve strategic planning and greater logistical detail to program the crane, generating greater control of the fulfillment of tasks, adding stages for better planning, and improving productivity. This new method was validated with an expert in the "Orchestra Wheel" methodology and with a Panel of academic experts and researchers who specialize in LPS—posing as future research, implementing this methodology in different high-rise building construction projects. }, author_keywords={Planning system, orchestra wheel, Last Planner® System, high-rise building }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lerche2021, author={Lerche, Jon and Neve, Hasse and Gross, Allan and Wandahl, Søren }, editor={ }, title={A Model to Link Takt Schedules and Operations in Construction}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={667-676}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1900}, doi={10.24928/2021/0111}, affiliation={PhD, Dept. of BTech., Aarhus University, Birk Centerpark 15, 7400 Herning, Denmark, jon.lerche@btech.au.dk, orcid.org/0000-0001-7076-9630 ; PhD, Consultant, Denmark, hasse_neve@hotmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-2311-3529 ; Professor, Dept. of BTech., Aarhus University, Birk Centerpark 15, 7400 Herning, Denmark, agr@btech.au.dk ; Professor, Aarhus University, Dept. of Technology Management & Engineering, Inge Lehmanns Gade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, swa@cae.au.dk, orcid.org/0000-0001-8708-6035 }, abstract={This research paper presents a model for construction that can bridge the gap between the schedules (takt planning or location-based management) and the on-site operations using visual management (VM). The model was developed using design science. It was shaped in a modular construction environment and evaluated theoretically. The knowledge base consists of; takt planning, location-based scheduling (LBS), plan-do-check-act, and visual management. The evaluation of the model revealed that a generic model could accommodate both schedule methods and incorporate continuous learning. The discussion provided knowledge about the industrial implication and how managers could apply this in Takt or LBS planned and controlled projects. This research further contributes to the literature by extending the existing knowledge of scheduling and visual management. }, author_keywords={Design science, location-based management (LBM), takt planning (TP), visual management, work structuring. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sahlberg2021, author={Sahlberg, Jenni and Lehtovaara, Joonas and Seppänen, Olli }, editor={ }, title={Implementing Takt Production in Renovation Projects}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={677-686}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1901}, doi={10.24928/2021/0113}, affiliation={Site Engineer, YIT Suomi Oy, Finland, jenni.sahlberg@yit.fi, orcid.org/0000-0001-8498-6230 ; Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, joonas.lehtovaara@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-4761-3811 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-5924 }, abstract={Renovation projects are a special type of construction projects. The unique features of renovation projects make production control challenging, as they often cause a great deal of variation, resulting in waste in production and reducing profitability. Takt production has been applied to renovation, but its specific suitability and benefits in renovation projects have not been studied widely. This paper describes a design science study that i) examines the suitability of takt production in renovation projects through literature and interviews, ii) designs a process model for applying takt production in renovation projects, and iii) applies and validates the designed process model in a case project. The findings imply that takt production can benefit renovation projects. The study highlights the significance of fulfilled prerequisites and well-managed supporting functions in takt production. If these requirements are not fully met, the significance of proactive problem-solving in production control and collaborative practices increases. }, author_keywords={Design science, lean construction, takt planning and control, renovation }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lehtovaara2021, author={Lehtovaara, Joonas and Heinonen, Aleksi and Ronkainen, Miika and Seppänen, Olli and Peltokorpi, Antti }, editor={ }, title={Takt Production as Operations Strategy: Client’s Perspective to Value-Creation and Flow}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={829-838}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1902}, doi={10.24928/2021/0118}, affiliation={Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, joonas.lehtovaara@aalto.fi , orcid.org/0000-0002-4761-3811 ; Partner, Vison Oy, Finland, aleksi.heinonen@vison.fi, orcid.org/0000-0003-2027-9646 ; Business Director, Vison Oy, Finland, miika.ronkainen@vison.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-3502-0488 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-5924 ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, antti.peltokorpi@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-7939-6612 }, abstract={Takt production is the most recent iteration of location-based production planning and control methods, adopting insights from lean construction and manufacturing operations management literature. In this research, we aim to advance the discussion between these domains further, especially considering the client’s viewpoint. We approach takt production as a form of a project’s operations strategy, allowing an explicit connection between client value-creation, production flow, and takt planning and control. Five key performance indicators are proposed to aid the client’s understanding in assessing (and challenging) the effectiveness and value-creation capability of a specific takt production system. Furthermore, the approach is illustrated by applying it to a master planning phase of a large hospital project. The study has implications for clients and other stakeholders to evaluate their capability to operate with takt production from the lenses of valuecreation and production flow. We also hope that the study encourages scholars and practitioners to engage in further discussion with the nature of takt production, observing it from various theoretical and practical viewpoints. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, takt production, operations strategy, production planning and control, production system design }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Power2021, author={Power, William and Sinnott, Derek and Lynch, Patrick and Solorz, Chris }, editor={ }, title={Last Planner® System Implementation Health Check}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={687-696}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1903}, doi={10.24928/2021/0119}, affiliation={Productivity & Performance Manager, DPS Group, 4 Eastgate Avenue, Eastgate Business Park, Little Island, Co. Cork, Ireland T45 YR13, willie.power@dpsgroupglobal.com, +353217305000, orcid.org/0000-0001-5791-846X ; Senior Lecturer, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland, dsinnott@wit.ie, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3969-8699 ; Lecturer, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland, plynch@wit.ie, orcid.org/0000-0002- 5406-3846 ; Last Planner Engineer, DPS Group, 4 Eastgate Avenue, Eastgate Business Park, Little Island, Co. Cork, Ireland T45 YR13, chris.solorz@dpsgroupglobal.com, +353217305000, orcid.org/0000-0001-7718- 2103 }, abstract={Achieving consistency of Last Planner® System (LPS) implementation is a persistent challenge for owners, contractors, and practitioners alike. This research evaluated the application of all functions of LPS within an Engineering, Procurement, Construction Management and Validation (EPCMV) consultancy and sought to develop a Guideline and Implementation Health Check (IHC) to assist consistent LPS implementation across all company projects. The study adopted a mixed-methods approach utilising case study design and data collected from a literature review, project documentation review, purposeful semi-structured interviews, two pilot implementations, and a focus group workshop conducted within the case company and across two projects. Findings posit an implementation assessment tool (IHC) should be considered as an aid to sustaining consistent LPS implementation across projects. Construction should strive to standardise its processes (like the IHC introduction) and adopt a ‘process improvement’ view and mindset. The IHC highlights the critical components of the functions of LPS and allows project teams to check whether each is being utilised effectively. LPS and its functions constitutes a systematic process for construction planning however, best results will only accrue once all components are in place. While the IHC will ensure the physical infrastructure is in place, successful LPS implementation necessitates deeper consideration of how people think, communicate, engage, commit, and collaborate. Successful and sustainable LPS implementations must be founded on a desire and motivation to improve existing delivery processes and necessitate senior management commitment from all stakeholders. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Last Planner® System, collaboration, health check }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Berroir2021, author={Berroir, Fabrice and Guernaccini, Pierre and Boje, Calin and Maatar, Omar }, editor={ }, title={Reducing Construction Logistics Costs and Embodied Carbon With Ccc and Kitting: A Case Study}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={935-944}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1904}, doi={10.24928/2021/0120}, affiliation={R&D Engineer, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg, fabrice.berroir@list.lu, orcid.org/0000-0002-0392-1011 ; R&D Engineer, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg, pierre.guernaccini@list.lu, orcid.org/0000-0002-5395-9042 ; Doctor, R&D associate, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg, calin.boje@list.lu, orcid.org/0000-0002-5150-9355 ; Managing Director, Compagnie Luxembourgeoise d’Entreprises (CLE), Capellen, Luxembourg, omar_maatar@cle.lu, orcid.org/0000-0001-6933-787 }, abstract={Supply chain management was originally proposed to improve construction sites performances, nonetheless this simultaneously presents a potential solution for reducing the carbon footprint of the construction sector. Therefore, both environmental and cost impacts must be considered in order to raise the sector’s awareness and foster change towards more sustainable practices. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the applicability of such a model for the supply chain by implementing Just-in-Time deliveries using kitting and a Construction Consolidation Centre managed by a ThirdParty Logistics operator on a real-life construction project. Data was collected on actual tasks durations, time losses for site’s workers and deliveries, and used as input to estimate the corresponding values with a traditional logistics and to model impact on both direct and indirect costs for comparison and discussion. Findings indicate that this new logistics paradigm can lead to productivity improvements and overall reduction in transportation needs. These have an implicit positive impact on both the environment and cost savings, which are calculated and discussed. Based on these results, it is argued that the adoption of this model contributes to a lean-green deal by demonstrating the positive impact of Lean Construction techniques towards better supply chain integration. }, author_keywords={Supply chain management (SCM), sustainability, action research, CCC, kitting. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Van Dijkhuizen2021, author={Van Dijkhuizen, Martin J. and Vrijhoef, Ruben and Bakker, Hans L. M. }, editor={ }, title={A Conceptual Model to Determine the Impact of Off-Site Construction on Labour Productivity}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={945-954}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1905}, doi={10.24928/2021/0121}, affiliation={Doctoral Researcher, Delft University of Technology, and HU University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, PO Box 182, NL-3500 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands, martin.vandijkhuizen@hu.nl, orcid.org/0000- 0002-5913-8915 ; Senior Researcher, Delft University of Technology, and Professor, HU University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, PO Box 5043, NL-2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands, r.vrijhoef@tudelft.nl, orcid.org/0000- 0002-7303-838X ; Professor, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5048, NL-2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands, h.l.m.bakker@tudelft.nl, orcid.org/0000-0002-2421-4711 }, abstract={Despite the efforts of governments and firms, the construction industry is trailing other industries in labour productivity. Construction companies are interested in increasing their labour productivity, particularly when demand grows and construction firms cope with labour shortages. Off-site construction has proved to be a favourable policy to increase labour productivity. However, a complete understanding of the factors affecting construction labour productivity is lacking, and it is unclear which factors are influenced by off-site construction. This study developed a conceptual model describing how 15 factors influence the construction process and make a difference in labour productivity between off-site and on-site construction. The conceptual model shows that all 15 factors affect labour productivity in three ways: through direct effects, indirect effects and causal loops. The model is a starting point for further research to determine the impact of off-site construction on labour productivity. }, author_keywords={Labour productivity, construction process, off-site construction, modelling }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Marte Gómez2021, author={Marte Gómez, José A. and Daniel, Emmanuel I. and Fang, Yanqing and Oloke, David and Gyoh, Louis }, editor={ }, title={Implementation of BIM and Lean Construction in Offsite Housing Construction: Evidence From the UK}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={955-964}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1906}, doi={10.24928/2021/0122}, affiliation={MSc Graduate, School of Arch. and Built Envir., Faculty of Sci. and Engrg., Univ. of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK, jamartegomez@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-3311-4851 ; Sr. Lecturer in Constr. Mgmt., School of Arch. and Built Envir., Faculty of Sci. and Engrg., Univ. of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK, E.Daniel2@wlv.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-5675-1845 ; PhD Graduate, School of Management Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Finance and Economics, China. fangyq_lc@sina.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-2989-9737 ; Sr. Lecturer, School of Arch. and Built Envir., Faculty of Sci. and Engrg., Univ. of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK, D.A.Oloke@wlv.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-0730-7262 ; Principal Lecturer, School of Arch. and Built Envir., Faculty of Sci. and Engrg., Univ. of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK, L.Gyoh@wlv.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-8257-9380 }, abstract={The benefits of integrating Lean construction (LC) and Building Information Modelling (BIM) have been discussed in recent research studies. However, the effects of implementing these methodologies as an integrated approach in offsite housing construction (OSHC) processes have not been explored in the UK. This research aims at assessing the current situation of the implementation of BIM and LC in OSHC in the UK. A quantitative research method was adopted in the study and thirty-two questionnaire survey responses were received from professionals and practitioners of Lean, BIM and offsite methodologies in the UK construction industry. The study found that there is increasing use of LC and BIM in the development of OSHC projects in the UK. It further reveals that these two methodologies when appropriately implemented can bring several benefits. This study sheds light on the current status of implementation of BIM and LC in OSHC and the benefits of the implementation of both BIM and LC in OSHC processes in the UK. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, building information modelling, offsite construction. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kim2021, author={Kim, Taehoon and Kim, Yong-Woo }, editor={ }, title={Early Due Low Uncertainty (EDLU) for Improving Supply Chain Performance Under Order Variability in Precast Concrete Production}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={965-973}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1907}, doi={10.24928/2021/0128}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Architectural Engineering Dept., Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea, kimth0930@korea.ac.kr, orcid.org/0000-0003-1637-7753 ; Professor, Construction Management Dept., University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA, +1 206 616 1916, yongkim@uw.edu, orcid.org/0000-0001-7020-0700 }, abstract={The AEC (architect, engineering, and construction) industry finds a trend that more projects are adopting a prefabrication for various reasons. In a context of prefabrication, reliable supply chain is one of critical factors for project success. One of prefabricated products being adopted in building construction is precast concrete. A precast conctete supplier needs to optimize his production schedule while meeting various demands from multiple customers (i.e., contractors on project site). Most suppliers rely on dispatching rule in their production scheduling. However, contractor’s order variability makes an impact on a supplier’s production schedule and the reliability of supply chain. The authors proposed a new dispatching rule (EDLU, early due low uncertainty)taking into account a contractor’s order reliability, followed by simulation experiments. The study suggests that (1) order variability leads to variance of prefabricated product delivery; (2) EDLU is more effective than traditional dispatching rules when order variability increases; (3) a proposed dispatching rule of EDLU gives incentives to a contractor’s reliable order by giving production priority to orders with low uncertainty }, author_keywords={Precast concrete, production schedule, dispatching rule, EDLU (early due low uncertainty), operational strategy. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Chuquín2021, author={Chuquín, Frank and Chuquín, Cristhian and Saire, Romina }, editor={ }, title={Lean Design in Hydraulic Infrastructure – River Defenses and Dikes - A Case Study From Peru}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={584-594}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1908}, doi={10.24928/2021/0130}, affiliation={Lecturer, Researcher at Construction Management & Technology Research Group (GETEC), Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Lima, Peru, frank.chuquin@pucp.pe, orcid.org/0000-0001- 8342-6602 ; Civil Engineer, Researcher at Construction Management & Technology Research Group (GETEC), Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Lima, Peru, chuquin.cr@pucp.edu.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002- 4080-9600 ; Research Assistant at Construction Management & Technology Research Group (GETEC), Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Lima, Peru, rsairecanales@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-2433-1301 }, abstract={The construction sector has been changed in different aspects since the implementation of best practices of lean construction and others. It is crucial to remark that those new methodologies have been trying to address construction issues related to the execution part but with little attention to the design stage. In Peru, the use of lean construction started as part of an initiative from the private sector and specifically in the execution part. In that sense, lean design was introduced later and always by the private sector. Little by little the public sector started to get used to lean construction. Nevertheless, in hydraulic infrastructure such as river defenses and dikes the progress of introduction lean design has been insignificant in the country. This paper describes step by step the implementation of lean design in capital projects related to hydraulic infrastructure in Peru specifically for river defenses and dikes.It is the objective of this paper to address the difficulties founded in the implementation and what strategies have been deployed in order to overcome those barriers. Two tools of lean design that were used are: set based design and value stream mapping along with concepts of change management. }, author_keywords={Change management, lean design, set based design, value stream,. hydraulic infrastructure }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rehman2021, author={Rehman, Muhamamd Atiq Ur and Chaabane, Amin and Khan, Sharfuddin Ahmed }, editor={ }, title={Review of Construction Supply Chain Optimization Papers for Performance Improvement}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={974-984}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1909}, doi={10.24928/2021/0132}, affiliation={PhD Student , Department of Systems Engineering,École de technologie supérieure ÉTS, 1100 Notre-Dame St W, Montreal, Quebec H3C 1K3, Canada, muhammad.atiq-ur-rehman.1@ens.etsmtl.ca, orcid.org/0000-0001-9659-9510 ; Associate Professor, Department of Systems Engineering , École de technologie supérieure ÉTS, 1100 Notre-Dame St W, Montreal, Quebec H3C 1K3, Canada, amin.chaabane@etsmtl.ca, orcid.org/0000- 0002-1113-7630 ; Assistant Professor , Department of Industrial Engineering,University of Sharjah, University City Rd, University City ,Sharjah ,UAE, skhan@sharjah.ac.ae, orcid.org/0000-0002-5822-0933 }, abstract={For many countries, improving the construction sector's productivity is becoming more critical for achieving a sustainable long-term competitive advantage. Moreover, the construction industry is increasingly considering digitization, automation, and Information and Communications Technology (ICT) to achieve this objective. Advanced analytics application in supply chain optimization plays a critical role in supporting enterprise performance optimization in many sectors. Therefore, this research aims to provide researchers with an overview of the recent developments of optimization techniques on the construction supply chain (CSC) for maximizing performance or minimizing cost and highlight the current research gaps in the field. The systematic desk methodology has been used in this research. The findings of this study shows that there is need of a framework that integrate all CSC processes for its overall optimization as very few studies incorporated design phase processes with procurement and execution phase processes in their optimization model. }, author_keywords={Off-site construction, supply chain management, modular construction, optimization, Integration. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rocha2021, author={Rocha, Cecilia Gravina da and Kemmer, Sergio }, editor={ }, title={Product Variety in Construction: A Critical Review and Way Forward}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={594-604}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1910}, doi={10.24928/2021/0133}, affiliation={Lecturer, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Australia. cecilia.rocha@uts.edu.au, orcid.org/0000-0001-6764-1724 ; Director, SK Consultoria e Treinamento, Curitiba – Parana, Brazil (https://www.sergiokemmer.com) contato@sergiokemmer.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-0803-2096 }, abstract={This paper presents a critical analysis of current construction literature on product variety. In particular, two theoretical bases, namely, (i) hierarchical product breakdown and (ii) generic supply chain types, that address such conceptualization are reviewed. Three limitations were encountered, which hinder their application in measuring levels of product variety and associated disruptions in the production flow of building projects. Hierarchical product breakdowns (i) do not reflect the production sequence employed for erecting a building and (ii) do not enable spatial and layout changes (a key aspect of variety in building projects) to be appropriately framed. Supply chain types, in turn, provide only a high-level understanding of the effect of product variety (or customisation) on the production flow, and thus do not allow product variety to be assessed and compared at a project level. The paper concludes by discussing a number of conceptualizations (Work structure & Work Packages, Product Variants, Decoupling Point, Modules, and Design Structure Matrix) that can advance in the understanding of product variety in construction. }, author_keywords={Customization, process, flow, work packages, modularity }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mossman2021, author={Mossman, Alan and Ramalingam, Shobha }, editor={ }, title={Last Planner, Everyday Learning, Shared Understanding & Rework}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={697-706}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1911}, doi={10.24928/2021/0137}, affiliation={The Change Business; +44 7968 485627, alanmossman@mac.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-1769-9164 ; Associate Prof, National Institute of Construction Management and Research (NICMAR), Pune, India, sramalingam@nicmar.ac.in, orcid.org/0000-0003-4026-5866 }, abstract={Tasks most likely get done right when the performers’ criteria match the criteria of those who receive the completed task (the customers). Knowledge in construction is mostly tacit. Making the tacit explicit is challenging and has to be conversational. Everyday learning and the structured planning conversations in the Last Planner® System (LPS) can help make tacit knowledge explicit. This conceptual paper explores the connections between learning, understandings of criteria and rework in project-based production to understand, how can we reduce rework on projects that arise from performers’ misunderstanding of customer criteria for each task? The preliminary findings are a) Less rework will be required when performers can develop a shared understanding of the criteria for each work task with their customers; b) Shared understanding is most likely when the criteria are explicit; c) Everyday learning will enable the process of making tacit information more explicit. This paper has implications for practitioners as everyday learning and shared understanding will help workers at all levels to continuously share and learn while feeling psychologically safe enough to make mistakes and learn from them. It also suggests further multi-disciplinary research in the area of shared understanding and rework. }, author_keywords={Reliable promising, Last Planner® System, flow, rework, everyday learning }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lima2021, author={Lima, Mahara I. S. C. and Melo, Roseneia R. S. and Costa, Dayana B. }, editor={ }, title={Contribution of UAS Monitoring to Safety Planning and Control}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={883-892}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1912}, doi={10.24928/2021/0138}, affiliation={Mahara I. S. C. Lima1 , Roseneia R. S. Melo2 , and Dayana B. Costa3 ; PhD, Research Assistant, Post-Graduation Program in Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, UFBA, Salvador, Brazil. Email: roseneia.engcivil@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-9171-7274 ; Associate Professor, Post-Graduation Program in Civil Engineering, Department of Structural and Construction Engineering, School of Engineering, UFBA, Salvador, Brazil. Email: dayanabcosta@ufba.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-1457-6401 }, abstract={Among the technologies used for safety management at construction sites, Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) stands out due to its ability to capture images and videos of large areas, reduce data collection and processing times, and improve risk identification at the jobsite. Despite the advances in safety monitoring using UAS, there is still a gap regarding the effective use of information provided by this technology for assisting Safety Planning and Control (SPC). This study proposes a set of practices to incorporate the information collected from a UAS safety monitoring system into SPC routines. The research strategy used was the Design Science Research (DSR), and preliminary implementation of the artifact occurred during 14 weeks in a residential construction project. The evaluation involved establishing a set of constructs and variables such as transparency, collaboration, and utility to analyze the contributions of the practices proposed. As preliminary contributions, results show that the visual display implementation significantly impacted the sharing of safety information, the awareness of safety conditions, and the promotion of new learnings for workers. Moreover, the practices implemented provided foreman participation in decision-making related to safety and construction site organization and housekeeping. }, author_keywords={Safety management, safety inspection, unmanned aerial systems(UAS), construction site, digital technologies }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Barbosa2021, author={Barbosa, Amanda da S. and Costa, Dayana B. }, editor={ }, title={Productivity Monitoring of Construction Activities Using Digital Technologies: A Literature Review}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={707-716}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1913}, doi={10.24928/2021/0141}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, Master’s Student, Graduate Program in Civil Engineering, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Brazil, barbosa.amanda@ufba.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-1982-6633 ; Associate Professor, Engineering School, Department of Structural and Construction Engineering, Graduate Program in Civil Engineering, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Brazil, dayanabcosta@ufba.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-1457-6401 }, abstract={Although the engineering and construction sector is one of the largest in the world economy, it has historically been characterized by a low level of productivity and innovation. Traditional methods for productivity assessment at construction sites, despite being effective, are time-consuming and based on manual data collection and direct observation of activities on-site, which hampers the obtaining of reliable and up-to-date information of activities productivity. To contribute to future research in this area, this study aims to identify and analyze the main existing methods for measuring, analyzing, and improving productivity at construction sites using digital technologies, based on a systematic literature review. A total of 35 papers dated from 2010 to 2021 were selected using Scopus, ASCE Library, and Web of Science databases. Results show that technologies based on computer vision and sensors are the most used by researchers, being able to automate data collection for work sampling and activity analysis, measure inputs, outputs, and cycle times, and monitor factors that can influence workers’ productivity. These technologies also have the potential to assist in the development of data collection methods for the assessment of productivity, ergonomics, and worker wellbeing. This integration, despite valuable, has been little explored in the literature }, author_keywords={Waste, flow, time compression, construction productivity, digital technologies. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Barazi2021, author={Barazi, Alaa Al and Seppanen, Olli and Pikas, Ergo and Lehtovaara, Joonas and Peltokorpi, Antti }, editor={ }, title={Enhancing Internal Vertical Logistics Flows in High-Rise Construction: An Exploratory Study}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={717-726}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1914}, doi={10.24928/2021/0143}, affiliation={Doct. Cand., Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, alaa.albarazi@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0001-7241-9597 ; Assoc. Prof., Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-5924 ; Asst. Prof., Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, TalTech University, Tallinn, Estonia, ergo.pikas@taltech.ee, orcid.org/0000-0001-5691-685X ; Doct. Cand. Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, joonas.lehtovaara@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-4761-3811 ; Asst. Prof., Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, antti.peltokorpi@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-7939-6612 }, abstract={Vertical logistics systems are important for enhancing production performance in highrise buildings (HRBs). However, researchers studying vertical logistics have focused on examining the flow of individual resources in isolation. Only a few studies adopt a holistic approach to optimizing the flow of resources. For example, research on the combined effect of the number, characteristics, and rules of elevators uses and break rooms' location on the production system's performance remain scarce. Methods and tools like agentbased modelling (ABM) and simulation could be used to study and predict vertical logistics systems' performance holistically. This research uses hypothetical strategies to investigate opportunities to enhance performance and develop more effective vertical logistics systems. The proposed agent-based model and simulation is validated with a simple, hypothetical takt plan. The simulation results show that the logistic system's performance varies when changing parameters like the number of elevators and the location of break rooms. This research's main contribution is a new way to study these systems and potentially enhance their performance. Furthermore, possibilities to maximize performance and remove logistical bottlenecks are suggested. }, author_keywords={Vertical transportation systems, internal logistics, simulation, agent-based, production planning and control }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lappalainen2021, author={Lappalainen, Eelon and Uusitalo, Petteri and Seppänen, Olli and Peltokorpi, Antti }, editor={ }, title={Design Process Stability: Observations of Batch Size, Throughput Time and Reliability in Design}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={605-612}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1915}, doi={10.24928/2021/0144}, affiliation={Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, eelon.lappalainen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-7573-344X ; Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, petteri.uusitalo@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-7230-0788 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-5924 ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, antti.peltokorpi@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-7939-6612 }, abstract={Despite recent developments in construction design management, too much variability still occurs in design processes. Batch size (BS) and throughput time (TT) reduction are recurring concepts in the lean construction literature related to the Last Planner© System (LPS). These three parameters are often used to reduce variability and improve flow and reliability in work processes. Some have attempted to reduce design variability through lean design management (LDM) and agile methods, but very few studies have analysed the interaction of these parameters in the design process. The purpose of this study is to investigate these variables and their interactions. Design process stability and reliability were measured over nearly two years in this study by using three parameters. According to the results, design teams with smaller BS’s of design tasks and higher percentages of planned tasks completed also had shorter design task TT’s. Designers may use these findings to improve their workflow monitoring and as a novel addition to LDM and coordination metrics. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Last Planner® System, agile, design }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sharma2021, author={Sharma, Anjali and Trivedi, Jyoti }, editor={ }, title={Application of Information Theory in Last Planner® System for Work Plan Reliability}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={727-735}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1916}, doi={10.24928/2021/0147}, affiliation={Masters Student, M.Tech Construction Engineering and Management, CEPT University, Ahmedabad, India, +91 7874 180 260, anjali.sh1303@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-7107-3616 ; Assistant Professor, Faculty of Technology, CEPT University, Ahmedabad , India, +91 9925 009 609, jyoti@cept.ac.in, orcid.org/0000-0001-5088-7939 }, abstract={Last planner® system (LPS) is an effective tool for continuous monitoring and improvement of the planning. One of the main parts of LPS is the constraint removal discussion. Identifying and removing the constraints before the execution can influence the reliability of the plan and can ultimately improve the project performance. Previous research works have indicated the use of Information theory to quantify the effect of constraint removal discussion on the performance of the weekly work plan while using Percentage Plan Complete (PPC) as an indicator of work plan reliability and considering a limited range of constraints categories. Earlier studies have proved that Task Anticipated (TA) and Task Made Ready (TMR) are better indicators of the project duration than PCC. In this paper, the researchers have used information theory to assess the effect of the constraint removal discussion on PPC, TA, and TMR of the construction projects while considering a wider range of constraints. The results signified that the important constraint categories vary for improving PPC and improving TA & TMR. Identifying and discussing the main constraint categories could improve the work plan reliability indicators up to 18%. The framework can be used repeatedly and the results can contribute to improving the effectiveness of weekly meetings in the future. }, author_keywords={Last Planner® System, constraint analysis, make-ready planning, work plan reliability, information theory }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{McHugh2021, author={McHugh, Kevin and Koskela, Lauri and Tezel, Algan }, editor={ }, title={Reality Capture Connecting Project Stakeholders}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={737-746}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1917}, doi={10.24928/2021/0148}, affiliation={Associate Director, Construction Mace group. Kevin.Mchugh@macegroup.com, orcid.org/0000-0002- 6017-4585 ; Professor, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, UK, l.koskela@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0003-4449-2281 ; Senior Lecturer, Department of Architecture and 3D Design, University of Huddersfield, UK, a.tezel@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0003-3903-6126 }, abstract={Digital media and point cloud captures have been used extensively in the mapping and surveying fields. As technology has advanced digital photographic and Lasor scanning information can be captured on site and processed rapidly. This has led to developing software that can use the processed information, for reconstructing it with the help of photogrammetric methods and connecting it to the 3D Building Information Model (BIM). This paper will review the effectiveness of reality capture digital process in a pandemic situation. Reality Capture (RC) is becoming an important part of the information dynamics on construction projects. Lidar, Drone imagery, Laser scanning and Photogrammetry captures are now used extensively to document the construction process. Platforms that can, host, and overlay and compare scans and photographs to BIM models and 2D plans have been developed. RC provides a rich source of imagery that can also be used to support the production control process. Designers and project managers can focus on value added work utilizing the latest project imagery to co-ordinate and collaborate and to assist developing short term look ahead plans and validate prepared work plans. As a result of the Covid-19 pandemic worldwide societal and industrial shutdowns occurred the reduce the spread of disease. As industry returned safeguards had to be developed to protect workers and prevent the spread of disease. This paper outlines how a RC strategy that has been developed as a countermeasure to fragmented teams caused by the Covid-19 pandemic and how RC can be used to increase engagement by project stakeholders on construction projects in a post pandemic digital era. This paper discusses how digital tools can support established lean construction process and how action research can assist the continued development of new processe }, author_keywords={Reality capture, BIM, Last Planner® System, digital construction. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Johansen2021, author={Johansen, Peder and Christensen, Søren and Neve, Hasse H. and Wandahl, Søren }, editor={ }, title={Lean Renovation – a Case Study of Productivity, Flow, and Time Improvements}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={839-848}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1918}, doi={10.24928/2021/0150}, affiliation={Market director, Enemærke og Petersen a/s, Denmark, pej@eogp.dk, +45 9137 6708 ; Proces Manager, Enemærke og Petersen a/s, Denmark, sci@eogp.dk, +45 6193 8726 ; Consultant, Senior Associate, PhD, PwC, Aarhus, Denmark, +45 2879 1838, hasse.hojgaard.neve@pwc.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-2311-3529 ; Consultant, Senior Associate, PhD, PwC, Aarhus, Denmark, +45 2879 1838, hasse.hojgaard.neve@pwc.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-2311-3529 }, abstract={Renovation is a particular branch of construction where the production condition is more chaotic and complex than new build. Nevertheless, renovation as a production system has attained less focus than other project types in the Lean Construction community. Moreover, renovation is a significant driver for the green transition. Thus, knowing how to enable high-performing renovation projects is essential to disseminate both in academia and in the industry. This industrial paper documents the improvement and turnaround of a renovation project faced with cost and time overruns. The case was changed by implementing first the Last Planner System and daily huddles meeting, and later extending with the implementation of Location-Based Scheduling and a developed concept of visible site management. The entire transformation was monitored as productivity data were collected longitudinally during three years. The result was a productivity improvement of 54%, achieved even though the contractor capitalized on the productivity improvement by reducing the on-site workforce by 25% and still manage to complete the project one month ahead of the deadline. }, author_keywords={Lean, renovation, productivity, case study }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pikas2021, author={Pikas, Ergo and Seppänen, Olli and Koskela, Lauri and Peltokorpi, Antti }, editor={ }, title={Challenges in Industrialized Renovation of Apartment Buildings}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={985-994}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1919}, doi={10.24928/2021/0155}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia, ergo.pikas@taltech.ee, orcid.org/0000-0001-5691-685X ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-5924 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-5924 ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, antti.peltokorpi@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-7939-6612 }, abstract={Motivated by the European Green Deal framework, an ambitious 30-years long renovation strategy has been established in Estonia. This renovation strategy requires a substantial increase in the annual renovation capacity. New capabilities in terms of industrialization and digitalization of sustainable renovation processes need to be promoted. This explorative research aims to identify and understand existing practices, main barriers, and opportunities to industrialize and digitalize sustainable renovation of existing apartment buildings. Interviews and secondary data sources are used for data collection and analysis. Still many barriers exist, and more research and development in core elements of the industrialized renovation of apartment buildings is required. For example, further standardization of renovation products and processes is needed. Also, digitalization and automation of industrialized renovation of apartment buildings were the least developed core element. }, author_keywords={Sustainability, renovation, industrialization, lean renovation, standardization }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Collins2021, author={Collins, Dave and Johansen, Agnar and Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Temeljotov-Salaj, Alenka and Hamdy, Mohammed }, editor={ }, title={Brought by Degrees: A Focus on the Current Indicators of Lean ‘Smartness’ in Smart Cities}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={167-176}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1920}, doi={10.24928/2021/0156}, affiliation={Post-Doctoral Fellow, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, 0047 92501501, david.collins@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0003-0290-0486 ; Post-Doctoral Fellow, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, 0047 92501501, david.collins@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0003-0290-0486 ; Professor, Department of Engineering Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway, 0047 97082582, bo.t.kalsaas@uia.no, orcid.org/0000-0003-4383-1683 ; Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, 0047 46445072, alenka.temeljotov-salaj@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-4139-5278 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, 0047 92052876, mohamed.hamdy@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-3472-0386 }, abstract={The purpose of this paper is to look at the indicators to which a city can be considered to be a smart city based upon the degree it meets specific indicators within the categories of ‘Social Smartness’, ‘Technological Smartness’ and ‘Environmental Smartness’. The data collection for this paper was conducted through desk research in academic and nonacademic articles and publications that focus on smart cities and their associated indicators. This study found out common factors based upon the indicators studied. ‘Social Smartness’ had a focus on the quality of life, civic engagement and wellbeing. ‘Technological Smartness’ was centric on flexible technology, well utilised and defined applied technology and data. ‘Environmental Smartness’ was focused on optimisation, waste management and sustainable thinking. This study offers possibilities to advance Lean thinking by looking at indicators to attribute a degree of ‘Smartness’ to cities which in turn will optimise the development and operation of a Smart City and Smart Districts. }, author_keywords={Lean thinking, smart cities, smart cities indicators, social indicators, sustainability }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Torre2021, author={Torre, Jorge R. De La and Taboada, Luisa J. and Picoy, Pool E. }, editor={ }, title={Road Construction Labor Performance Control Using PPC, PCR and RNC During the Pandemic}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={747-756}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1921}, doi={10.24928/2021/0166}, affiliation={Magister Civil Engineer, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru, +51 975 355 566, pccijdel@upc.edu.pe, orcid.org/0000-0003-3596-8196 ; Bachelor of School of Civil Engineering, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru, +51 994 324 260, u201521217@upc.edu.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-8413-5011 ; Bachelor of School of Civil Engineering, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru, +51 922 542 234, u201316815@upc.edu.pe, orcid.org/0000-0003-2372-9083 }, abstract={At the beginning of 2020, the Coronavirus pandemic had various countries negatively affected in the development of their economic activities, as their industries had to interrupt production, hindering their performance and economic development. Before this occurrence, it was known that the evolution of construction labor performance on site was minimum and had high indicators of variability. Due to this, extensive literature reviews have presented Last Planner® System as a methodology to mitigate and improve performance, mostly, in building construction. However, this deficiency presents itself with more frequency in road projects and worsens because of the pandemic. Having this said, it is important to control labor performance during the sanitary crisis in road projects. Therefore, in this context, the objective of this investigation is to validate the use of Last Planner® System methodology indicators (Percentage of Plan Completed and Percentage of Constraint Removal) as mechanisms of labor control. The findings evidence a direct relationship between improving indicators of Last Planner® System and a better labor performance while meeting budgeted yields.This in turn has validated the use of Last Planner indicators. Regarding the Reasons for non Completion, the impact of external factors merits and additional investigation due to frequency of occurrence. }, author_keywords={Last Planner® System, lean construction, variability, performance, labor. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Daliri2021, author={Daliri, Sajad and Young, Brendan K. and Lædre, Ola }, editor={ }, title={Last Planner® System on the Minnevika Bridge Project}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={757-766}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1922}, doi={10.24928/2021/0167}, affiliation={MSc Candidate, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway/PNC Norge AS, Oslo, Norway, +4796859654, sajadd@stud.ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-3355-8807 ; Managing Site Manager, PNC Norge AS, Oslo Norway, +4747713728, brendan.young@pnc-norge.no, orcid.org/0000-0003-2532-8670 ; Associate Professor, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, +4773594739, ola.ladre@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0003-4604-8299 }, abstract={Construction companies around the world have adopted the Last Planner® System (LPS) to reduce variability, increase workflow and improve reliability on their projects. This study explains the implementation of LPS in an infrastructure (railway bridge construction) project. Strengths and weaknesses of the implementation were examined and possible measures to overcome the experienced challenges were discussed. Finally, attitude changes towards the LPS during the project were measured. Data was collected through case-specific observations, semi-structured interviews with open-ended questions, and two surveys. The findings revealed that the project benefitted from implementing LPS, but benefits could have been reinforced if critical team members had participated continuously in the necessary meetings, followed the system without resistance and maintained their commitments. Additionally, LPS on the Minnevika bridge project was the novel start and detected challenges are often experienced by every organization at the beginning of implementation of a new system. Indeed, the Minnevika bridge project can be considered as a point of departure and being persistent will help the parties to benefit even more in the next project. }, author_keywords={Last Planner® System, challenges, infrastructure, attitude }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hamerski2021, author={Hamerski, Douglas Comassetto and Fernandes, Luara Lopes de Araujo and Porto, Mattheus Souza and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu and Formoso, Carlos Torres and Costa, Dayana Bastos }, editor={ }, title={Production Planning and Control as-Imagined and as-Done: The Gap at the Look-Ahead Level}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={767-776}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1923}, doi={10.24928/2021/0169}, affiliation={PhD Student, Postgraduate Program in Civil Eng.: Construction and Infrastructure, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil, douglas_hamerski@hotmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002- 3804-4047 ; PhD Student, Postgraduate Program in Civil Engineering, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil, luara.fernandes@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-4041-8025 ; MSc Student, Postgraduate Program in Civil Eng.: Construction and Infrastructure, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil, mattheus_porto@hotmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-1754- 7718 ; Associate Professor, Industrial Engineering and Transportation Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, saurin@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0003-2929-5888 ; Professor, Postgraduate Program in Civil Eng.: Construction and Infrastructure, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil, formoso@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-4772-3746 ; Associate Professor, School of Engineering, Department of Structural and Construction Engineering, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil, dayanabcosta@ufba.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-1457- 6401 }, abstract={The Last Planner® System (LPS) of Production Control is widely acknowledged as fit to tackle the complexity of construction projects. However, the implications of complexity in the implementation of LPS itself have not been investigated. Those implications are investigated in this paper by exploring the gap between production planning and controlas-imagined and as-done at the look-ahead level. For that purpose, a case study was conducted in the refurbishment of a department store in which the LPS was implemented. Data collection involved document analysis, participant observation at the look-ahead and short-term planning meetings, and unstructured interviews. The Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) was used for modeling variability and interactions between the managerial functions at the look-ahead planning level. Results indicated several differences between production planning and control-as-imagined and as-done, which reflect hidden activities required for the removal of constraints. These activities took time and effort from managers and therefore they can partly explain why the LPS was not strictly followed as-imagined in theory. }, author_keywords={Last Planner® System, look-ahead planning, production planning and control, complexity, FRAM. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bataglin2021, author={Bataglin, Fernanda S. and Viana, Daniela D. and Coelho, Rafael V. and Tommelein, Iris D. and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={ }, title={Buffer Types and Methods of Deployment in Construction}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={849-858}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1924}, doi={10.24928/2021/0171}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Postgraduate Program in Civil Engineering: Construction and Infrastructure (PPGCI), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90035-190, Brazil, fernanda.saidelles@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-8859-1201 ; Adjunct Professor, PPGCI, UFRGS, dietz.viana@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-8958-4708 ; Graduate Student, Civil and Envir. Eng. Dept., University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, rvcoelho@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-3298-3622 ; Graduate Student, Civil and Envir. Eng. Dept., University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, rvcoelho@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-3298-3622 ; Professor, PPGCI, UFRGS, formoso@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-4772-3746 }, abstract={Flow is a key concept in Lean Production and is particularly important in construction. Due to the complexity of projects, in part due to managerial practices adopted, much variability exists in construction resource flows. Production system design can be used to eliminate at least some unwanted variability and then reduce the impact of remaining variability by using buffers in order to improve such flows. Accordingly, planners may add buffers of certain sizes in certain locations into the system, or use more systematic, adaptive, data-driven methods. With this in mind, the authors initiated a systematic literature review (SLR) on buffers in construction. The paper contributes to knowledge by defining the term ‘buffer’ and providing a characterization of buffer types and methods of deployment. Despite advances in understanding and method development, no one method stands out. The methods as described fall short of being able to both proactively determine buffer sizes and locations in the production system to suitably accommodate anticipated needs, and also reactively adjust them in light of system design changes. The use of SLR as the research methodology has well-known limitations, but the findings were revealing, and follow-on research will cast a wider net for relevant literature. }, author_keywords={Buffer, slack, contingency, flow, variability. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ransolin2021, author={Ransolin, Natália and Marczyk, Carlos Emilio Stigler and Gering, Rafael Parmeggiani and Saurin, Tarcísio Abreu and Formoso, Carlos Torres and Grøtan, Tor Olav }, editor={ }, title={The Built Environment´s Influence on Resilience of Healthcare Services: Lessons Learnt From the Covid-19 Pandemic}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={613-622}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1925}, doi={10.24928/2021/0172}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Civil Engineering Post-Graduate Program: Construction and Infrastructure, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil, natalia.ransolin@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-7128-8000 ; PhD Candidate, Civil Engineering Post-Graduate Program: Construction and Infrastructure, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil, natalia.ransolin@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-7128-8000 ; PhD Candidate, Civil Engineering Post-Graduate Program: Construction and Infrastructure, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil, natalia.ransolin@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-7128-8000 ; PhD Candidate, Civil Engineering Post-Graduate Program: Construction and Infrastructure, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil, natalia.ransolin@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-7128-8000 ; Professor, Civil Engineering Post-Graduate Program: Construction and Infrastructure, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil, formoso@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000- 0002-4772-3746 ; Professor, Civil Engineering Post-Graduate Program: Construction and Infrastructure, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil, formoso@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000- 0002-4772-3746 }, abstract={The COVID-19 pandemic has posed unprecedented challenges for healthcare services, which have been forced to upscale their capacity to cope with successive surges in demand. The adjustments to match capacity to demand and deal with a new disease have involved creativity and solutions that were not part of the pre-pandemic standardized operating procedures. Those changes are considered manifestations of resilience. This paper focuses on the role played by the built environment of healthcare services during the pandemic, in terms of how it is integral to resilient performance. As such, we investigated the experience of a leading private hospital in Brazil, documenting the main changes related to the built environment and how they influenced resilience. Data collection involved eight interviews with hospital staff. A content analysis allowed the development of a generic functional model of the patient journey and the identification of ten resilience practices. Based on this, six lessons learnt were devised. These lessons are expected to be useful for the design and use of the built environment, supporting the resilience of services. }, author_keywords={Healthcare services, complexity, resilience, COVID-19, built environment. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Dahlberg2021, author={Dahlberg, Terje Øvergaard and Drevland, Frode }, editor={ }, title={Preventing the Parade of Delays in Takt Production}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={777-786}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1926}, doi={10.24928/2021/0175}, affiliation={M.Sc. student, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, +47 924 39 786, terjedahlb@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-1144-9036 ; Associate Professor, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, +47 920 64 262, frode.drevland@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-4596-1564 }, abstract={In recent years, takt has become an increasingly more common method to structure work in construction projects. Because of the tight coupling of activities in takt, ensuring that activities are done on time is crucial. The literature stresses having good takt plans and discusses how to react to delays in the takt production. However, there exists little literature about how site management can work proactively during takt execution to prevent delays. This paper presents a case study of Consto – a major construction company in Norway – and their experience working proactively to prevent takt production delays. The paper identifies several causes for delays experienced in the company and several approaches used in the case company to prevent them. We found that if delays were not prevented, they tended to propagate and compound through the production system, leading to a parade of delays. Furthermore, working proactively to prevent delays is contingent on having a high degree of buy-in and commitment from all trades participating in the takt. A key to achieving this was to involve all the trades in the takt planning process actively. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, takt, production planning and control }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kortenko2021, author={Kortenko, Sergei and Koskela, Lauri and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Haghsheno, Shervin }, editor={ }, title={Can Last Planner® System Help to Overcome the Negative Effects of Design-Bid-Build?}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={787-796}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1927}, doi={10.24928/2021/0184}, affiliation={Researcher, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Drees & Sommer, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, +491727698610, sergei.kortenko@hud.ac.uk, kortenko86@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-0968-2100 ; Professor of Construction/Project Management, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK, +441484472892, l.koskela@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0003-4449-2281 ; Professor of Construction/Project Management, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK, +441484472892, l.koskela@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0003-4449-2281 ; Professor, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Gotthard-Franz-Str. 3, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, +4972160842646, shervin.haghsheno@kit.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-0602-6370 }, abstract={The design-bid-build (DBB) procurement method has negative effects on construction projects. To find out whether those effects found in the literature appear in the field and to find ways to overcome them, nine interviews with practitioners from the architecture, engineering and construction industry have been conducted. It was found that building a lean culture in the DBB projects and/or setting up a management system that acknowledges lean ideals can help to overcome the negative effects of DBB. Using compatibility assessments of teams and “add-ons” to the standard contracts such as FAC-1 (Framework Alliance Contract) or Construction Manager at Risk were also mentioned as ways to overcome the problems existing in DBB environment. It was found from the interviews that Last Planner System supports tackling the existing problems of DBB in number of ways. It enables building lean culture in the DBB projects through improving communication, visualization, transparency and collaboration, building trust, enhancing mood and relationships, as well as overcoming claim culture. It does help to minimize the negative effects of the DBB procurement method on construction projects. }, author_keywords={Last Planner® System, design-bid-build, cost-led procurement, collaboration, action research. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Nguyen2021, author={Nguyen, Quynh Anh and Koskela, Lauri and Potter, Doug and Tezel, Algan and Pedo, Barbara and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, editor={ }, title={Application of Ji Koutei Kanketsu in Highways Design Process Improvement}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={623-633}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1928}, doi={10.24928/2021/0186}, affiliation={PhD student, School of Art, Design and Architecture, Univ. of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield UK, quynhanh.nguyen@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0003-0945-6584 ; Professor, School of Art, Design and Architecture, Univ. of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield UK, l.koskela@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0003-4449-2281 ; Associate Technical Director & CDM Principal Designer Manager, Arcadis Consulting (UK) Ltd, Manchester UK, doug.potter@arcadis.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-1681-9785 ; Senior Lecturer, School of Art, Design and Architecture, Univ. of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield UK, a.tezel@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0003-3903-6126 ; PhD student and KTP Associate, School of Art, Design and Architecture, Univ. of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield UK, b.pedo@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-6520-0981 ; Associate Dean of Research, School of Art, Design and Architecture, Univ. of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield UK, p.tzortzopoulos@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-8740-6753 }, abstract={This paper provides an introduction to ‘Ji Koutei Kanketsu’ (JKK) as a recently developed Lean method and illustrates its potential to support the improvement of BIM-based highways design work processes. JKK is developed based on the concept of jidoka to enhance the autonomation in non-physical work processes. This method provides the employees the confidence to complete their own processes without defects, while requiring a strong collaboration between the managers and their teams. The paper is based on an action research study for trialing the use of JKK in a large engineering company. It is concluded that JKK, when its prescription is compared to the current state, focuses attention to the following issues: defining individual work activities, their support factors, their pre-conditions, the judgment criteria of their outputs, and continuous improvement. JKK is also evaluated by comparing it to other, overlapping methods. }, author_keywords={Lean, BIM, jidoka, ji koutei kanketsu }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Espinoza2021, author={Espinoza, Lisseth R. and Herrera, Rodrigo F. and Brioso, Xavier }, editor={ }, title={Use of Value Stream Mapping in a Case Study in Basement Construction}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={995-1004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1929}, doi={10.24928/2021/0189}, affiliation={Research, Catholic University of Santa Maria, Arequipa, Peru, rocioespinozataype@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-5038-0863 ; Professor, School of Civil Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile, rodrigo.herrera@pucv.cl, orcid.org/0000-0001-5186-3154 ; Professor, GETEC Research Group, Department of Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Lima, Peru, xbrioso@pucp.edu.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-0174-0241 }, abstract={The Value Stream Mapping (VSM) as a management tool helps evaluate the waste within the workflow. However, it must be adapted to the construction since it was originated in manufacture. This adaptation is possible through appropriate process mapping. This study aims to map the process of the basement construction system in the execution of a building in Lima-Peru city. The building in the case study will have nine basements and 11-floor levels. An adaptation of the optimization cycle for construction projects was used. It allows mapping all the relevant activities and proposing and implementing improvements in the construction system. As a result, three maps were obtained. The first one is a map of the current state (VSM 1). The second one is a map of the current state with improvements (VSM 2). Finally, a third map of the future state with improvements (VSM 3). This study demonstrated that it is possible to adapt the VSM in basement construction and the usefulness of this tool to evaluate and reduce waste within the workflow. }, author_keywords={Value stream mapping, lean construction, production, continuous flow, VSM in construction }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gordon2021, author={Gordon, Elizabeth and Rawlinson, Keila and Eldamnhoury, Ebrahim and Marosszeky, Marton and Reed, Dean }, editor={ }, title={The Impact of Implementing a System Approach to Quality: A General Contractor Case Study}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={893-902}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1930}, doi={10.24928/2021/0193}, affiliation={Quality Leader, DPR Construction, San Francisco, CA 94111, USA, +1 650 339-9588, ElizabethG@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-8165-0459 ; Operations Data Analyst, DPR Construction, Denver, CO 80112, USA, +1 303 349-083, KeilaR@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-9718-5483 ; Business Process Analyst, DPR Construction, San Francisco, CA 94111, USA, +1 650 474 9057, Ebrahime@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-7980-1246 ; Managing Director, Marosszeky Associates P.L., Mandalong NSW 2264, Australia, marton@marosszekyassociates.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-5774-126X ; Owner and Consultant, Capability-Building, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA, Dean@deansreed.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-2916-8558 }, abstract={This paper introduces a novel General Contractor approach to quality management called the Systems Approach to Quality (SAQ), which shares the Behavior-Based Quality (BBQ) concern for individual initiative and responsibility, and Quality Function Deployment (QFD) principles. Building on that previous work, this paper investigates the quantitative and cultural impacts of implementing a company’s SAQ approach in its construction projects across the U.S. To do so, the authors examine lagging indicators of various performance areas including cost, schedule, quality, safety, and changes for a group of projects that implemented the SAQ approach and compare them to another group of projects that did not. The hypothesis under investigation is that SAQ implementation in projects improves performance across a range of critical indicators. Furthermore, the study compares project culture in projects where SAQ was implemented to those where it was not using Quinn’s Competing Values Framework (CVF). The early results from this work indicate that the implementation of an approach such as SAQ leads to significant financial and non-cost benefits including improved collaboration. }, author_keywords={Action learning, complexity, process, waste, collaboration, trust, system approach, quality function deployment (QFD), performance metrics, quinn competing values. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Grönvall2021, author={Grönvall, Max and Ahoste, Henri and Lehtovaara, Joonas and Reinbold, Ana and Seppänen, Olli }, editor={ }, title={Improving Non-Repetitive Takt Production With Visual Management}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={797-806}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1931}, doi={10.24928/2021/0195}, affiliation={Development Engineer, Skanska Oy, Finland, max.gronvall@skanska.fi, orcid.org/0000-0001-8635- 128X ; Production Engineer, Skanska Oy, Finland, henri.ahoste@skanska.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-5932-375 ; Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, Joonas.lehtovaara@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-4761-3811 ; Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, ana.reinbold@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-7774-7984 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-5924 }, abstract={Takt production is gaining increasing visibility in the construction industry. To further improve the current takt production practices, visual management tools could offer improved efficiency in the production control phase. However, the effects of visual management in takt control setting have not yet received much attention in research. This study aimed to investigate the effects of various visual tools in a takt production setting to gain knowledge on how these tools could aid takt control efficiency. The research utilized a design science research approach to create visual management tools and iterate them based on feedback. Interviews, site observation, and takt progress tracking were used to evaluate the implemented tools. The findings indicate that workers on site want to be more aware of the production plan, and information helps them to work in the right location at the right time. To help workers, visual management tools need to recognizable, explicit, and contain correct and up-to-date information. However, there are cultural issues related to implementation, especially on the need for information going through foremen to crews. }, author_keywords={Visual management, takt control, lean construction, takt production, production planning and control. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Slosharek2021, author={Slosharek, Benjamin and Dlouhy, Janosch and Schneider-Marin, Patricia and Lang, Werner }, editor={ }, title={Takting the Sustainability of Construction Processes: An Environmental Assessment Method}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={902-912}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1932}, doi={10.24928/2021/0198}, affiliation={Junior Project Manager, KVL Bauconsult GmbH, +49 15773597610, benjamin.slosharek@kvlgroup.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-3935-8918 ; Lean Expert, BMW AG, +4915160171327, janosch.dlouhy@bmw.de, orcid.org/0000-0001-5954- 9936 ; Research Fellow, Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building, Technical University of Munich (TUM), patricia.schneider@tum.de, orcid.org/0000-0003-3728-5938 ; Professor, Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building, Technical University of Munich (TUM), w.lang@tum.de, orcid.org/0000-0002-6593-8388 }, abstract={The building sector is key to achieving global sustainability targets due to its significant resource consumption, associated emissions, and waste generation. Life cycle assessment (LCA) evaluates the environmental quality of buildings to identify improvement possibilities. However, current research activities limit their focus on a few life cycle phases, while the construction phase receives none to little attention. At the heart of the problem lies the lack of information about on-site processes and the lack of tools to evaluate the environmental quality of construction processes. The authors developed a conceptual framework to assess this aspect using an interdisciplinary approach. The proposed solution is based on two main methods, namely LCA and Takt Planning (TP). Based on literature research we identified the main categories for environmentally relevant in- and outputs of construction processes. This allows a structured, standardized, and scalable assessment of each single process step from an environmental perspective We anticipate this method to be a starting point for a holistic sustainability approach for construction process assessment. Further development of this framework aims to broaden the current environmental evaluation in the building sector and to improve both, the construction process and the building product from an environmental point of view. }, author_keywords={Sustainability, takt planning (TP), life cycle assessment (LCA), lean construction (LC), process, theory. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Arroyo2021, author={Arroyo, Paz and Gomez, Sulyn }, editor={ }, title={Building Quality Builders: Lessons Learned From a Companywide Training on Behavior-Based Quality}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={913-922}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1933}, doi={10.24928/2021/0201}, affiliation={Quality Leader, DPR, San Francisco, CA, PazA@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-8098-8172 ; PhD Candidate, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, sulyn@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-2367-9880 }, abstract={This paper describes the process of designing, testing, and adjusting a virtual workshop called Building Quality Builders (BQB) to train a general contractor’s employees on a Behavior-Based Quality (BBQ) approach with the purpose of increase implementation and reduce re-work. The paper summarizes a two-year journey that started in March 2019 and ramped up in 2020 due to the increased use of virtual training caused by Covid-19 pandemic. This paper describes the continuous improvement process and the lessons learned along the way. Lessons learned from developing and implementing this training are 1) BQB workshop main purpose to help participants improve the delivery of quality has been achieved by including a commitment to action from participants who took the workshop, 2) BQB format and content can be constantly improved if feedback from participants is being used for continuous improvement, and 3) BQB workshop is highly recommended by participants who took it, the recommendation extends to everyone in the company due to the benefits participants identified from BQB. }, author_keywords={Behavior-based quality (BBQ), virtual workshops, quality. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Oliva2021, author={Oliva, Carolina A. and Granja, Ariovaldo D. and Bridi, Marcelle E. and Soliman-Junior, João and Ayo-Adejuyigbe, Moralake and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, editor={ }, title={Strengthening Target Value Design Benefits in Real Estate Market Through Living Labs}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={634-643}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1934}, doi={10.24928/2021/0202}, affiliation={Post-Doctoral Researcher, University of Campinas, Brazil, carol_oliva@yahoo.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0003-2079-5472 ; Associate Professor, Laboratory for Construction Management Research (LAGERCON), University of Campinas, Brazil, adgranja@m.unicamp.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-2964-5609 ; PhD Student, Laboratory for Construction Management Research (LAGERCON), University of Campinas, Brazil, marcelle.bridi@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-4317-5938 ; Research Assistant, Innovative Design Lab (IDL), University of Huddersfield, UK, j.solimanjunior@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-8089-8628 ; PhD Student, Innovative Design Lab (IDL), University of Huddersfield, UK, morolake.ayoadejuyigbe@hud.ac.uk ; Professor, Innovative Design Lab (IDL), University of Huddersfield, UK, p.tzortzopoulos@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-8740-6753 }, abstract={The Target Value Design (TVD) is a collaborative process where value drives the design process to achieve the client’s expectations while maintaining the costs and schedule under control. Its application has been successful ing several construction projects, especially in the healthcare context. Applying TVD to the real estate context, however, can be challenging. This paper aims to identify links between TDV and the Living Lab (LL) concept which may potentially help overcome these challenges. LLs are usercentred initiatives that focus on developing innovative solutions through cocreation and collaboration among stakeholders in a real-life context. A review on existing literature was performed to identify how a LL approach can strength TVD in a real state context. The results present opportunities to synergize TVD and LL for a beneficial result. }, author_keywords={Target Value Design, living labs, innovation, real estate }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fischer2021, author={Fischer, Anne and Grimm, Niklas and Tommelein, Iris D. and Kessler, Stephan and Fottner, Johannes }, editor={ }, title={Variety in Variability in Heavy Civil Engineering}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={807-816}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1935}, doi={10.24928/2021/0204}, affiliation={PhD Student, Chair of Materials Handling, Material Flow, Logistics, Dept. of Mech. Engrg., Techn. Univ. of Munich, Germany, +49 89 289 15932, anne.fischer@tum.de, orcid.org/0000-0002-2106-3735 ; Graduate Student, Chair of Materials Handling, Material Flow, Logistics, Dept. of Mech. Engrg., Techn. Univ. of Munich, Germany, niklas.grimm@tum.de, orcid.org/0000-0002-4798-6028 ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL), University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, +1 510 643-8678, tommelein@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-9941-6596 ; Academic Director, Chair of Materials Handling, Material Flow, Logistics, Dept. of Mech. Engrg., Techn. Univ. of Munich, Germany, +49 89 289 15925, stephan.kessler@tum.de , orcid.org/0000-0001- 7330-0790 ; Professor, Chair of Materials Handling, Material Flow, Logistics, Dept. of Mech. Engrg., Techn. Univ. of Munich, Germany, +49 89 289 15918, j.fottner@tum.de, orcid.org/0000-0001-6392-0371 }, abstract={VARIETY IN VARIABILITY IN HEAVY CIVIL ENGINEERING }, author_keywords={Lean construction, earthwork, heavy civil engineering, process, value stream, variability }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ramírez-Valenzuela2021, author={Ramírez-Valenzuela, André and Gamarra-Díaz, Gilberto G. and Erazo-Rondine, Andrews A. }, editor={ }, title={Proposal Model for the Management of Construction Based on Flows – a Complex Adaptive System}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={859-869}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1936}, doi={10.24928/2021/0205}, affiliation={CEO of Sonder Hub, Lima, Peru, raramirezv@uni.pe, orcid.org/0000-0003-4585-9946 ; Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería,, Lima, Peru, gilberto.gamarra.d@uni.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-1469-7342 ; Teaching Assistant, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería,, Lima, Peru aerazor@uni.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-5639-573X }, abstract={Project management models understand construction as an ordered and simple phenomenon without considering its complexity, dynamism, and high variability. Also, they are models adapted from other sectors such as manufacturing and information technology (IT). This research aims to be a new trend for developing management models, typical of construction, from complexity. The following points are considered, as a first step, to this new trend of holistic construction management: 1. Generate and manage flows, which are the main components for the production in construction—beginning to understand each flow, its importance, and its properties; and 2. Manage complexity in construction projects by understanding and promoting the production system as a Complex Adaptive System (CAS) that requires organizations of action and learning as an Operational Excellence Organization. The proposed model offers a holistic analysis of the system considering flow management as a basis. It relates the project management approaches proposed by Bertelsen and Koskela (2005), the Value – Flow – Operation (VFO) model proposed by Bertelsen (2017), and the seven preconditions of Koskela (2000), except for external conditions by which these are a threat of flow, but do not flow in the proposed model. }, author_keywords={Complexity, flow integration, value, management, complex adaptive system (CAS). }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Espinoza2021, author={Espinoza, Lisseth R. and Brioso, Xavier and Herrera, Rodrigo F. }, editor={ }, title={Applying CBA to Decide the Best Excavation Method: Scenario During the Covid-19 Pandemic}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={870-879}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1937}, doi={10.24928/2021/0209}, affiliation={Research, Catholic University of Santa Maria, Arequipa, Peru, rocioespinozataype@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-5038-0863 ; Professor, GETEC Research Group, Department of Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Lima, xbrioso@pucp.edu.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-0174-0241 ; Professor, School of Civil Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile, rodrigo.herrera@pucv.cl, orcid.org/0000-0001-5186-3154 }, abstract={On January 30 of 2020, The World Health Organization declared the pandemic crisis as the first public emergency with international importance. Because of this, many building projects were paralyzed since then and the building industry experienced changes that have brought the inclusion of new tools to achieve the objectives of the projects. The purpose of the present paper is to present the application of Choosing By Advantages (CBA) methodology to select the best alternative in the material removal system in the execution of basements in a project that was paralyzed by the health emergency COVID19. CBA is a lean tool used to make decisions with clarity and transparency and in this case is used to consider the constraints of COVID-19 protocol to guide in decisions making. This methodology was applied to a case study for a building project in the basement construction phase that restarts its activities in the excavations. For that, an expert panel was formed to analyze and decide the best alternative solution. Finally, the selected alternative was implemented on-site, validating the methodology. It is concluded that CBA is an excellent tool to transparently document the selection process of the removal system. Additionally, this methodology allows including activities regarding the COVID-19 protocol, without affecting the project's productivity. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Choosing by Advantages (CBA), decision-making, excavations, COVID-19. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lagos2021, author={Lagos, Camilo Ignacio and Alarcón, Luis Fernando }, editor={ }, title={Composition and Impact of Reasons for Noncompletion in Construction Projects}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={817-826}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1938}, doi={10.24928/2021/0210}, affiliation={Ph.D. Student, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, colagos@uc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-0648-0039 ; Ph.D. Student, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, colagos@uc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-0648-0039 }, abstract={The Last Planner® System (LPS) uses short systematic cycles of work preparation, shortterm execution commitments and identification of Reasons for Noncompletion (RNCs). LPS based software capture quantifiable information that allows to assess RNC impact on execution. RNCs can be categorized using detailed information and their impact can be obtained assessing task progress and compliance. This research aims to determine the main categories, sources and responsible parties affecting compliance, based on empirical data from 25 High-rise Building (HR) and 25 Industrial Construction (IC) projects. Weekly project information representing 22.636 RNCs was assessed to categorize each RNC by type, source and party. The task, commitment and progress information were used to determine their frequency and impact, based on the duration of the affected task and differences between committed and actual progress. The RNC categories were compared across the sample and between HR and IC projects using statistical analyses. Results showed that approximately two in every three RNCs correspond to factors controllable by the main contractor, while collaboration with the client and subcontractors could allow preventing up to 90% of noncompliance issues. }, author_keywords={Last Planner® System, standardization, reasons for noncompletion, collaboration, reliable promising. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Verán-Leigh2021, author={Verán-Leigh, Daniel and Brioso, Xavier }, editor={ }, title={Implementation of Lean Construction as a Solution for the Covid-19 Impacts in Residential Construction Projects in Lima, Peru}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={923-932}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1939}, doi={10.24928/2021/0215}, affiliation={Chief Construction Engineer, VyV Bravo Construction Group. GETEC Research Group and PELCAN Research Group, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru Lima, Peru, daniel.veran@pucp.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-6174-2054 ; Professor, GETEC Research Group, Department of Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Lima, Peru, xbrioso@pucp.edu.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-0174-0241 }, abstract={At the beginning of 2020, a virus discovered in the province of Wuhan in China identified as SARS- COV-2, denominated COVID-19, began to spread globally, being identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a pandemic on March 13 since the epidemic has spread to several countries in all the continents and affects a large number of people (WHO 2020). In Peru the entry of COVID-19 caused the Peruvian government to take different options to control its spread such as mandatory quarantines and lockdowns. In front of this scenario, the Architecture Engineering and Construction (AEC) sector had to reinvent itself since it is a sector where work depends on a significant amount of personnel (IPE 2020). Furthermore, the level of industrialization in Peru is significantly lower compared with industrialized countries, generating that the consumption of labor is greater as well as the cost of the project, searching for new solutions to improve productivity. Moreover, considering the new sanitary measures for COVID-19 including new health protocols, controls, and improvement of working sanitary standards. Therefore, the main purpose of the present paper is to present a planning proposal for a system that integrates the Lean tools and the COVID-19 protocol for armed concrete buildings in Peru and present the preliminary results of its modification on the production system, design of work schedules, planning meetings, among other aspects of the construction system. }, author_keywords={COVID-19, lean construction, Last Planner® System, construction system. COVID-19, began to spread globally, being identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a pandemic on March 13 since the epidemic has spread to several countries in all the continents and affects a large number of people (WHO 2020). In Peru the entry of COVID-19 caused the Peruvian government to take different options to control its spread such as mandatory quarantines and lockdowns. In front of this scenario, the Architecture Engineering and Construction (AEC) sector had to reinvent itself since it is a sector where work depends on a significant amount of personnel (IPE 2020). Furthermore, the level of industrialization in Peru is significantly lower compared with industrialized countries, generating that the consumption of labor is greater as well as the cost of the project, searching for new solutions to improve productivity. Moreover, considering the new sanitary measures for COVID-19 including new health protocols, controls, and improvement of working sanitary standards. Therefore, the main purpose of the present paper is to present a planning proposal for a system that integrates the Lean tools and the COVID-19 protocol for armed concrete buildings in Peru and present the preliminary results of its modification on the production system, design of work schedules, planning meetings, among other aspects of the construction system. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, }