@CONFERENCE{Ghosh2014, author={Ghosh, Somik and Bhattacharjee, Suchismita and Pishdad-Bozorgi, Pardis and Ganapathy, Ram }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={A Case Study to Examine Environmental Benefits of Lean Construction}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={133-144}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/966}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, College of Architecture, 830 Van Vleet Oval, 294 GH, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA. Phone +1 (405) 325-3670, sghosh@ou.edu ; Assistant Professor, College of Architecture, 830 Van Vleet Oval, 284 GH, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA. Phone +1 (405) 325-4528, suchi@ou.edu ; Assistant Professor, College of Architecture, 280 Ferst Drive, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA. Phone +1 (404) 894-7100, pardis.pishdad@gatech.edu ; Senior BIM Engineer, DPR Construction, 224 N. 44th Street, Phoenix, AZ 85034, USA. Phone +1(602) 808-0500, ramg@dpr.com }, abstract={The process of construction significantly contributes to the total energy use, greenhouse gas emission, and waste generation. Utilizing lean helps in reducing construction wastes at source minimizing resource depletion and preventing pollution. The goal of this study was to investigate the contribution of lean construction to reduce waste at source and provide environmental benefits. A case study of a healthcare facility in Arizona was conducted that utilized BIM during the preconstruction and the construction phases. Pull planning, commitment tracking, and IPD were also utilized in the project. Procurement and installation of drywall was selected as the unit of analysis for the case study. The predictor variable of interest was the waste reduction due to utilization of lean tools, and the response variable was the environmental benefit through waste reduction at source. The environmental benefit of waste reduction was estimated by the resultant reduction in CO2 equivalent of greenhouse gas emission. For estimation of greenhouse gas emission, a “cradle-tosite” approach was considered that included the manufacturing of drywall and transportation to site. The findings show that significant amount of materials and labour hours were saved in the case study project that could be linked to the utilization of lean tools. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, BIM, pull planning, waste reduction, greenhouse gas emission }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Seppänen2014, author={Seppänen, Olli }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={A Comparison of Takt Time and LBMS Planning Methods}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={727-738}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/967}, affiliation={Postdoctoral Researcher, Aalto University and Director of VDC Services, Trimble NavigationLimited, olli_seppanen@trimble.com }, abstract={Takt time and LBMS are getting increased attention from practitioners of LeanConstruction. The takt time approach focusses on designing work locations withsimilar quantities and plans on the same duration for each task without any buffers.To achieve level resource utilization takt time projects require substantial workbacklog tasks or locations to absorb periods of low production demand. The LBMSapproach plans on using consistent resources through all the locations. Buffers areadded to absorb the risk of deviations and durations are allowed to vary based onquantity of work. This results in significantly longer schedules but decreases the needfor workable backlog areas and the risk of demobilizations.To compare these two methods, three schedules planned with LBMS methodologywere reformed into takt time schedules by forcing each task to have the same durationin each location. This was achieved by changing the crew size in each location toachieve a duration shorter than or equal to the takt time. The resulting schedules werecompared in terms of total project duration, total project manhours and the risk ofduration and manhours evaluated using Monte Carlo simulation.The results indicate that takt time achieves substantially shorter schedules but themanhours required in work backlog areas are much higher than in LBMS approach.In projects where quantities are similar between locations, takt time performs well ifthe resources are not demobilized when they run out of work. If the resourcesdemobilize, the risk of return delays makes takt time a risky strategy. }, author_keywords={LBMS, takt time, variability, buffers }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Priven2014, author={Priven, Vitaliy and Sacks, Rafael and Seppänen, Olli and Savosnick, Jonathan }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={A Lean Workflow Index for Construction Projects}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={715-726}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/968}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Virtual Construction Laboratory, National Building Research Institute, Technion– Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel +972-4-8292245, vitaliyp@technion.ac.il ; Assoc. Prof., Head Dept. of Structural Engineering and Construction Management, Technion –Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel +972-4-8293190, cvsacks@technion.ac.il ; Postdoctoral Researcher, Aalto University and Director of VDC Services, Trimble Navigation Limited, olli_seppanen@trimble.com ; Research Assistant, Virtual Construction Laboratory, National Building Research Institute,Technion – Israel Institute }, abstract={Traditional monitoring methods for construction project control based on the earnedvalue method provide measures of cash flow and schedule compliance. However, they do not tell managers anything about the quality (stability, continuity) of the workflow, and the results are not timely enough for effective control. In order to improve workflows where lean production control is applied, direct measures of workflow are needed. Kalsaas and others have proposed measures of daily or weekly workflow for specific tasks, but their measures cannot be used for real-time project control and they were not tested or calibrated over complete project life-spans. The Lean Workflow Index (LWI) that we propose directly reflects the smoothness and continuity of workflow lines in flowline charts. In the first stage we define a set of possible tracking parameters and propose the lean workflow index formula as a combination of them. A survey of lean experts was conducted in which they graded workflow quality for as-built flowline records for 12 projects. The results of the survey were then used to calibrate parameter coefficient values in the LWI formula by using a goal seeking algorithm. The resulting formula was used to compute the LWI for three high-rise residential projects. The major advantage of the proposed lean workflow index is that it monitors project workflows in real-time so that construction teams can be continuously aware of and improve their performance in the areas that are measured. }, author_keywords={Workflow, lean construction, flowline, production control }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Cabrera2014, author={Cabrera, Brahian Román and Li, Guillermo Juárez }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={A Lean-TRIZ Approach for Improving the Perfomance of Construction Projects}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={883-884}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/969}, affiliation={Bachelor of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, National University ofEngineering. E-Mail: broman@cosapi.com.pe ; Civil Engineer, Innovation Coordinator, Department of Construction Management, COSAPI Peru. E-Mail: gjuarez@cosapi.com.pe }, abstract={Process improvement and waste reduction are important in optimizing the performance of projects, to achieve these goals Continuous Improvement and Quality Management are methodologies which have been used successfully in construction. However, both are now no longer sufficient due to the competitiveness of the construction industry and the increasing complexity of projects, especially in infrastructure such as highways, tunnels and dams. Being also necessary to incorporate innovative elements. This paper proposes an optimization cycle that complements the principles of Lean and TRIZ (the Russian acronym for the "Theory of Inventive Problem Solving”) as an alternative to improve the efficiency of resources. Then, the Lean tool Value Stream Mapping (VSM) to assess the issues and wastes during production and the principles of TRIZ to get innovative solutions to the most difficult problems will be used. The application of this “Lean-TRIZ” approach to a highway project of 50 km ($ 45 MM) located in the Peruvian Highlands whose scope included works of flexible pavement maintenance and rehabilitation is presented as a case study, in which paving works were thoroughly studied for 2 months. The results showed that TRIZ increases the effectiveness of Lean to improve the performance of the production flow through the generation of innovative ideas. }, author_keywords={Continuous Improvement, Value Stream Mapping, Waste, TRIZ, Innovation }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tillmann2014, author={Tillmann, Patricia and Ballard, Glenn and Tommelein, Iris }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={A Mentoring Approach to Implement Lean Construction}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1283-1293}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/970}, affiliation={Postdoctoral Scholar at Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), Civil andEnvironmental Engineering Department, Univ. of California, Berkeley, 407 McLaughlin Hall, CA94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 (415) 802-9213, patriciatillmann@berkeley.edu ; Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, and Research Director of the ProjectProduction Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), 212 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California,Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 (415) 710-5531, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu ; Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, and Director of the ProjectProduction Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), 212 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California,Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 (510) 643-8678, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={This study was motivated by the need to implement lean construction in a concrete division recently established by a general contracting firm that has been an advocate of lean for several years. After observing difficulties to implement lean in the first project undertaken by this concrete division, the research team decided to adopt an alternative approach focused on mentoring and continuous improvement. The objective of the study was to support the concrete team in its development of desired lean behaviors, i.e., focus on process improvement based on continuous cycles of revealing problems and discussing root causes, brainstorming solutions, learning, and changing current practices. The method used in this study was action research, with the researcher being an active participant in the team. The implementation was carried out based on three strategies: (a) lean training, (b) adoption of the Last Planner™ System, and (c) continuous improvement workshops. The team then assessed the outcomes of this intervention. The contributions to practice observed in this case study stemmed from a focus on learning (i.e., problem identification, analysis, and solving) in a team environment. Changes in behavior were observed as well as greater awareness of how current practices could be improved. Changes in current practices were a consequence of this greater awareness. Contributions to theory are highlighted in this paper, as we attempt with this research to expand the understanding of means to adopt lean construction in order to successfully effect change in current practices. }, author_keywords={Lean implementation, Mentoring, Toyota Kata, Continuous improvement }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fischer2014, author={Fischer, Martin and Reed, Dean and Khanzode, Dean Atul and Ashcraft, Howard }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={A Simple Framework for Integrated Project Delivery}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1319-1330}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/971}, affiliation={Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering and (by Courtesy) Computer Science andDirector, Center for Integrated Facility Engineering (CIFE), Stanford University, Stanford, CA,fischer@stanford.edu ; Director of Lean Construction, DPR Construction, Redwood City, CA, deanr@dpr.com ; Director of Construction Technologies, DPR Construction, Redwood City, CA, atulk@dpr.com ; Partner, Hanson Bridgett, San Francisco, CA, hashcraft@hansonbridgett.com }, abstract={This paper outlines a “Simple Framework” for Integrated Project Delivery. The starting point of this paper is the value made possible by the physical product, a “high performance building” (HPB). It is composed of highly integrated systems that are buildable, useable, operable, and sustainable. “Process Integration” is the integration of value and design, builders and operators’ knowledge and sustainable design principles, materials and technologies. Process Integration can only occur in an “Integrated Organization” in which team members can decide, coordinate, work and decide effectively. The integrated organization makes possible and leverages “Integrated Information,” where information is created once and used by all. The IPD contractual agreement, the ways people measure value, model and simulate to predict outcomes, collaborate, and manage production enable the integration required to deliver a high-performance building. }, author_keywords={Integrated Project Delivery, Integrated Concurrent Engineering, high-performance building, integration, collaboration, lean construction, value }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Antillón2014, author={Antillón, Eric I. and Morris, Matthew R. and Gregor, William }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={A Value-Based Cost-Benefit Analysis of Prefabrication Processes in the Healthcare Sector: A Case Study}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={995-1006}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/972}, affiliation={Research Assistant, Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado,428 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0428, Phone +1 303/492-3706, Fax 303/492-7317;eric.antillon@colorado.edu ; Instructor, Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado, 428 UCB,Boulder, CO 80309-0428, Phone +1 303/492-0468, Fax 303/492-7317;matthew.morris@colorado.edu ; Construction Executive, Mortenson Construction, 1621 18th Street, Suite 400, Denver, CO 80202,Phone +1 303/295-2511; william.gregor@mortenson.com }, abstract={In the building construction industry, the healthcare sector is considered to have the highest opportunity to implement prefabrication. Some of the benefits attributed to itsimplementation are cost savings, schedule acceleration, improved quality and saferwork environments, among others. The decision to use prefabrication tends to be based on anecdotal evidence rather than rigorous data, given that no formal methods are available to determine the impact of prefabrication on project performance outcomes. A value-based cost-benefit analysis was conducted on an on-going 831,000 square feet hospital consisting of 360 patient beds, with the input from the major parties involved in the prefabrication process. Four specific prefabricated components were studied: prefabricated bathroom pods, exterior wall panels, overhead MEP utility racks, and patient headwalls. To determine the impact of prefabrication on theproject, prefabricated versus traditional site-built performance outcomes werecompared in terms cost, schedule, safety, and quality. Each prefabricated component was analyzed individually, as well as the combined impact from all four components. A cost premium of 6% over the traditional site-built cost, as well as a schedule reduction of 10% and over 150,000 work-hours diverted from the jobsite were among the findings from this study. A value-based benefit-to-cost ratio of 1.14 was estimated to be accomplished in this project. This case study shows that direct costs savings is not considered to be the primary benefit of prefabrication, but rather the indirect benefits achieved, such as schedule savings and reduced on-site labor, which can be quite significant when quantified. }, author_keywords={Prefabrication, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Healthcare Sector, Bathroom Pods, Wall Panels, Overhead Utility Racks, Headwalls }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Inokuma2014, author={Inokuma, Akira and Aoki, Mikiharu and Shimura, Mitsuru and Nagayama, Daisuke and Koizumi, Chikara }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Absence in the Provenance? Lean Construction and Its Applicability in Japan}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={15-26}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/973}, affiliation={Executive Director, Japan Federation of Construction Management Engineers Associations (JCM), Tokyo, Japan, Phone +81 (3) 3262-7420, inokuma@ns.ejcm.or.jp ; Chief Executive Officer, Toyota Production Consulting Corp., Aichi, Japan, aoki@toyotaconsulting. com ; Chief Consultant, Nippon Consultants Group, Tokyo, Japan, m-shimura@niccon.co.jp ; Chief Executive Officer, Orientia United Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan, daisukenagayama@gmail.com ; Consultant, Nippon Consultants Group, Tokyo, Japan, chikara-koizumi@niccon.co.jp }, abstract={The Toyota Production System (TPS) is generally accepted as the origin of the lean principles, and thus Japan can naturally be perceived as its provenance. However, ironically, dialogue on Lean Construction (LC) has been limited in Japan, and almost gives a perception that LC is not applied in Japanese construction projects. The authors explored the reasons for the apparent absence of LC in Japan, and found two potential causes: (1) TPS has been constantly evolving and (2) some of the concepts of LC have already been woven into the Japanese construction industry without awareness that these concepts in fact constitute LC. In other words, it may be said that misperception and unawareness may be the potential causes of the apparent absence of LC in Japan. The paper further explores the applicability of LC to Japanese construction projects by investigating and organizing the following: (1) examples of application of the LC method at conventional Japanese construction sites, (2) LC methods that have not yet been applied to construction projects but can be considered to be applicable, and (3) lean construction methods that are likely to be inapplicable to construction projects. Through this process of investigation and organization, the authors have made a LC project plan proposal. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Improvement/kaizen, Theory, Definition, Standardization }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Biotto2014, author={Biotto, Clarissa and Mota, Bruno and Araújo, Lívia and Barbosa, George and Andrade, Fabíola }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Adapted Use of Andon in a Horizontal Residential Construction Project}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1295-1305}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/974}, affiliation={Architect. SIPPRO Management of Construction, Fortaleza, Brazil, Phone +55 85 99484558, clarissa.biotto@sippro.eng.br ; Civil engineer. SIPPRO Management of Construction, Fortaleza, Brazil, Phone +55 85 99458582, bruno.mota@sippro.eng.br ; Civil engineer intern. Colmeia Construction Company, Fortaleza, Brazil, Phone +55 85, livia.araujo@colmeia.com.br ; Civil engineer intern. Colmeia Construction Company, Fortaleza, Brazil, Phone +55 85, george.barbosa@colmeia.com.br ; Civil engineer. Colmeia Construction Company, Fortaleza, Brazil, Phone +55 85, fabiola@colmeia.com.br }, abstract={The andon is a visual management tool used mainly in manufacturing systems to highlight the status of the operations. In construction industry, its use is not widely known nor reported in academic literature. In understanding the difficulties imposed by this kind of production, it is necessary to adapt this tool to the construction sites. An andon device was implemented in a 55 hectares area of large horizontal residential project, with more than eight hundred apartments, at Fortaleza, Brazil, in order to indicate for the engineer team the exactly position of the problem in each workstation. The device was adapted to a touch screen terminal inside the workstations and it was shared for nine hundred workers, each one has its own identification number. They have to log in at the andon terminal and indicate the actual status of the operation he is executing. As a result, the andon allowed increasing operations transparency, to identify some planning issues and to solve the main causes of interruptions that were classified in four main areas: lack of material, problems with manpower, design documentation and safety. Also, the andon improved worker’s sense of responsibility by forecasting future problems that will affect the production. The use of the andon adapted to a horizontal project is an inspiration to other construction companies of how to implement this Toyota system traditional tool at extent construction sites. }, author_keywords={andon, information technology, lean construction, production control }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Dave2014, author={Dave, Bhargav and Kubler, Sylvain and Främling, Kary and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Addressing Information Flow in Lean Production Management and Control in Construction}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={581-592}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/975}, affiliation={Project Specialist, Civil and Structural Engineering Dept, Aalto University; Finland. +358 50 4364717; bhargav.dave@aalto.fi ; PostDoc Researcher, School of Science, Aalto University, Finland. ; Professor, School of Science, Aalto University, Finland. +358 50 5980451. Kary.Framling@aalto.fi ; Professor, Civil and Structural Engineering, Aalto University; Finland; lauri.koskela@aalto.fi }, abstract={Traditionally, production control on construction sites has been a challenging area, where the ad-hoc production control methods foster uncertainty - one of the biggest enemies of efficiency and smooth production flow. Lean construction methods such as the Last Planner System have partially tackled this problem by addressing the flow aspect through means such as constraints analysis and commitment planning. However, such systems have relatively long planning cycles to respond to the dynamic production requirements of construction, where almost daily if not hourly control is needed. New solutions have been designed by researchers to improve this aspect such as VisiLean, but again these types of software systems require the proximity and availability of computer devices to workers. Given this observation, there is a need for a communication system between the field and site office that is highly interoperable and provides real-time task status information. A High-level communication framework (using VisiLean) is presented in this paper, which aims to overcome the problems of system integration and improve the flow of information within the production system. The framework provides, among other things, generic and standardized interfaces to simplify the “push” and “pull” of the right (production) information, whenever needed, wherever needed, by whoever needs it. Overall, it is anticipated that the reliability of the production control will be improved. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, BIM, Information, Communication Systems }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Moghadam2014, author={Moghadam, Mana and Al-Hussein, Mohamed }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={An Enhanced Scheduling Technique for Modular Construction Manufacturing}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1019-1030}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/976}, affiliation={Postdoctoral Fellow, Hole School of Construction Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 4-110 Markin/CNRL Natural Resources Engineering Facility, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2W2, Canada, mana.moghadam@ualberta.ca ; Hole School of Construction Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 3- 015 Markin/CNRL Natural Resources Engineering Facility, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2W2, Canada, Phone +1 780 492 0599, malhussein@ualberta.ca }, abstract={Modular construction manufacturing (MCM) is potentially built through a more efficient and cost-effective method compared to the on-site construction practice. The increased interest in manufacturing of the building construction process demands special methods of design and manufacturing to improve production efficiency. MCM provides opportunities to apply Lean for production efficiency in the plant, including eliminating waste and supporting the delivery of customized products in a shorter time and at a lower cost. Lean is a concept first developed in the manufacturing industry which has been since adapted to the construction industry. Although the focus of Lean in both industries is the same, Lean tools vary between manufacturing and construction since these two industries differ in nature. Lean as the concept is applicable to any industries, taking into consideration that MCM has characteristics of both manufacturing and construction yet is distinct and should be seen in the class of its own. Given the distinct nature of MCM, the technical elements in “Lean production” and “Lean construction” are not sufficient to achieve the Lean goals for MCM industry, necessitating a modified framework by which to exploit the potential benefits of modular building. This paper provides a deeper understanding of the modular construction manufacturing and the difference between the manufacturing, construction, and MCM industries. The focus of this paper is to adopt an enhanced scheduling technique which can adequately fulfill the production efficiency demands based on particular characteristic of modular construction manufacturing. }, author_keywords={Modular construction manufacturing, Scheduling, Production, Design, Efficiency }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tsao2014, author={Tsao, Cynthia C.Y. and Draper, John and Howell, Gregory A. }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={An Overview, Analysis, and Faciliation Tips for Simulations That Support and Simulate Pull Planning}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1483-1494}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/977}, affiliation={Owner, Navilean; Senior Associate, Lean Project Consulting; Adjunct Faculty, Wentworth Inst. of Technology; Brookline, MA, 02445, USA, Phone +1 510/593-4884, research@navilean.com ; Associate Principal, Lean Project Consulting, Phone +1 571/235-9596, jdraper@leanproject.com ; Retired, Lean Construction Institute, Phone +1 (208) 726-9989, gah2343@gmail.com }, abstract={Pull Planning is an essential component of the Last Planner® System (LPS). It helps define how work will be handed off from one project performer (e.g., owners, designers, contractors, and suppliers) to the next. It illustrates how work is balanced between project performers to better support a project takt time, i.e., work completion rhythm. It encourages project performers to have conversations earlier about how to handle physical interfaces between components that may at first seem plausible in design but end up being much more challenging to accomplish in construction. Due to the importance of Pull Planning and the fact that it is a typical first step for lean implementation on Architecture-Engineering-Construction (AEC) projects, project teams that have limited Lean Construction experience can use a variety of simulations to ensure better participation during actual Pull Planning efforts. Thus, to help accelerate the rate of Pull Planning learning and successful implementation in the AEC industry, this paper will provide an overview of simulations that have proven to be effective in supporting and simulating Pull Planning. It will discuss how they prepare project teams for actual Pull Planning efforts and provide insight into facilitation techniques based on the authors’ experience. It will address differences in teaching Pull Planning within an academic versus industry setting. In closing, we will provide a guide as to which simulations to prioritize when faced with limited time for educating students or training project teams. }, author_keywords={Pull Planning, phase scheduling, simulation, facilitation }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pekuri2014, author={Pekuri, Laura and Pekuri, Aki and Haapasalo, Harri }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Analysing the Problem of Procurement in Construction}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={39-50}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/978}, affiliation={PhD Student, PO Box 4610, 90014 University of Oulu, Finland, laura.pekuri@oulu.fi ; PhD Student, PO Box 4610, 90014 University of Oulu, Finland, , aki.pekuri@oulu.fi ; Professor,PO Box 4610, 90014 University of Oulu, Finland, harri.haapasalo@oulu.fi }, abstract={In solving the prevalent problems of construction industry, clients have an integral role to play. By its procurement procedures, the client influences the way a construction project is executed, as the procedures affect the form of the project delivery system. What kind of procurement procedures are perceived rational, for one, depends on the underlying assumptions about the function of procurement. This research studies the current conceptualizations of the problem of procurement stemming from the fields of economics as well as engineering and construction management. A recognized tenet in Lean Construction (LC) is that production should be conceived consisting of transformations (T), flow (F), and value generation (V). Therefore, this research exploits the TFV theory in analysing the assumptions underlying procurement. On the basis of the analysis it is suggested that the main function of procurement should not be seen merely as overcoming the problem of exante information asymmetry in the moment of awarding the contract nor tackling the problem of ex-post adaptation just by contractual structures. Instead, it is seen necessary to recognize and address the danger of value loss with an equal diligence as the other problems have been to date. To be more in line with the thinking in LC, the mindset within procurement should be set towards procuring the best possible project production system that is fit for its purpose. }, author_keywords={Construction, procurement, production, project delivery system, TFV theory }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Neuman2014, author={Neuman, Yoshua and Alves, Thaís da C. L. and Walsh, Kenneth D. and Needy, Kim LaScola and Almaian, Rufaidah Y. }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Analysis of Supplier Quality Surveillance in EPC Projects}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1083-1094}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/979}, affiliation={Graduate student, J. R. Filanc Construction Eng. and Mgmt. Program, Dept. of Civil, Constr., and Env. Eng., San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA, neumanyosh@gmail.com ; Assistant Professor, J.R. Filanc Construction Eng. and Mgmt. Program, Dept. of Civil, Constr., and Env. Eng., San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA, talves@mail.sdsu.edu ; Professor and chair, J. R. Filanc Construction Eng. and Mgmt. Program, Dept. of Civil, Constr., and Env. Eng., San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA, kwalsh@mail.sdsu.edu ; Department Head and 21st Century Professor, Dept. of Industrial Eng., University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA, kneedy@uark.edu ; Ph.D. candidate, Dept. of Industrial Eng., University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA, ralmaian@email.uark.edu }, abstract={This paper reports on research conducted by a team of academics and practitioners supported by the Construction Industry Institute that investigated the relationship between rework and effective supplier quality surveillance practices (RT 308). Data confirmed findings from previous studies about project-based systems and the fact that the Engineer-Procure-Construct (EPC) industry and its suppliers share little to no lessons learned from one project to the next. A number of reasons for this behavior are discussed in the paper, including but not limited to lack of time to review past projects, fear of claims and litigation, and lack of structured methods to process and make lessons learned available to others. This becomes a systemic problem for the industry, which does not learn from past experiences accumulated from multiple contracts and continues to rely on lengthy specifications and hours of surveillance to assure that products conform to the design intent. The paper concludes with a discussion of the ways Lean concepts could be used to improve the current status of surveillance practices used in the EPC industry while addressing its peculiarities and the risk associated with different products and services acquired. }, author_keywords={Supplier quality surveillance, inspection, lessons learned, criticality, engineer-procure-construct. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hämäläinen2014, author={Hämäläinen, Juho-Pekka and Ballard, Glenn and Elfving, Jan }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Are Tools and Training Enough - An Argument for Leadership}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1357-1368}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/980}, affiliation={Development Manager, Skanska Finland, juho-pekka.hamalainen@skanska.fi ; Research Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu ; Head, Nordic Procurement Unit, Skanska AB, Jan.Elfving@skanska.fi }, abstract={In 2006, Skanska Finland began implementation of lean production management based on Last Planner® and location based scheduling. This paper reports what was done to implement lean production management, what happened, and what was learned. Implementing lean practices is notoriously challenging, not least because organizations and individuals need to change their behavior. The more extensive and fundamental the change needed, the greater the challenge. Implementing Last Planner is a fundamental change: from commanding to requesting, from planning by planners to planning by doers, from managing contracts to managing production. Location based scheduling is also challenging. The mainstream activity breakdown structures are subordinated to location breakdown structures. Managing the flow of trades through locations is quite different from managing each trade task-by-task. Not surprisingly, implementation has not gone smoothly. Early assumptions that successful pilot projects would ‘infect’ others proved false. Habits proved hard to break, perhaps in part because reward systems pushed managers into short-term thinking. In response, staff personnel were asked to drive implementation. That also failed. In the last three years, from 2010 through 2013, progress has been made standardizing planning and scheduling processes and tools and extensive training has been provided in their use. Some senior managers believe that will be sufficient to change behavior and to achieve better project performance and better corporate profitability. While there is some evidence of improvement, both the published literature and Skanska Finland’s own experience suggest that change in behavior and outcomes will be limited and in danger of reversal until line managers from top to bottom lead the change. This paper provides support for this claim through a review of the literature and through a case study that illustrates what line managers can do to provide the needed leadership. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Nesensohn2014, author={Nesensohn, Claus and Bryde, David and Ochieng, Edward and Fearon, Damian and Hackett, Vince }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Assessing Lean Construction Maturity}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1157-1168}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/981}, affiliation={Built Environment and Sustainable Technologies (BEST) Research Institute, School of the Built Environment, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK, Peter Jost Enterprise Centre, Byrom Street, c.nesensohn@2012.ljmu.ac.uk ; Built Environment and Sustainable Technologies (BEST) Research Institute ; Built Environment and Sustainable Technologies (BEST) Research Institute ; Built Environment and Sustainable Technologies (BEST) Research Institute ; PhD Researcher School of Architecture, Design and Built Environment, and Centre for Lean Projects, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4BU, United Kingdom, vince.hackett@ntu.ac.uk }, abstract={changes and is a challenging endeavour. In particular when transformations take place it becomes crucial to measure the current state of the maturation process. Hence there is a requirement for organisations to be able to demonstrate where they are in their LC journey. It has been widely acknowledged that maturity models (MM) provide organisations with such an assessment of the current state. Further benefits of MMs are the guidance and support when implementing a change or improvement strategy. The research presented aims to integrate both LC and MM to enable organisations to measure their current maturity in LC. A qualitative mixed method design was used including focus groups and interviews to explore the phenomenon of LC maturity from key informants. The major findings of the research are: MM can be integrated with LC, and a proposed validated framework can assess the current state of LC maturity within an organisation. The proposed LC maturity assessment framework labelled (LCMM) comprises five maturity levels, 11 Key Attributes, and 60 defined Behaviours, Goals & Practices with 75 Ideal Statements to measure the maturity within organisations embedding LC. This framework provides important support and guidance in the organisational LC maturation process. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction Maturity, Maturity Models, Organisational Assessment, Maturation, Embedding Lean }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Frandson2014, author={Frandson, Adam G and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Automatic Generation of a Daily Space Schedule}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={617-626}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/982}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1710, USA, Phone +1 (510) 642-3261, AFrandson@berkeley.edu ; Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, and Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), 212 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 (510) 643-8678, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Construction team members who develop and analyze a schedule for production must identify workflows, solicit trade partner input to look for opportunities for improving production, identify production constraints, and communicate the schedule to craftsmen in the field. To clarity field work, such schedules must consider the resource ‘space.’ Space scheduling helps to visualize a critical path method (CPM) schedule or a line of balance (LOB) schedule developed using a location-based management system (LBMS). Additionally, production team members need to keep their schedules current. To address these needs, this paper presents a program to quickly generate and adjust a visual space schedule, by project phase. This provides the production team with a visual control mechanism, a means to perform space conflict and sensitivity analysis during planning, a means to track daily goals during execution, as well as a starting point for more detailed 4D CAD analysis. The researchers developed their space scheduling program during planning and are currently using it in the construction of an urgent care center at an existing hospital in northern California. 20 out of 146 days (14% of the scheduled duration) were identified in the space schedule as potential savings and 12 of those days have been realized thus far. Expected results of this implementation are improved productivity due to detailed space scheduling and the daily goal setting; increased communication between trades when they need to negotiate impinging for some time on the space assigned to another trade; and an increased awareness of the work flow at a daily level by trade partners due to the visual schedule. This results in greater predictability of the project’s delivery }, author_keywords={Location-based scheduling, space scheduling, takt-time planning }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ahuja2014, author={Ahuja, Ritu and Sawhney, Anil and Arif, Mohammed }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Bim Based Conceptual Framework for Lean and Green Integration}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={123-132}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/983}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, School of Construction, RICS School of Built Environment, Amity University, 5th Floor, F2 block, Sector- 125, Noida 201301 (UP) India; Phone +91 120 6673038, rahuja@rics.org ; Professor of Construction Project Management, RICS School of Built Environment, Amity University, 5th Floor, F2 block, Sector- 125, Noida 201301 (UP) India; Phone +91 120 6673000, asawhney@rics.org ; Professor of Sustainability and Process Management, School of Built Environment, University of Salford, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Greater Manchester, UK M5 4WT, Phone: 0161 295 6829, m.arif@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={Lean and green philosophies have more or less remained separate and parallel initiatives within the construction sector. Intuitively there seems to be significant overlap between the two philosophies. As these have separately matured, there is now a need to synthesize the two parallel streams into one to garner more benefits for the industry. Efforts to demonstrate the overlap between lean and green concepts is available in literature. However, an integration framework has not been developed or reported. As such this paper, which is part of an on-going research, identifies operational and tactical connections of lean and green philosophies, with an aim to provide a conceptual integration framework. The authors envision that Building Information Modeling (BIM), a friend of both lean and green philosophies can provide the needed linkage between the two. With BIM as the common tool that acts as a catalyst, a conceptual framework for lean and green integration is developed. This framework is tested using three case studies and findings reported in the paper. Preliminary findings show that projects that use BIM can more easily integrate lean and green and add value. }, author_keywords={Building Information Modeling (BIM), lean, green, sustainability }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Skinnarland2014, author={Skinnarland, Sol and Yndesdal, Solveig }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Barriers to a Continuous Learning Process in Construction}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1191-1201}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/984}, affiliation={Researcher, Fafo, Institute for Labour and Social Research, Borggata 2B, 0650 Oslo, Norway, Phone +47 95182115, sol.skinnarland@fafo.no ; Manager, Project department, Stavanger Eiendom, Municipality of Stavanger, Olav Kyrres gate 23, Stavanger, +47 93241744, solveig.kristine.yndesdal@stavanger.kommune.no }, abstract={In a paper to IGLC in 2010 the researchers claim that Nonaka’s model of knowledge creation may apply in the construction industry. Notably, there is an interdisciplinary and continuous dialogue between explicit and tacit knowledge taking place at the construction site. Based on empirical evidence, it is argued that the Last Planner System of production control (LPS) may stimulate such continuous learning, by facilitating opportunities for a continuous exchange between tacit and explicit knowledge. However, certain premises were found to exist, to enable learning within construction projects using LPS. In a more recent IGLC paper (2012), it was concluded that when implementing the Last Planner System as a systematic framework for planning purposes, challenges were faced in terms of adaptation to longer planning horizons, transition to new meeting structures and letting go of a traditional approach to planning. Other noted challenges were involvement and relational issues. Further it was concluded that crucial drivers for future use of the planning methodology were key personnel to direct development processes, top management engagement, practical and theoretical knowledge of collaborative planning, and project support. This paper builds on findings and conclusions of the two papers, and discusses obstacles and barriers for learning in the construction industry and how these may be overcome. }, author_keywords={Learning, last planner, humanistic change patterns, barriers. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Taboada2014, author={Taboada, José Antonio and Garrido-Lecca, Alessandra }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Case Study on the Use of BIM at the Bidding Stage of a Building Project}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1473-1482}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/985}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, CIP 113292, Phone +151 1 999347392, jose.taboada@gym.com.pe. ; Bachiller of Civil Engineering, Phone +51 73 969440548, alessandra.garridolecca@gym.com.pe. }, abstract={Because of ongoing problems of compatibility of engineering drawings and a lower time limit for increasingly complex projects, the BIM (Building Information Modeling) Area was created at GyM S.A. two years ago. The main objectives of this area were to make the clash detection, assure engineering compatibility, generate a 3D model with information from the components that form part of the project, and automatically obtain material quantities estimates. During this last year, BIM Area has worked very close to the Estimating Department in order to compare their results of the quantities obtained by the BIM Area through a 3D model, with the ones obtained manually through 2D drawings by the Estimating Department. Also to help approve the modeling criteria that allows the consideration of the construction process and its subsequent use in field work. The results throughout this teamwork experience have shown that it is feasible to obtain better results from an early stage in less time and to a higher degree than with our traditional procedure. Demonstrate the positive impact of the application of BIM within the construction stage in our projects to the project managers will be the next challenge. }, author_keywords={Budgeting, BIM, estimating, quantity take off, collaborative work, workflow, 3D model, sponsor, standardization, comparison, integration. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Emuze2014, author={Emuze, Fidelis and Ungerer, Heinrich }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Change in South Africa Construction: Lessons From Lean Thinking}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1121-1131}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/986}, affiliation={Senior Lecturer and Head, Department of Built Environment, Central University of Technology, Free State, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa Tel: (051) 507 3089 Fax: (051) 507 3254, E-mail: femuze@cut.ac.za ; BTech Graduate, Department of Built Environment, Central University of Technology, Free State, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa Tel: (051) 507 3082 Fax: (051) 507 3254, E-mail: hpungerer@gmail.com }, abstract={The philosophy that Lean construction teaches has produced changes in the construction process and methodology. The change is evident in people that form the major input in a project undertaking. As such, shedding traditional approach to work, especially craft construction requires a new way of thinking on the part of skilled and semi-skilled workers in construction. This change is necessary to reverse the ills in the industry. Hence, change in South Africa is a must due to a number of performance related issues that have made media headlines in the form of fatalities and project time overrun, to mention a few. Thus, after the review of the related literature, this qualitative study examined ‘how a lean thinking induced change in the mind-set of workers can be used to improve performance in South African construction.’ The outcomes of the study show that most of the contractors lack a structured way to motivate their workers in terms of ‘waste consciousness’ that would change their approach to task execution. The culture and thinking of the workers thus is in need of rejuvenation in order for them to continually engage in refining their contributions to project goals. The South African construction industry should thus find ways to eliminate ‘the wheels’ of repeated mistakes that have hitherto engendered poor performance. }, author_keywords={Construction, Change, Lean thinking, Motivation, South Africa }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Solheim-Kile2014, author={Solheim-Kile, Espen and Lædre, Ola and Lohne, Jardar and Meland, Øystein Husefest }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Characteristics of Public-Private Partnerships in Norway }, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={233-244}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/987}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Kruse Smith Eiendom AS, Norway, espen.solheim-kile@kruse-smith.no ; Associate professor, dr.ing., Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) ; Researcher, dr. art., Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) ; Associate Professor. dr.ing., School of Business and Law, University of Agder, Norway }, abstract={New ways of working impose new contract models. To prepare for these new ways, there is a need for a precise understanding of the contractual elements. In this paper, we examine and describe Norwegian Public-Private Partnership (PPP) projects. Their characteristics are then compared to the characteristics outlined in literature. The findings are based on a literature study followed by a case study approach combining analysis of documents gathered from public sector authorities and relevant private sector participants along with a questionnaire. We find that a narrow view of PPP is used with an overemphasis on the financing aspects which is close to the Private Finance Initiative (PFI) model. The public sector insists on detailed specifications limiting the possibilities of innovation in areas such as Lean Construction. Combined, this could potentially constitute a roadblock for harvesting the real benefits of the PPP approach. The sheer size, contract period and total costs of the PPP projects are characteristics that justify an own study. The main contribution of this paper is the overview of Norwegian PPP projects and their characteristics. }, author_keywords={Public-Private Partnership, Private Finance Initiative, PPP, PFI, Contract models }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Arumugam2014, author={Arumugam, Thirumalai Rajan and Varghese, Koshy }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Characterization of Flow in Multi Storied Residential Building Construction}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={559-569}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/988}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Building Technology and Construction Management Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India, Phone +91-44- 9443405248, thirumalairajan.a@gmail.com ; Professor, Building Technology and Construction Management Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India, Phone +91-44-2257- 4257 / 4250, koshy@iitm.ac.in }, abstract={This paper attempts to characterize workflow in construction and thereby to provide a measure for flow at various levels of the construction process. A process based approach is adapted to model flows in construction. Construction of a multi storied residential building super-structure involving identical activities for each floor cycle was selected to observe, document and analyze the characteristics of construction activity flow. The detailed functions and relationships between resources, materials and information for each floor cycle was documented and analyzed for flow characteristics. Queuing theory approach is used for analysis and parameters for quantifying the flow characteristics are proposed. A preliminary model for characterizing flow is formulated. The application of the model for analyzing flow states is discussed. }, author_keywords={Flow characterization, Lean Construction, process model, cycle time. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Arroyo2014, author={Arroyo, Paz and Ballard, Glenn and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Choosing By Advantages and Rhetoric in Building Design: Relationship and Potential Synergies}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={391-408}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/989}, affiliation={ PhD Candidate, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA, USA and Assistant Professor, Engineering School, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, parroyo@berkeley.edu ; Research Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1710, USA, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., and Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1710, USA, Phone +1 (510) 643-8678, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Rhetoric is a natural part of the design process and has caught the interest of researchers in the last 50 years. Indeed, effective rhetoric has been studied and used since the time of the ancient Greeks to persuade and to influence all manner of things. However, little research has been done on rhetoric in design and engineering, specifically during the decision-making portion of the design process. This paper provides examples of how a decision-making method such as Choosing By Advantages (CBA) uses rhetoric during the decision process and explores how the three components of rhetoric (logos, pathos, and ethos) may apply to the decision- making process. The authors argue that understanding rhetoric may provide designers with new means for persuasion, and ultimately, help them make better decisions. }, author_keywords={Decision-making, Rhetoric, Choosing By Advantages, CBA, Design Management. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fundli2014, author={Fundli, Ingvild S. and Drevland, Frode }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Collaborative Design Management – A Case Study}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={627-638}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/990}, affiliation={Master student, Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology – Trondheim, Norway, ingvildsf@gmail.com ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology – Trondheim, Norway, frode.drevland@ntnu.no }, abstract={The Last Planner System (LPS) has been successfully implemented in both design and construction phases of projects, but there have been raised questions if LPS in design needs to be changed to better suit the nature of design, due to the inherent differences between design and construction. The Norwegian contractor Veidekke has developed a method based on LPS for use in design called Collaborative Design Management (CDM). This paper looks at how CDM works in practice by doing case study of two projects where the methodology has been employed. We found that the use of CDM led to better communication and cooperation within the design team and a better understating of and commitment to the project. There are also indications that the methodology should lead to a more efficient and controlled design process which in turn would benefit the following construction process. Although we have seen positive effects from the use of the methodology, we have also found it lacking in some areas. Specifically the lack of a formalized weekly work plan, approach for constraint analysis and PPC measurements. }, author_keywords={Design Management, Last Planner System (LPS), Collaborative Design Management (CDM), Percent Plan Complete (PPC) }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rybkowski2014, author={Rybkowski, Zofia K. and Kahler, Danny L. }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Collective Kaizen and Standardization: The Development and Testing of a New Lean Simulation}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1257-1268}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/991}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Science, 434 Langford A, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Phone +1 979-845-4354, zrybkowski@tamu.edu ; Principal, Kahler Engineering Group, 1244 Derby Drive, Suite 100, Richardson, TX, USA; Phone +1 512-983-3453, danny.kahler@kahlerengineering.com }, abstract={Simulations can offer a laboratory-like environment for controlled experimentation, as well as immediate and convincing proof of the effectiveness of specified lean principles. At the heart of lean thinking resides the concept of kaizen—or continuous improvement—and standardization, conducted within a culture of respect. Effective use of collective kaizen and standardization capitalizes on the ability of individuals to innovate, to learn from one another, and to improve their effectiveness, thus helping managers improve time, cost, quality, safety and morale by engaging the employees they already have. Despite the role of collective kaizen and standardization as seminal to the very definition of lean thinking, there is no existing published lean construction simulation that focuses exclusively on the concept of collective kaizen and standardization. This paper reports on the development and testing of a lean simulation that focuses on collective kaizen and standardization. The simulation was developed by students as the final project for a US-based university lean construction course consisting of upper-level undergraduate and graduate-level construction science students. The simulation was inspired by primary source writings of early twentieth century American psychologist and industrial engineer Lilliane Gilbreth and efficiency engineer Frederick Winslow Taylor, and introduces simulation participants to the critical concepts of collective kaizen and standardization. The simulation has been tested during three semesters of courses dedicated to lean construction at the originating university, at two additional US universities, and at two international-level lean construction and quality control conferences. Modifications have been made based on preliminary feedback. }, author_keywords={Lean simulation, kaizen, continuous improvement, standardization }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Arroyo2014, author={Arroyo, Paz and Tommelein, Iris D. and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Comparing Weighting Rating and Calculating vs. Choosing by Advantages to Make Design Choices }, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={401-412}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/992}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, and Assistant Professor, Engineering School, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, parroyo@berkeley.edu ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., and Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 (510) 643-8678, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Research Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Teams engaged in building design are composed of multiple stakeholders, including architects, owners, engineers, and sometimes users. Members of the design team often have different and conflicting interests, especially when considering sustainability issues. For example, issues may include reducing embodied energy while creating an earthquake resistant building at the same time. Practitioners require a decision-making method that allows for creating transparency, building consensus, and continuous learning. Weighting Rating and Calculating (WRC) is a widely used decision-making method. However, it has several shortcomings. Choosing By Advantages (CBA) is a decision-making method that supports the design process by fostering greater transparency. This paper presents a case study comparing the use of WRC vs. CBA in the selection of a structural system for a campus residential building in Palo Alto, California. The case study found that the same decision resulted from both methods, but the assumptions of the two methods were different, and CBA helped more in creating transparency and building consensus on the decision rationale. }, author_keywords={Decision-making, Choosing By Advantages, CBA, Sustainability, Design Management. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pérez2014, author={Pérez, Cristina and Costa, Dayana and Gonçalves, Jardel }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Concepts and Methods for Measuring Flows and Associated Wastes }, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={871-882}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/993}, affiliation={Post graduation Student of the Program in Environmental Urban Engineering, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil, Phone +55 (71) 9709-1564, cristina.toca.perez@hotmail.es ; Assistant Professor, Engineering School, Department of Structural and Construction Engineering, Master of Environmental Urban Engineering, Federal University of Bahia, dayanabcosta@ufba.br ; Assistant Professor, Engineering School, Department of Structural and Construction Engineering, Master of Environmental Urban Engineering, Federal University of Bahia, jardelpg@ufba.br }, abstract={This paper is based on the operationalization of flows and identification of wastes along these flows. Ideas are derived from this article for why and how to measure the flows in order to minimize wastes. The aim of this paper is to present the different existing flow concepts, as well as the characteristics, principles and preconditions proposed by the Lean authors for the sound process. For that, concepts of flow in the construction management field, from logistic and lean perspective, are presented in order to identify core principles which support the measurement of the flow and its potential wastes. In addition, three methods for the measurement of the flows are described. The present paper contributes with a better understanding of the nature of flow, and in particular, the process flow, the workflow and the physical flows, and their measurement. }, author_keywords={Flows, measurement, wastes, lean construction. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Enshassi2014, author={Enshassi, Adnan }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Constraints to Palestinian Construction Craftsmen Productivity }, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1507-1517}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/994}, affiliation={Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Islamic University of Gaza, P O Box 223 Gaza City, Gaza Strip, Palestine, aenshassi@gmail.com }, abstract={The construction industry in Palestine is one of the most important sectors in the country’s economy whose level of activity is an indicator of the general economic performance of the country. The recent development in Palestine has led to a boom in construction activities leading to shortages of construction materials. Labour is the most important factor influencing the performance of the construction sector since it is basically labour intensive. The welfare of national economies, as well as that of individual enterprises, is widely regarded as being dependent on a country’s natural resources and on the ingenuity and productivity of its people. The objective of this paper is to identify and rank constraints factors on construction craftsmen productivity in Palestine according to their relative importance index. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire survey of 110 construction craftsmen. Results indicated that the five highest ranking problems are: lack of materials, safety, delay in payment, inspection delay, and lack of proper tools and equipment. The results revealed that the main reason for non-availability of materials was borders closure due to tense political situation. It was found that the greatest amount of rework is attributed to poor engineering drawings and design. By identifying the current weakness, it is hoped that the productivity should be improved. Training programs for both craftsmen and professionalism are essential for the improvement of productivity in the construction industry in Palestine. }, author_keywords={Craftsmen, improvement, productivity, performance, rework. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fosse2014, author={Fosse, Roar and Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Drevland, Frode }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Construction Site Operations Made Leaner and Standardized: A Case Study}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={823-834}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/995}, affiliation={MSc, Student, Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway, Mobile +47 95910868, e-mail: roarfo@stud.ntnu.no ; Dr.Ing, Professor, School of Business and Law, Department of working life and innovation, University of Agder, 4846 Grimstad, Norway, Mobile +47 97082582, e-mail: bo.t.kalsaas@uia.no ; Ass. Professor, Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway, Phone +47 92064262, email: frode.drevland@ntnu.no }, abstract={This paper tests a method for analysing and improving construction site operations to standardize them as the common way of performing the operation. Analysis tools are used to identify improvement potential and alterations based on Lean Construction principles are implemented to fulfil this potential. Reducing waste and optimizing production methods are some of the key elements in Lean thinking. Waste and low productivity can be products of several factors, e.g. poor material flow, suboptimal operation design or poor production control. By finding good practices for operations and standardizing the work by this norm, variability can be reduced and production reliability increased. With thorough analysis and continuous improvement towards better practice, both time and cost expenditures could be greatly reduced both for the single unit and the project, but also throughout an entire organization over time. A field study was conducted to investigate how a traditional production unit’s productivity and work flow would be affected by altering its operation according to Lean principles. The production unit was initially analysed with its traditional practice "as is". The analysis clarified where there was potential for improvement, and alterations were suggested by the crew. Those with foundation in Lean Construction principles were implemented and performance reassessed. Analysis showed little room for improvement within several of the tasks, as they had no waiting for tools, materials or preceding tasks to finish. On a higher level, the operation was greatly improved by eliminating entire tasks, rearranging the work sequence, increasing visualization and increasing the number of crew members. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, standardization, operation design, productivity analysis, workflow }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ortiz-González2014, author={Ortiz-González, José Ignacio and Pellicer, Eugenio and Howell, Gregory }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Contingency Management in Construction Projects: A Survey of Spanish Contractors}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={195-206}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/996}, affiliation={ Primary contact: PhD Candidate, Universitat Politècnica de València (Spain). Phone: +34678086810, jiogmq@gmail.com ; Associate Professor, School of Civil Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València (Spain), pellicer@upv.es ; Research Associate, Project Production System Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA }, abstract={The delivery of any construction project faces risk and uncertainty. Contingencies cover residual risks and absorb both variability and uncertainty. The management of contingencies plays a key role in improving risk management and project performance. Background literature reports that construction companies usually set time and cost contingencies with the goal of protecting project objectives. It also states that construction companies identify and manage opportunities in order to enhance project performance. Likewise, despite the fact some companies maintain formal procedures to manage risk, contingencies are often defined in a subjective and non-systematic manner. Background literature presents several methods to improve the management of contingencies; however, it seems that many practitioners either do not know them or do not use them. Therefore, a sound characterization of how construction companies currently manage contingencies is required. The major goal of this research is to explore how construction companies currently manage contingencies. In order to do that, types of contingencies, major success factors, drivers, benefits and barriers faced by construction companies managing contingencies on construction projects are characterized. A survey (questionnaire) developed in two Spanish construction companies is described and its results are analyzed. This research aims to shape contingencies as a driver of process improvement in construction. Conclusions will help practitioners to deal with risk and uncertainty in construction projects. }, author_keywords={Construction, contingency, risk, uncertainty, decision-making. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kpamma2014, author={Kpamma, Zoya E. and Adjei-Kumi, Theophilus and Ayarkwa, Joshua and Adinyira, Emmanuel }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Creating, Sustaining and Optimising the Collaborative Realm for Participatory Design}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={475-485}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/997}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Department of Building Technology, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana, +233244787599, evanskpamma@yahoo.co.uk ; Senior Lecturer, Department of Building Technology, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana, +233244536995, tadjeikumi@yahoo.co.uk ; Associate Professor, Department of Building Technology, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana ; Lecturer, Department of Building Technology, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana, +233246753214, rasadii@yahoo.com }, abstract={Participatory design attempts to actively involve beneficiaries of design in the design process towards ensuring that the designed product/service meets their needs. This calls for an integration of the domain of designer with the domain of the user to create a realm of collaboration between the designer and the user for an effective involvement of the user in the design process. There is also the need to, in addition to creating the collaborative realm, also focus on sustaining the realm and optimizing the output of the realm. This paper recognizes the key place of decision-making in the design process and proposes a conceptual model, based on various concepts, towards creating sustaining and optimizing a collaborative realm for an effective participatory design. The model primarily relies on various theories on participatory design, motivation and collaboration. Significantly the model ends with a proposal for a user- involvement framework that incorporates a lean decision-making system such as Choosing By Advantages. }, author_keywords={Participatory design, user-involvement, collaboration, decision-making }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Cândido2014, author={Cândido, Luis Felipe and Heineck, Luiz Fernando Mählmann and Neto, José de Paula Barros }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Critical Analysis on Earned Value Management (EVM) Technique in Building Construction }, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={159-170}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/998}, affiliation={Master Student, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Brazil, luisf_civil@yahoo.com.br ; Lecturer, State University of Ceará (UECE), Brazil, feritas8@terra.com.br ; Lecturer, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Brazil, jpbarrps@ufc.br }, abstract={Earned Value Management (EVM) is a technique of performance measurement focused on project physical, financial and time progress, indicating planned and actual performance, variations of them and forecasts on final project duration and cost. It takes a step further traditional measurement tools like PERT/Cost and C/SCSC. EVM is strongly supported by Project Management Community gather around the Project Management Institute, but recently the technique is being criticized in respect to its conceptual problems and implementation difficulties. This paper aims to explore in greater depth this debate through a case study on a construction project that applied EVM as a planning and control tool. Four major problems are analyzed in the search for an enlarged list of topics the EVM approach fails to support lean construction applications. Among them are the disregard for the mobilization of resources phase and the lack of consideration of construction indirect costs. Finally, the authors concluded that EVM is just an extension of the traditional approach of measuring physical and financial advances over time. This narrow approach is insufficient to provide a comprehensive managerial tool, as became clear through the analyses of the building project under consideration. }, author_keywords={EVM (Earned Value Management), Control of Building Projects, Lean Construction and Project Management. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Barreto2014, author={Barreto, Aerson Moreira and Heineck, Luiz Fernando Mählmann and Silveira, Luiz Antonio Freire Pinto and Vasconcelos, Thais Moreira de }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Data Envelopment Analysis and the Quest for Targets – a Case Study in Connection to Waste Reduction on Site }, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={801-810}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/999}, affiliation={Professor, Civil Engineering., Rural Federal University of Semi-arid , Rua Gamaliel Martins Bezerra, SN, Alto da alegria, University campus, Angicos/RN, CEP: 59.515-000, Brazil, Phone +55 (84) 98379811, aersonbarreto@ufersa.edu.br ; Professor, Civil Engineering. Department of Mechanical Engineering and Operations, Campus do Pici, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil, Phone +55 (85) 97152754, freitas8@terra.com.br ; Graduate Student in Civil Engineering, Rural Federal University of Semi-arid , Rua Gamaliel Martins Bezerra, SN, Alto da Alegria, Unievrsity Campus, Angicos/RN, CEP: 59.515-000, Brazil, Phone +55 (84) 99587475, luizinhuu00@hotmail.com ; Architect, University of Fortaleza, Rua Vicente Leite, 497, Apto 500, Meireles, Fortaleza, CEP: 60170-150, Brazil, Phone +55 (85) 91999069, thaismor@gmail.com }, abstract={Target costing is addressed in this research work based on statistics and data collection on building developments. Contrary to standard practices that claim target costing should not be based on any distracting previous cost experiences, this paper introduces DEA - Data Envelopment Analysis – a linear programming technique capable of drawing an efficient frontier for a set of performance data (site waste reduction in this research paper). Such performance frontier departs from standard cost estimating practices that deal with average or percentile performance: target values are now obtained according with the best performances a set of observations is capable of displaying: what in normal circumstances is taken as an outlier is now investigated in connection to the causes underneath such outstanding performance. DEA’s efficient frontier is akin to the concept of opportunity costs as fundamental to microeconomics. Target setting is exemplified through a site waste evaluation of a number of building sites, each one conducted according to different levels of managerial effort geared to improve this aspect of lean production goal. Results point to the range of management actions that might be chosen by administrative site personnel, in different sets, employing a parsimonious number of them, according to the specific circumstances of each building site. }, author_keywords={Target Costing, DEA, Efficiency Frontier, Waste construction }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Schöttle2014, author={Schöttle, Annett and Haghsheno, Shervin and Gehbauer, Fritz }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Defining Cooperation and Collaboration in the Context of Lean Construction}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1269-1280}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1000}, affiliation={Research Fellow. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), Am Fasanengarten, Geb. 50.31, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. Phone +49 (0)721/608-45259, Annett.Schoettle@kit.edu. ; Professor. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), Am Fasanengarten, Geb. 50.31, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. Phone +49 (0)721/608-42646, Shervin.Haghsheno@kit.edu ; Professor. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), Am Fasanengarten, Geb. 50.31, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. Phone +49 (0)721/608-42168, Fritz.Gehbauer@kit.edu. }, abstract={The Lean Construction approach is based on cooperation and collaboration. A review of Lean Construction literature reveals that authors use at least one or even both words without distinguishing between them, but rather use these words as synonyms. This is problematic, since a different understanding of words may lead to a misunderstanding of project issues. Therefore, clear and unified definitions are needed for both terms, thereby allowing readers and project partners, respectively, to have the same understanding of cooperation and collaboration. This paper explains the difference and defines the terms cooperation and collaboration in the context of Lean Construction projects. }, author_keywords={Collaboration, cooperation, definition, Lean Construction. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tillmann2014, author={Tillmann, Patricia and Berghede, Klas and Ballard, Glenn and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Developing a Production System on IPD: Considerations for a Pluralistic Environment}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={317-328}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1001}, affiliation={ Postdoctoral Scholar at Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Univ. of California, Berkeley, 407 McLaughlin Hall, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 (408) 6301320, patriciatillmann@berkeley.edu ; Production Manager at Cathedral Hill Hospital Project, HerreroBoldt. 1200 Van Ness Av. San Francisco, CA. 94109, USA. Phone (415) 264-1055 ; Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, and Research Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), 212 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 (415) 710-5531, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu ; Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering. Department, and Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), 212 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 (510) 643-8678, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={As Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) becomes a common method for delivering built infrastructure, the importance of elements such as collaboration, trust, integrated governance and collective decision-making is widely discussed. Questions are raised about how to successfully leverage these elements on integrated projects. This paper suggests seeing an integrated team as a pluralistic network and focusing on principles of pluralistic coordination to align decisions and actions towards an established direction. In pluralistic networks, the traditional hierarchical organization with clear chains of command and a homogeneous community is substituted by a more distributed decision-making process and the project team composed by people with different backgrounds. For people to work together effectively in such environments, coordination is essential. Past research has offered a set of key principles that help achieve such coordination. This paper presents a study that was carried out through action research to support the design of a production system in an integrated project based on those principles. Among the study’s outcomes was the establishment of an environment that incentivizes team members sharing and discussing their concerns and expectations, and the alignment of decisions and actions based on what was discussed and agreed by the team. Although the research was limited to only the initial phase of a production system design, an environment that incentivizes open communication to coordinated action was observed. This paper focuses, therefore, on describing the key elements that contributed to establishing such an environment }, author_keywords={Integrated Project Delivery, Pluralistic Coordination, Production System Design }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kirchbach2014, author={Kirchbach, Kim and Koskela, Lauri and Gehbauer, Fritz }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Digital Kanban for Earthwork Site Management }, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={663-676}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1002}, affiliation={1 Research Fellow, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Technology and Management in Construction, Am Fasanengarten, Geb. 50.31, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, kim.kirchbach@kit.edu ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, M5 4WT, United Kingdom, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Technology and Management in Construction, Am Fasanengarten, Geb. 50.31, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, fritz.gehbauer@kit.edu }, abstract={In the manufacturing industry the use of information systems based on modern communication techniques, such as Material Requirements Planning (MRP), Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) or Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Systems, is standard and has long been deployed with success. But these systems depend on consistency in the production systems, which a construction site is unlikely to offer. Furthermore the construction process is highly fragmented and in comparison to the stationary industry very complex. Due to the dynamics of the processes on earthwork construction sites, new flexible logistic concepts are needed. This paper will present “digital Kanban”; a method to dynamically allocate the best possible match of excavators and transport vehicles at earthwork construction sites. With regard to the principles of jidoka, “intelligence” is transferred to a control centre in order to detect abnormal conditions, enabling it to respond rapidly. Excavators are pulling empty dumpers and dozers are pulling loaded dumpers. In case more than one excavator is requesting a dumper, the current performance of the excavators and their allocated dumpers at the present as well as the distance to be travelled will be analysed. The digital Kanban cards are created at the last responsible moment: If a dumper just unloaded or is fully loaded, it requests a Kanban card and only then the Kanban card will be generated. To quantify the optimization potential, results of stochastic simulations based on the Monte-Carlo method will be introduced. }, author_keywords={Kanban, IT in Lean, production control, visual management, Lean Construction }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sødal2014, author={Sødal, Andreas Heier and Lædre, Ola and Svalestuen, Fredrik and Lohne, Jardar }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Early Contractor Involvement :Advantages and Disadvantages for the Design Team}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={519-531}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1003}, affiliation={M.Sc. Student, Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)/Project Engineer, Multiconsult AS, Phone +47 48203418, andresod@stud.ntnu.no ; Assoc. Prof., dr.ing, Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, NTNU. ; Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, NTNU/Design Manager, Veidekke Entreprenør AS. ; Researcher, dr. art., Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, NTNU. }, abstract={The purpose of this paper is to assess the advantages and disadvantages for the design team when the contractor is involved in the early phases of design. The research was carried out by studying relevant literature and conducting nine semi-structured in- depth interviews with key design and construction personnel on two case studies selected from the Norwegian construction industry. Previous research demonstrates that projects benefits from multi-disciplinary collaboration through all project phases. However, little research has been found concerning how early contractor involvement affects the work of the design team. The analysis documented in this paper show that there are several distinct advantages for the design team when contractors are involved early. The positive implications include not only improved cost estimation, planning, constructability and risk management, but also a reduced amount of errors and changes in latter phases. Unquestionably, the premises governing the design process will change with early contractor involvement. Contractors intervene into a process which used to belong to designers and architects. Designers can thereby experience a challenge of their interests, as contractors are typically perceived to have a distinct focus on constructability, cost and schedule. It is vital with an acceptance and dedication among the team members to adhere to new forms of collaboration. The contract must give incentives for both parties, and the early contractor involvement has to gain all parties in order to succeed. }, author_keywords={Lean Design, Lean Project Delivery, Collaboration, Contractor Involvement, Constructability }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Khan2014, author={Khan, Sheriz and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Effects of the Interactions Between LPS and BIM on Workflow in Two Building Design Projects}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={933-944}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1004}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, School of Art, Design and Architecture, Department of Architecture and 3D Design, University of Huddersfield, Queen Street Studios, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, England, United Kingdom. Telephone +1 (321) 674-0309, sherizkhan@yahoo.com ; Professor, School of Art, Design and Architecture, Department of Architecture and 3D Design, University of Huddersfield, Queen Street Studios, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, England , United Kingdom. Fax: (+44) 01484 472440, patricia_tzortzopoulos@hotmail.com }, abstract={Building design firms strive to maintain consistency in workflow and protect production from uncertainty during the building design process. However, poor design management often gives rise to variability in workflow during the building design process which causes delays in building projects. As lean approaches, the Last Planner System (LPS) and Building Information Modeling (BIM) can improve workflow in building projects through features that reduce waste and increase efficiency. Since its introduction, BIM has had significant positive effect on workflow in building design projects, but combining LPS with BIM in building design projects has been rarely considered. This paper is part of a postgraduate research in which LPS weekly work plans (WWPs) were implemented in two BIM- based building design projects to see if better workflow could be achieved. It reports on the interactions in the two building design projects between the two lean principles of LPS and the seven BIM functionalities that, from the perspective of Sacks et al. (2010a), have the greatest impact on workflow when they interact positively. The findings suggest that the interactions improved workflow. }, author_keywords={BIM, design, planning and control }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mostafa2014, author={Mostafa, Sherif and Chileshe, Nicholas and Zuo, Jian }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Enhancing Australian Housing Affordability: Off-Site Manufacturing Supply Chain Strategies}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1069-1082}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1005}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, School of Natural and Built Environments, Barbara Hardy Institute, University of South Australia, City East Campus, GPO Box 2471 Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia, Sherif.mostafa@mymail.unisa.edu.au ; Senior Lecturer, School of Natural and Built Environments, Barbara Hardy Institute, University of South Australia, City East Campus, GPO Box 2471 Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia, Nicholas.Chileshe@unisa.edu.au ; Senior Lecturer, School of Natural and Built Environments, Barbara Hardy Institute, University of South Australia, City East Campus, GPO Box 2471 Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia, Jian.Zuo@unisa.edu.au }, abstract={Housing affordability refers to an ability to pay for the household costs associated with their home ownership. Housing stress refers to a situation when a house customer struggles to pay the housing costs. In Australia, the 30/40 rule is commonly used to measure the housing stress. The Demographia Survey in 2014 highlighted the deterioration of housing affordability across 39 housing markets in Australia. The decline is likely caused by housing supply and demand factors. The affordability issues from the demand side have already been focused. To bridge the gap of knowledge, this paper addresses the affordability issues from the housing supply side. Off-site manufacturing (OSM) is a modern construction method which provides some benefits including better finished houses quality, extra housing productivity, and reduction in house prices. In this paper, reviews of the related literature to identify the factors drive the Australian housing affordability are conducted. It aims at introducing OSM supply chain to increase the supply of affordable housing in Australia. The suggested supply chain focuses on two strategies which incorporate lean and agile concepts to manage house building processes. }, author_keywords={Housing affordability; Housing stress, 30/40 rule; OSM, lean and agile concepts }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Jylhä2014, author={Jylhä, Tuuli and Karjalainen, Auli }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Enhancing Facility Service Processes in Government Offices Through Standardisation }, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={343-352}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1006}, affiliation={Post-doctoral Researcher, School of Engineering, Department of Real Estate, Planning and Geoinformatics, Real Estate Business, Aalto University, PO Box 15800 FI-00076 AALTO, tuuli.jylha@aalto.fi ; Chief Adviser, Senate Properties, PL 237 FI-00531 Helsinki, auli.karjalainen@senaatti.fi }, abstract={As many other organisations, the Finnish government aims at efficient office use and supporting the core activities of its agencies. This demand has pushed the government real estate organization to develop its facility management service processes. This paper focuses on a process that develops solutions for the agencies. The service process is currently under standardization in order to use it efficiently and to increase the quality of the services nationwide. In this paper, the aim is to analyse the process under standardization from lean management perspective to identify key areas of future development. The process under standardization is studied via multiple case studies including three case processes. The main data material consists of process materials, such as memos, contracts and minutes, and interviews. The analysis identifies three issues that require special attention in order to avoid limiting the value creation in the process. First, standardisation should be developed in the separation of requirements from solutions. If a solution becomes a requirement, the process will most likely be disturbed. For example, to match the solution of own rooms to an open plan office is more difficult than to match the requirements of increased feeling of privacy and co-operation. Second, standard information inputs should be qualified in order to avoid making-do. Currently, making-do interrupts the service process. Finally, the standardisation should cover at least information inputs, operations, and the order of operations. Standardisation of the process is a critical step to increase efficiency. However, standardisation requires a careful examination and continuous improvements to avoid standardising waste and value losses. }, author_keywords={facility management, standardisation, orderliness, value creation, process, multiplecase study }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kpamma2014, author={Kpamma, Zoya E. and Adjei-Kumi, Theophilus and Ayarkwa, Joshua and Adinyira, Emmanuel }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Enhancing User-Involvement Through a Multi-Criteria Decision Aid: A Lean Design Research Agenda}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={487-496}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1007}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Department of Building Technology, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana, +233244787599, evanskpamma@yahoo.co.uk ; Senior Lecturer, Department of Building Technology, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana, +233244536995, tadjeikumi@yahoo.co.uk ; Associate Professor, Department of Building Technology, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana ; Lecturer, Department of Building Technology, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana, +233246753214, rasadii@yahoo.com }, abstract={User-involvement in design process is an important practice of the emergent area of lean design management. Decision-making is a key step in design process and the method by which decisions are made, in the involvement of users in design, is equally important. Even though some work has been carried out in relation to userinvolvement in design process, little attention has been paid to the incorporation of lean decision tools in use-involvement frameworks. The focus of this paper is to set out an agenda for a research into the application of a lean decision tool, such as the Choosing by Advantages (CBA) multi-criteria decision system, to enhance user involvement in design process. Largely based on reference to relevant literature, the issues addressed in this paper include the background of the proposed research, description of some relevant concepts, relevance of the proposed research, and the methodology for the proposed research. }, author_keywords={Lean design management, user-involvement, design decisions, choosing by advantages }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Castillo2014, author={Castillo, Gustavo and Alarcón, Luis F. and Gonzalez, Vicente A. }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Evaluating the Impact of Lean Methodologies in Copper Mining Development Projects}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={593-604}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1008}, affiliation={MSc Student, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Edificio San Agustín 3er Piso, Macul, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 2354 4244, gdcastil@uc.cl ; Director and Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Edificio San Agustín 3er Piso, Macul, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 2354 4244, lalrcon@ing.puc.cl ; PhD, Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, 20 Symonds Street, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland 1142, New Zealand. Phone +64 9 373 7599 ext 84106 v.gonzalez@auckland.ac.nz }, abstract={The development of mines is an important stage previous to the mine exploitation, which plays a key role in the mining industry, and represents a large portion of total costs. To date, the mining industry has not appropriately adapted its processes and business models to the industry´s ever increasing production environment. In this regard, lean production emerges as a management philosophy, which creates competitive advantages and provides important savings opportunities for companies and organizations. However, there are important limitations in the practical implementation of lean production. This work explores how to bridge the gap between the theoretical use of lean production and its practical, effective application in a Chilean mining project. This paper analyzes the impact of the implementation of lean construction/production methodologies in underground mining development projects. In all of the case studies reviewed, the implementation of lean methodologies generated performance improvements in projects. The main findings suggest that the incorporation of lean methodologies is an option, which companies should consider, given the current and future challenges in the mining business. Future research will show the economic impact of adopting lean construction/production in mining companies. }, author_keywords={lean construction, lean production, mining, construction, implementation, development }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Honório2014, author={Honório, Rodrigo T. and Costa, José Martins C. da and Serra, Sheyla M. B. }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Evaluation of Supply and Service of Steel Assembly of Structures}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1057-1068}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1009}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, São Paulo, SP, Brasil, rodrigothonorio@gmail.com ; Civil Engineer, Master’s student in the Post Graduation Program in Structures and Civil Engineering, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brasil, jmartinscc@hotmail.com ; Civil Engineer, PhD Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brasil, sheylabs@ufscar.br }, abstract={The Brazilian construction market experienced a period of great acceleration which led the enterprises to struggle to find new ways of keeping themselves competitive, always aiming at the fundamental triangle in this sector: quality, time limits and cost. One strategy chosen is the application of concepts derived from Toyotism and lean production. This thought seeks to add value to the product in order to please the customer, seeking to avoid waste and reducing time. An area under direct influence of these factors is the supply sector in civil construction. The management of this sector is of great difficulty due to its complexity. This article discusses the application of the lean thinking to the management of this sector, named Lean Supply. This study was based on the analyses of the supply of steel bars and strands for the service of assembly of structures in a construction site. Initially, the constructive and technological process was studied, followed by the analyses of the supply system, contract management and logistics work. Thus, it was possible to make a Value Stream Mapping (VSM) in the current state. After analysis, a VSM was prepared in the future state. This study generated suggestions for the application of Lean Supply to the construction project studied, involving aspects of external logistics, production cycle, hiring of suppliers, administrative organization, executive technology and projects analysis. }, author_keywords={Civil Construction, Lean Construction, Lean Supply, Value Stream Mapping. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mostafa2014, author={Mostafa, Sherif and Dumrak, Jantanee }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Exploring the Australian House Completion Time to Improve Housing Supply}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={859-870}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1010}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, School of Natural and Built Environment, University of South Australia, City East Campus, GPO Box 2471 Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia, Sherif.mostafa@mymail.unisa.edu.au ; Staff, School of Natural and Built Environment, University of South Australia, City East Campus, GPO Box 2471 Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia, Jantanee.dumrak@unisa.edu.au }, abstract={The housing undersupply is a current issue in many capital cities in Australia. The relevant statistics to the housing shortage has been reported by the Australian government and housing industry associations. The gaps between demand and supply continuously have increased over the past years. Many factors contribute to the shortage of the Australian housing supply. One of the key factors is the house completion time. To overcome the shortage situation, it is significant to know how completion time can be improved. The completion time guarantees the time of housing delivery to house customers. In this paper, Little’s law is used to discuss the physics of the Australian house building. Additionally, capacity and sales and operations planning strategies are the focal aspects to improve the Australian house completion time. }, author_keywords={Australian house building, house completion time, Little’s law, capacity strategies }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{El.Reifi2014, author={El.Reifi, M. H. and Emmitt, S. and Ruikar, K. }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Exploring the Lean Briefing Process for Effective Design Management}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={413-424}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1011}, affiliation={Research Student, School of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom, Phone +44 1509 223981, M.H.El-Reifi@lboro.ac.uk ; Professor, School of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom, Phone +44 1509 222815, S.Emmitt@lboro.ac.uk ; Senior lecturer, School of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom, Phone +44 1509 223774, k.d.ruikar@lboro.ac.uk }, abstract={Exposing, articulating, understanding, defining and managing client requirements play important roles in project initiation, an essential component of design management. This study explores current briefing practices in the UK via interviews with eleven experienced practitioners. Analysis of the rich interview data revealed inefficiencies in briefing, which were related to the absence of an appropriate briefing roadmap, and uncertainty in terms of the concept of a brief. There was a desire from the interviewees for a better, more efficient and structured approach to briefing. Although none of those interviewed were working with lean tools, they were open to discussing lean principles and were keen to know how they could be applied. Thus this paper concludes with a lean briefing perception and a preliminary lean briefing approach, which is proposed as an alternative novel approach for effective design management. The study provides unique insights into the briefing process and contributes to the theoretical understanding and practical implementation of lean design management in AEC. }, author_keywords={Briefing Practices, Client Requirements, Lean Briefing Processes, Lean Design Management, Value Stream. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Maestas2014, author={Maestas, Aaron and Parrish, Kristen }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Exploring the Roots of Lean Culture at DPR Constuction - A Case Study in Lean culture}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1413-1424}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1012}, affiliation={Project Engineer, DPR Construction, AaronM@dpr.com ; Assistant Professor, Del E. Webb School of Construction, Arizona State University, Kristen.Parrish@asu.edu; +1-480-727-6363 }, abstract={In the past few decades, lean manufacturing principles have been adopted as standard business practices in an attempt to create a less wasteful, more productive, and increasingly sustainable workplace. In particular, companies in the construction industry have focused on this concept to improve quality, productivity, safety and general business. This experience has been variable: while many companies tout the benefits of lean construction, some companies stand out as the leaders in its application, though companies all employ the same lean principles. Research suggests those companies that are most successful implement lean business culture across all levels in the organization. This paper examines the commonalities between four books discussing lean culture and how the common principles from these books informed the cultural underpinnings of a particularly successful lean contractor, DPR Construction (DPR). Specifically, this paper explores the book The Toyota Way by Jeffery Liker, focusing on its four sections of lean management principles and the research and findings on successful business principles in the books Built to Last, Good to Great, and Great by Choice by Jim Collins. The authors compare these books and highlight how their principles support the culture at DPR, which exemplifies an effective lean business cultur }, author_keywords={Lean principles, culture principles, lean culture principles }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Christian2014, author={Christian, Digby and Bredbury, Jason }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Four-Phase Project Delivery and the Pathway to Perfection}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={269-280}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1013}, affiliation={Senior Regional Program Manager, Sutter Health – Facility & Property Services, Sacramento, California USA, christd2@sutterhealth.org ; Regional Design Manager, Skanska USA Building, Oakland, California USA, jason.bredbury@skanska.com }, abstract={Proposes a conceptual framework for a systematic approach to improving the success of capital project delivery. The Architectural, Engineering, Construction (AEC) community lacks a coherent, transferable conceptual framework for project delivery. This absence prevents deep learning within any given project, as there is no universal concept of perfect project delivery against which to measure the actual delivery. It also prevents meaningful learning about project delivery across projects due to the absence of a common approach in the analysis of project delivery that works for all projects regardless of type, location or context. Together these absences severely limit the extent and speed of learning regarding project delivery across the AEC community. This paper proposes a four-phase concept of project delivery that aligns with the “V” diagram from systems engineering. This concept can be used to analyse project delivery on all actual projects, and can be used to describe the ideal state of perfect project delivery. Then, by comparing actual project delivery to perfect project delivery, strategies to move the actual toward the perfect can be formulated and actioned. }, author_keywords={Project delivery, theory, Lean Principles, Integrated Project Delivery, Virtual Design and Construction, Ideal State, Current State, Future State, “V” Diagram }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Shlopak2014, author={Shlopak, Mikhail and Emblemsvåg, Jan and Oterhals, Oddmund }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Front End Loading as an Integral Part of the Project Execution Model in Lean Shipbuilding}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={207-220}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1014}, affiliation={MSc, Research Assistant, Møreforsking Molde AS, Britvegen 4, NO-6411 Molde, Norway, mikhail.shlopak@himolde.no, www.mfm.no ; PhD, Senior Vice President Innovation and Process Management, Vard Group AS, Molovegen 5, NO-6001 Ålesund, Norway, jan.emblemsvag@vard.com, www.vard.com ; Corresponding author. PhD, Research Director Logistics, Møreforsking Molde AS, Britvegen 4, NO-6411 Molde, Norway, oddmund.oterhals@himolde.no, www.mfm.no }, abstract={This paper addresses issues related to planning within the pre-contract phase of shipbuilding projects – issues that will facilitate lean execution of later construction phases. In the existing literature on Front End Loading (FEL) there can be identified a certain gap with regards to application of FEL in shipbuilding industry, which this paper attempts to partially fill. The first part of this paper reviews literature on the concept of FEL (also referred to as Pre-Project Planning, Early Project Planning, Feasibility Analysis). The literature review focuses on application of the FEL approach in different project-oriented industries, with major attention paid to application of FEL in megaprojects and building projects. Based on this study of theoretical concepts and experiences of their use, an adequate FEL concept tailored to shipbuilding industry is proposed in the second part of the paper. The paper also features the analysis of opportunities of transition and adaptation of some of the Value Improving Practices (VIPs) used in megaprojects to the shipbuilding industry. Vard Group AS, a Norwegian shipbuilder constituting together with the majority owner Fincantieri Group the fourth largest shipbuilding group in the world, is taken as a case company. }, author_keywords={Front End Loading, Pre-Project Planning, Lean Project Planning, Lean Shipbuilding. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Abduh2014, author={Abduh, Muhamad and Ervianto, Wulfram I. and Chomistriana, Dewi and Rahardjo, Agus }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Green Construction Assessment Model for Improving Sustainable Practices of the Indonesian Government Construction Projects}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={111-122}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1015}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jln. Ganesha No. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia, Phone +62 22 2502272, abduh@si.itb.ac.id ; Ph.D. Student, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jln. Ganesha No. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia, Phone +62 22 2502272, wulframervianto@gmail.com ; Head of Sustainable Construction Division, Center for Construction Delivery Development, Construction Development Agency, Ministry of Public Works, Jln. Pattimura No. 20, Jakarta 12110, Indonesia, Phone +62 21 7266639, dchomis@gmail.com ; Head of Center for Construction Delivery Development, Construction Development Agency, Ministry of Public Works, Jln. Pattimura No. 20, Jakarta 12110, Indonesia, Phone +62 21 7266639, agus.rahardjo@gmail.com }, abstract={As an effort to implement the sustainable construction concept in Indonesia, the government, particularly the Ministry of Public Works, took a leader role. Even though the Indonesian construction practitioners have established several notable green movements, such as green buildings and green contractors, the realization to the achievement of proper sustainable construction is far to be seen. Recent studies on the effectiveness of the implementations have shown the need of more holistic approach in delivering the green construction. Based on the holistic approach of green construction concept, the Indonesian government has developed an assessment model for benchmarking the sustainable practices of government construction projects. The assessment model was developed based on three important aspects of green construction: Green Behaviour and Practices; Green Construction Process; and Green Supply Chains. Seven sustainable principles are used for the development of indicators for each aspect of green construction. Two ongoing government projects were used for piloting the assessment model. In general, it was found that the score of the Green Behaviour and Practices aspect, which related to indirect activities, was relatively higher than two other aspects. Some identified low scored indicators in all aspects were used for improvements in sustainable construction practices of the government projects. }, author_keywords={Green behaviour, green construction, green process, green supply chains, sustainable construction. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Valente2014, author={Valente, Caroline P. and Montenegro, Germano A. and Brito, Felipe L. and Biotto, Clarissa N. and Mota, Bruno P. }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Guidelines for Developing a Line of Balance for Non-Repetitive Areas (Common Areas) at a Vertical Residental Building}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={763-774}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1016}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, Lean & Green Coordinator, Construtora C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, caroline@crolim.com.br ; Civil Engineer, Project Manager, Construtora C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, germano@crolim.com.br ; Civil Engineer, Technical Manager, Construtora C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, felipe@crolim.com.br ; Architect, Technical Director, Soluções de Planejamento e Produção – SIPPRO, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, clarissa.biotto@sippro.eng.br ; Civil Engineer, Technical Director, Soluções de Planejamento e Produção – SIPPRO, Fortaleza- CE, Brazil, bruno.mota@sippro.eng.br }, abstract={The line of balance (LOB) is widely used for projects with repetitive batches. Nevertheless, some authors in academic literature recommend the LOB for nonrepetitive areas. In the case of residential projects which have a high repetition of the same batch the LOB is a very useful tool to plan the construction. In the other hand, developing a LOB for common areas (pavements without repetitive areas and services, e.g. underground floors, leisure areas, guardhouse and mezzanine) where there is not repetitive batches is more difficulty, and this is the reason for its scarce use for common areas. Thus, major problems in the project are verified by the lack of planning and production control in common areas. This article aims to formulate guidelines for developing a LOB for common areas through a case study at a Brazilian construction company. The methodology for developing this paper includes literature review on LOB in non-repetitive areas, characterization of the company and construction sites, development of a common areas plan using LOB and other auxiliary tools, analysis of results and formulation of guidelines for the development of a LOB for common areas. The results of this study indicated that the LOB in common areas provided plan transparency to employees and engineers, improved the control of project’s total term and decreased the allocation of workers teams. }, author_keywords={Line of balance, non-repetitive areas, common areas, guidelines. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kpamma2014, author={Kpamma, Zoya E. and Nsia, Emmanuel Ankomah and Agyema, Stephen }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={How Aligned Is the Competency-Based Training Model With the Lean Philosophy?}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1233-1244}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1017}, affiliation={Lecturer, Department of Building Technology, Sunyani Polytechnic, Sunyani, Ghana, +233244787599, evanskpamma@yahoo.co.uk ; Lecturer, Department of Building Technology, Sunyani Polytechnic, Sunyani, Ghana, +233244590709, bd310nsiah@yahoo.com ; Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, Sunyani Polytechnic, Sunyani, Ghana, +233272777077, agyesteve44@yahoo.co.uk }, abstract={The Competency-Based Training (CBT) system departs from the traditional mode of training by focusing post-secondary training on defining, teaching, and assessing competencies industry requires. Therefore unlike the conventional system whereby the unit of progression is time and teacher-centered, in a CBT system the unit of progression is mastery of specific knowledge or skills, and is learner-centered. Comparably, the lean philosophy is proposing a departure from the traditional mode of construction to a more customer centered approach to construction. This paper seeks to compare the tenets of CBT with those of Lean Construction to establish an alignment. The study was inspired by a growing concern for the adoption of lean methods to teach Lean Construction. Data for the study was mainly obtained from a case application of the CBT model in a B-Tech (Building Technology) programme in a polytechnic in Ghana. The data from the case study was checked against the principles of lean thinking to establish the extent to which the CBT model of training compares with the tenets of Lean Construction. Attention to customer needs, transparency, involvement and continuous improvement where some of the areas where CBT compares with lean. }, author_keywords={Competency-based training, lean thinking, teaching lean construction, curriculum development }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela2014, author={Koskela, Lauri and Howell, Greg and Pikas, Ergo and Dave, Bhargav }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={If CPM Is So Bad, Why Have We Been Using It So Long}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={27-37}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1018}, affiliation={Professor, School of the Built Environment. University of Salford, Maxwell Building, room 507, The Crescent, Salford, M5 4WT, UK, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk; Aalto University School of Engineering, Espoo 00076, lauri.koskela@aalto.fi ; Research Associate, Project Production System Laboratory, University of California ; PhD Candidate, School of Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo 00076, ergo.pikas@aalto.fi; Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn 19086, ergo.pikas@ttu.ee ; Postdoc, School of Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo 00076, bhargav.dave@aalto.fi }, abstract={Why has the Critical Path Method (CPM) been used so widely for so long given its inability to produce predictable outcomes? For shedding light on this paradox, the formative period of the CPM is analysed from two main angles. First, how was the CPM embedded into the construction management practice? Second, what was the methodological underpinning of the development of the CPM? These questions are researched through a literature review. In terms of embeddedness into practice, it turns out that the CPM morphed from being a way of production control, into a method for contract control. In consequence, the promotion of the CPM by owners has been crucial for pushing this method to be the mainstream approach to scheduling and production control. Regarding methodological underpinning, it turns out that the CPM was developed as a way of optimization, as part of the quantitative methods movement. This movement was largely based on the axiomatic approach to research. In good alignment with that approach, there was no attempt to empirically test quantitative models and their outcomes. In this context, the unrealistic assumptions and conceptualizations in CPM did not surface in forty years. These results are argued to be helpful in critical discussions on the role and merits of CPM and on the methodologies to be used in construction management research. }, author_keywords={Critical path method, CPM, production planning, control, construction management }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rached2014, author={Rached, Farid and Hraoui, Youssef and Karam, Antoine and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Implementation of IPD in the Middle East and its Challenges}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={293-304}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1019}, affiliation={Graduate of a Master degree, Civil Engineering, American University of Beirut, fsr04@mail.aub.edu ; Master Student, Civil Engineering, American University of Beirut, ymh05@mail.aub.edu ; Master Student, Civil Engineering, American University of Beirut, ajk10@mail.aub.edu ; Assistant professor, Civil Engineering, American University of Beirut, fh35@ aub.edu.lb }, abstract={The traditional delivery approach in construction has proven to contain many flaws which have become more apparent with the increasing level of project complexity. Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) was therefore initiated as a response to the deficiencies encountered in the traditional approach. Although it is being increasingly adopted in the United States and other parts of the world, its application in the Middle East has not commenced yet. Despite the numerous advantages this new method provides, no sign of IPD implementation can be detected in the region today. After taking a close look at various published works and conducting field surveys, the paper analyses the cultural aspects found in the Middle East which inhibit the application of IPD. We hope that the findings of this study will be used as a foundation for possible future studies that will encourage the construction industry in the Middle East to adapt IPD or other collaborative delivery methods. }, author_keywords={Traditional delivery approach, IPD, Middle East, FIDIC, cultural aspects. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Enshassi2014, author={Enshassi, Adnan and Abu Zaiter, Mohammed }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Implementation of Lean Tools on Safety in Construction Projects in Palestine}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1205-1218}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1020}, affiliation={Professor, Civil Department, Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza Strip, Palestine, aenshassi@gmail.com ; Projects Manager, Global Mercy, INGO, Gaza Strip, Palestine, Abu_alaihab@hotmail.com }, abstract={Lean construction approach is a set of tools that improve project performance by increasing project value and minimizing waste. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the implementation of lean tools in construction project and its impact on safety conditions in the Gaza Strip. The applicability of last planner, increased visualization and 5s process were investigated. A questionnaire survey was undertaken with contractors and clients in order to elicit their attitudes concerning the implementation of lean tools in construction projects. The results of this study indicated that most construction organizations are not interested in using new management techniques although they are interested in minimizing waste and maximizing projects value. The majority of the respondents indicated that there is a significant influence of implementing lean tools on safety in construction sites. The study indicated that there is a strong relationship between occurring accidents and bad visualization in the construction sites. It was found that there is a significant weakness in the learning environment in construction projects and there is very limited amount of knowledge about lean construction tools and other new safety techniques. Training will be a key aspect of implementation and success of the lean construction techniques to increase safety conditions at the site. This training may result in an increased burden in early stages of implementation but over the long haul, it will serve to increase the efficiency and safety level of construction companies. Lack of budget for training and lack of interest in safety training were some of the barriers in using lean construction tools. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, safety, last planner, 5s process, training. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Raghavan2014, author={Raghavan, N. and Kalidindi, Satyanarayana and Mahalingam, Ashwin and Varghese, Koshy and Ayesha, A. }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Implementing Lean Concepts on Indian Construction Sites - Organisational Aspects and Lessons Learned}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1181-1190}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1021}, affiliation={INAE Professor, BTCM Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India, Phone +91 94440 75176, nraghavan@iitm.ac.in ; Professor, BTCM Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India, Phone +91 94440 19311, satyakn@iitm.ac.in ; Assistant Professor, BTCM Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India, Phone +91 98409 82190, mash@iitm.ac.in ; Professor, BTCM Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India, Phone +91 94444 04986, koshy@iitm.ac.in ; Project Associate, BTCM Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India, Phone +91 95665 33966, ayesha2891@gmail.com }, abstract={Construction sector in India has been on a high growth path lately and maximizing efficiency and profitability has been a key concern. Lean Construction offers a potential solution for system level efficiency improvement. Given the weak planning processes, diverse cultures and ill-trained labour in the industry, Lean implementation has been a challenge. IIT Madras, an educational institution, had recently taken up a carefully-structured programme for training and implementation of Lean construction practices in nine trial projects with varying characteristics through classroom and webinar-based trainings, reporting in predefined formats, monitoring by site visits and periodic reviews. Sites were encouraged to adopt the LPS as the core and use various other Lean tools with close assistance from the Faculty. Overall many of the standard benefits of Lean implementation were realised. However, the extent of gains was seen to be influenced by many soft aspects, such as the culture of the site and the organisation, planning and engineering expertise available, commitment and support from top management and site management. The paper presents an overview of the programme and an analysis of the results obtained/lessons learned across the different sites based on the organisational and cultural aspects of the sites. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Indian Construction, Lean Implementation, Organisational Culture. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bygballe2014, author={Bygballe, Lena E. and Swärd, Anna }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Implementing Lean Construction - A Practice Perspective}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={3-14}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1022}, affiliation={Associate professor, Centre for the Construction Industry, BI Norwegian Business School, +47 46 41 04 59, lena.bygballe@bi.no ; Researcher, Centre for the Construction Industry, BI Norwegian Business School, +47 46 41 04 64, anna.r.s.sundberg@bi.no }, abstract={This study uses a practice perspective to examine how lean project practices are implemented in construction firms. Implementing lean construction has proved to yield significant performance benefits. Nevertheless, implementation challenges continue to intrigue practitioners and academics alike. The study is based on a case of a construction firm, which is involved in implementing a lean project practice. Using a practice perspective allows us to capture the constitutive relationship between what actors within this firm actually do when they engage in the activities of lean construction, and the structural properties of the lean construction concept. The findings show that the lean project practice is implemented through an enactment and learning process that over time enables the practice to be created and recreated across the internal and external project organization. Implementing this new lean project practice is an ongoing process, through which the practice is translated and transformed by the actors engaged in the activities of using and implementing it. The paper contributes to the understanding of implementing lean construction by showing that such an implementation process will never be ‘finished’. Instead it is an ongoing learning and enactment process that involves both internal and external actors. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, implementation, practice, enactment, learning }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Yassine2014, author={Yassine, Tarek and Bacha, Mohammad Bassel Saleh and Fayek, Farah and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Implementing Takt-Time Planning in Construction to Improve Work Flow}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={787-798}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1023}, affiliation={Civil Engineering Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, tmy03@mail.aub.edu ; Civil Engineering Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, mms97@mail.aub.edu ; Civil Engineering Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, fsf05@mail.aub.edu ; Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, fh35@aub.edu.lb }, abstract={Lean principles, as applied to the construction industry, are known to add value and reduce waste. One of the most critical principles of lean construction is to target continuous work flow in production and reduce variability. Key to achieving this target is producing to takt time which is the work pace or rhythm derived from demand. Takt ensures a continuous flow thus reducing waste. The actual calculation and implementation of takt time for the construction industry however, has been a debatable and ambiguous topic, thus complicating the process of applying takt. The purpose of this paper is to present a systematic method of calculating takt time and aligning various production rates accordingly in a Location Based Management System scenario. In order to achieve this purpose we will examine an infrastructure project as a case study, observe its current state and then improve it by amending production rates to conform to takt time. A flow line visualization planning software, VICO Control, will be used to demonstrate this production rate adjustment. As a result, we expect the outcome to provide proof of how takt time can improve construction workflow and suggest a systematic method of applying takt. }, author_keywords={Takt time, continuous flow, catch pits, Lean construction work flow }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Knotten2014, author={Knotten, Vegard and Svalestuen, Fredrik }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Implementing Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) in Veidekke – Using Simple Metrics to Improve the Design Management Process}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1379-1389}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1024}, affiliation={PhD Candidate/ Design manager, NTNU/ Veidekke Entreprenør AS. P.O.Box 506 Skøyen, N0214 Oslo Norway, Phone +47 21055000, Vegard.Knotten@ntnu.no ; PhD Candidate/ Design manager, NTNU/ Veidekke Entreprenør AS. P.O.Box 506 Skøyen, N0214 Oslo Norway, Phone +47 21055000, Fredrik.Svalestuen@veidekke.no }, abstract={The productivity in the AEC industry in Norway has had a decline since the 80´íes and Veidekke has sought out new approaches to deal with the issue. One of the approaches has been to work with Stanford University and CIFE to improve efficiency of the design phase, by using Virtual Design and Construction (VDC). Through a certificate course in VDC the participants got an introduction to the use of VDC and in the following year implemented VDC in their projects. Metrics is a key part of VDC, and by using simple metrics the participants discovered how to increase the efficiency of the design phase and how to improve the control of the design phase, including changing the processes that did not work well. The aim of this paper is to present some of the course participants' experiences in implementing VDC in their projects and to show how simple metrics can document their efforts. The following main findings were reported: • The time spent with quantity take off (QTO) can be reduced dramatically. • The PPC (Per cent Planned Complete) can be increased by using the 6 prerequisites of a healthy design process to determine the root cause of uncompleted tasks. }, author_keywords={VDC, Metrics, Design management, Constraint analysis, Improvement }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Flores2014, author={Flores, Jorge and Ruiz, Juan C. and Alarcón, Daniela and Alarcón, Luis F. and Salvatierra, José L. and Alarcón, Isabel }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Improving Connectivity and Information Flow in Lean Organizations - Towards an Evidence-Based Methodology}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1109-1120}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1025}, affiliation={PhD Student of School of Psychology, Social Science Faculty, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile Phone +56 2 23544639, jflorese@uc.cl ; PhD Student of School of Psychology, Social Science Faculty, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile Phone +56 2 23544639, jruizd@uc.cl ; Project Consultant, Centre of Excellence in Production Management, GEPUC, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Edificio Mide UC 3er Piso, Macul, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 2354 7050, dalarcon@gepuc.cl ; Director and Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Edificio San Agustín 3er Piso, Macul, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 2354 4244, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Ecuador 3659, Estación Central, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 27182818, jose.salvatierra@usach.cl ; Investigatión and Development Manager, Centre of Excellence in Production Management, GEPUC, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Edificio Mide UC 3er Piso, Macul, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 23547249, ialarcon@gepuc.cl }, abstract={Lean organizations focus on effectively delivering value to their customers, understanding value as defined by their customer’s perspective, thus flexibility and fast adaptation to client’s demands have become a requirement for competitiveness. This adaptation demands a continuous and coordinated flow of information among processes which in first instance are mediated by people. People and their connectivity play a fundamental role in the success or failure of projects, and should be managed and improved continuously. Improving connectivity and information flow requires a methodology that allows not only understanding the current state, but also to effectively control and check the actions taken by the organizations based on clear and objective evidence. This paper aims at discussing the initial development of a methodology based on the experience of applying it on five Chilean Construction Companies. The proposed methodology integrates social network analysis (SNA) as a diagnostic tool, inferential statistics analysis (ISA) to further study the current state and discussion round tables (DRT1 and 2) with key members of the organizations in order to translate SNA and ISA results into the organizations specific context. The initial applications have allowed to carry out complex organizational diagnostics and to achieve simple, localized, quick and inexpensive interventions of information flow improvement based on quantifiable evidence. To enhance performance of this tool future research should be focused on measuring the impact of these interventions. The continuous focus on people and their connectivity will take the industry one step closer to true adaptable and flexible Lean Organizations. }, author_keywords={SNA, LEAN Culture, information flow, Organizational Diagnostic, Connectivity }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Aslesen2014, author={Aslesen, Sigmund and Sandberg, Eunike and Hamzeh, Farook and Wehbe, Farah }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Improving Safety Performance - Using Deviation Reporting as a Source for Continuous Improvement}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1435-1445}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1026}, affiliation={Development Manager, Veidekke Entreprenor, Department of Strategy & Improvement, P.O. Box 506 Skøyen, 0214 Oslo, Norway, sigmund.aslesen@veidekke.no. ; Ph.D candidate, Department of Industrial Economics and Technology Management, Norwegian University of Science and Technology and Veidekke Entreprenor, Department of Strategy & Improvement, P.O. Box 506 Skøyen, 0214 Oslo, Norway. E-mail: eunike.sandberg@veidekke.no. ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 406E Bechtel, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh-Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon, fh35@aub.edu.lb ; Masters Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh-Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon, faw01@mail.aub.edu }, abstract={This paper focuses on how deviation reporting can be used as a source for continuous improvement of safety performance in construction projects. Deviation reporting here includes the reporting of accidents, near-accidents, and unsafe conditions into a database which, in turn, serves to summarize, analyze, and apply data and information in order to prevent future events. The paper builds further on a contribution made to the 21st IGLC annual conference in Brazil, in which a model was proposed to integrate safety analyses as part of performing production planning and control (Aslesen et al. 2013). Since then, a survey has been conducted including nearly 600 employees in one of the leading construction companies in Norway, to investigate attitudes and awareness about deviation reporting and the Last Planner System (LPS). Findings from the survey reveal a generally positive attitude towards deviation reporting besides a widespread use of Last Planner. However, one major shortcoming exists in the form of lack of training in the use of deviation reports. Besides, the awareness of continuous improvement seems to be insufficient – whether it being related to safety or production planning. }, author_keywords={Deviation reporting, last planner system, continuous improvement, safety. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Leino2014, author={Leino, Antti and Heinonen, Riku and Kiurula, Mari }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Improving Safety Performance Through 5S Program}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1401-1412}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1027}, affiliation={Manager for Safety Development, BU Skanska Finland, P.O.BOX 114, FI-00101 Helsinki-Finland, Phone +358 40 866 8551, antti.leino@skanska.fi ; Safety Engineer, BU Skanska Finland, Phone +358 40 5317896, riku.heinonen@skanska.fi ; Safety Engineer, BU Skanska Finland, Phone +358 40 727 8585, mari.kiurula@skanska.fi }, abstract={Employees in the construction industry suffer from poor health and safety performance. Beyond the human suffering, this implies a vast economical problem. Among the most common accident causes in construction are slips, trips and falls (on same level) which often relate to poor order and tidiness. This study describes a 5S program that was launched in a Finnish construction company. The aim of the program was to improve order and tidiness and consequently safety performance. The program consisted of the following phases: awareness campaign, management training, launch of three eLearning training modules, workshops at every site during one week, management site safety visits and follow up inspections. The workshops engaged approximately 2770 employees at 190 jobsites during one week. 94% of staff employees that participated in the workshops considered the workshops beneficial. Actions to improve order and tidiness were achieved through personal engagement and pledges. Safety performance improvement turned out promising. Weekly safety inspection indices rose by 3.4 percentage points. Number of accidents associated with slips and trips reduced. The suggested model enables personnel engagement into order and tidiness improvement. Safety performance follow-up after three months, however, reveal fading effect. Thus a recommendation is made that regular engagement activities on housekeeping improvement need to be incorporated into the construction process. }, author_keywords={Safety, Accident, 5S, Construction, Housekeeping, Prevention }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Morais2014, author={Morais, Mônica Veras and Carneiro, Thaís Marilane and Neto, José de Paula Barros }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Improving Technique For Capturing Value in Low-Income Housing}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={353-364}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1028}, affiliation={M.Sc Student, PEC, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil. Campus do Pici - Bl 710, Room 10, +55(85) 33669607, arqmonicaveras@gmail.com ; M.Sc, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil. Campus do Pici - Bl 710, Room 10, +55(85) 33669607, thaismarilane@gmail.com. ; DSc, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil. Campus do Pici - Bl 710 – 1nd floor, +55(85) 3366 9600, jpbarros@ufc.br. }, abstract={Due to the current housing provision policy for low-income houses in Brazil, a large amount of new houses are being built. These constructions comply with a list of requirements provided by the government and follow the typological patterns arising in the market, but adapted to smaller dimensions and funding. The families benefited receive aid from the government and constitute a new social class, of which little is known about their needs and perspectives of value. Thus, it is necessary to grasp the information about their needs in order to define what adds value for them and therefore improve the projects, which could be better suited to the needs of its end users. In that manner, this paper aims to improve a quantitative technique for capturing the needs of the end users of low-income housing by setting the value perceived by them. First, an existing questionnaire based on the middle class was adapted to the public of low-income housing. Subsequently, the questionnaire was tested, and the tests showed that respondents had difficulty in giving an answer in the appropriate format. Thus, a visual device was created to facilitate the process and then a new test was made. Changes in the data collection technique showed a better understanding of the questions by the respondents, an increase in the speed of application and, consequently, reduced the total amount of time spent in the application of the questionnaire. Thus, the quantitative technique for capturing value from residents of low-income housing has been improved, allowing its application in a large scale and thereby identifying the points that generate value for the research's target audience. }, author_keywords={Value capture, Low-income housing, Satisfaction. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mohamad2014, author={Mohamad, Ahlam and Gehbauer, Fritz and Haghsheno, Shervin }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Improving the Implementation of Modularization and Standardization of MEP Systems in Design}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={509-518}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1029}, affiliation={Ph.D. student, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Am Fasanengarten Geb. 50.31, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, Phone +49-721 608-44124, ahlam.mohamad@kit.edu ; Professor, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Am Fasanengarten Geb. 50.31, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, Phone +49- 721608-42168, fritz.gehbauer@kit.edu ; Professor, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Am Fasanengarten Geb. 50.31, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, Phone +49- 721608-42646, shervin.haghsheno@kit.edu }, abstract={Modularization and standardization of MEP (Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing) systems in design is a method to improve predictability and efficiency on the construction site. However, managing information is a challenge to achieve modularization and standardization in alignment with customer values. The aim of this paper is to describe the design development process when applying modularization and standardization, to analyze the workflow, and to identify critical processes to be managed. A process map when applying modularization and standardization of MEP systems is explained, highlighting the challenges that should affect the implementation during design process. Analyzing the design process shows that the challenges to be met through the implementation of the design methodology are 1) aligning the external variety of the building structure to modularized and standardized systems (internal variety), and 2) aligning modularization and standardization to customer values. We propose analyzing work structuring principles to improve the implementation of modularization and standardization. We hypothesize that involving the end customer and construction teams and managing their knowledge will increase the effectiveness and efficiency of modularization and standardization in MEP systems' design beyond the current implementation. The Paper presents a theoretical model that is the basis for further research. }, author_keywords={MEP systems, modularization, standardization, work structuring, customer value. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lia2014, author={Lia, Knut Anders and Ringerike, Henning and Kalsaas, Bo Terje }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Increase Predictability in Complex Engineering and Fabrication Projects}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={437-449}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1030}, affiliation={M.Sc. graduate, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, University of Agder, 4846 Grimstad, Norway, Mobile +47 90157441, e-mail: knutal12@student.uia.no ; M.Sc. graduate, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, University of Agder, 4846 Grimstad, Norway, Mobile +47 95991232, e-mail: hennir09@student.uia.no ; M.Sc. graduate, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, University of Agder, 4846 Grimstad, Norway, Mobile +47 95991232, e-mail: hennir09@student.uia.no }, abstract={This paper addresses alternative measures to add to the Last Planner System4 to increase predictability in the delivery of complex engineering and fabrication projects. Linear models have proven insufficient for planning and production control of design processes due to the iterative nature of design and engineering activities. In addition, practitioners have questioned the function of the Last Planner System in design. Thus, the purpose of the paper is to report research on the right combination of tools to increase predictability. The constructive research approach was used to analyze a case from the subsea oil and gas industry with low on-time delivery of documents and drawings. The construct divides the execution phase into a design phase and documentation and drawing phase. The design phase utilizes ideas from Scrum and the Last Planner System. Completion of documents and drawings are postponed until completion of a 3D model of the product, thus reducing the amount of negative iterations currently experienced. The documentation and drawing phase utilizes ideas from Critical Chain and the Last Planner System. It has been verified that the division of the execution phase is a significant improvement within the case enterprise, and we seek to generalize the findings. }, author_keywords={Design engineering, predictability, Last Planner, Scrum, Critical Chain }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Stevens2014, author={Stevens, Matt }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Increasing Adoption of Lean Construction by Contractors}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={377-388}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1031}, affiliation={Matt Stevens Ph.D. Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Architecture, Building, and Planning, University of Melbourne (http://www.abp.unimelb.edu.au/), Room 401, 757 Swanston Street, University of Melbourne VIC 3010, AU. Phone +61 3 8345 8673, matthew.stevens@unimelb.edu.au. }, abstract={Lean manufacturing became popular in the 1990s and has been increasingly discussed in the construction industry over the last decade. However, by some measures, construction contractors, responsible for project safety, quality, cost, and scheduling, have been slow to adopt it. Better approaches are needed to convince contractors of the benefits of the lean approach in the construction industry. To facilitate adoption, this paper reviews lean’s current status in the construction contracting environment and suggests methods to increase its engagement by construction firms. Clarification and realignment of lean’s definition and methodology may be needed. A meaningful way to measure the value of lean may motivate more construction firms to adopt lean methods. Empirical studies can show correlations between best practices and desired outcomes. If lean’s practices can be demonstrated to increase efficacy, the rest of the industry may be more likely to adopt the lean model. }, author_keywords={lean construction, construction contractor, production, construction productivity, construction metrics. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sarhan2014, author={Sarhan, Saad and Pasquire, Christine and King, Andrew }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Institutional Waste within the Construction Industry - An Outline}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={895-906}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1032}, affiliation={PhD Student, MSc Civil Engineer, Centre for Lean Projects, School of Architecture Design and the Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University, United Kingdom, Nottingham NG1 4BU, Tel: +44 (0)7961757059, sarhan_com@hotmail.com or saad.sarhan2012@my.ntu.ac.uk ; Professor of Lean Project Management, Head of the Centre for Lean Projects, School of Architecture Design and the Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4BU, Tel: +44 (0)115 848 2095, christine.pasquire@ntu.ac.uk ; PhD, Programme Leader for MSc Quantity Surveying, Centre for Lean Projects, School of Architecture Design and the Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4BU, Tel: +44 (0)115 848 2511, andrew.king@ntu.ac.uk }, abstract={Waste, as understood in Lean thinking, does not feature in modern construction economics or management theory. These approaches fail to recognise the imperfect systems in which entities not only operate inefficiently, but additionally protect themselves by adding contingency and behaving opportunistically. The effect of these practices is to embed inefficient and wasteful processes across the supply chain and throughout the project life cycle. Consequently they have become part of the institution of the construction industry – ‘the way it does business’. The aim of this paper is to contribute to the understanding of waste in construction and shed light on a number of regulations, norms and routines, which are taken for granted and impede efficiency and improvement efforts in construction. It starts by critically discussing a number of imperfect systems and structures that support wasteful activities in construction. Next, the background of the institutional theory is introduced, which interestingly is not well established in construction management literature. We then demonstrate how the neo-institutional theory, a branch of organizational sociology, has the potential to be used as an analytical lens to deliver a more explicit theory of waste relating cause and effect within the wider aspects of construction systems and relationships. Finally, an outline of the concept of ‘institutional waste in construction’ is defined, and five tentative guiding hypotheses are specified for future empirical examination. }, author_keywords={Waste, Institutional theory, Taken for granted, Systems, Structures, Norms, Culture }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Knotten2014, author={Knotten, Vegard and Svalestuen, Fredrik and Aslesen, Sigmund and Dammerud, Hege }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Integrated Methodology for Design Management – A Research Project to Improve Design Management for the AEC Industry in Norway}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1391-1399}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1033}, affiliation={Ph.d. Candidate/Design Manager, NTNU/Veidekke Entreprenør AS. P.O.Box 506 Skøyen, N0214 Oslo Norway, Phone +47 21055000, Vegard.Knotten@ntnu.no ; Ph.d. Candidate/Design Manager, NTNU/Veidekke Entreprenør AS. P.O.Box 506 Skøyen, N0214 Oslo Norway, Phone +47 21055000, Fredrik.Svalestuen@veidekke.no ; Development manager, Veidekke Entreprenør AS. P.O.Box 506 Skøyen, N0214 Oslo Norway, Phone +47 21055000, Sigmund.aslesen@veidekke.no ; Project Manager, Veidekke Entreprenør AS. P.O.Box 506 Skøyen, N0214 Oslo Norway, Phone +47 21055000, Hege.dammerud@veidekke.no }, abstract={This paper presents a start of a research project which evaluates the design process as a two dimensional logic, which to some degree happens at the same time - in different phases of the process. The two logics in question are as follows: • The Sequential logic, which is the predictable process where the deliverables from each discipline within the design team are dependent of each other in a serial form. The development of the project thus happens gradually e.g. activity A must be finished before activity B can start. • The Reflective logic, which is a more unpredictable process where the deliverables are interdependent of more than one discipline, in a reciprocal manner. The development of the project will not happen gradually, but more in leaps. Recent developed methods such as “Set-Based Design” and “Set-Based Concurrent Engineering” are methods that have brought Lean thinking into the design process. These methods address the unpredictable with looking at several solutions at the same time and holding back the decision to the last possible moment. Lean Construction has introduced a production perspective to the design process with these methods. However, too much focus on the work flow (like Last Planner™), might shift the focus away from the client(s) needs. }, author_keywords={Design management, design process, reflective logic, complex process. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kalsaas2014, author={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Grindheim, Ingvald and Læknes, Nina }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Integrated Planning vs. Last Planner System}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={639-650}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1034}, affiliation={Professor, Dr.Ing School of Business and Law, Department of working life and innovation, University of Agder, 4846 Grimstad, Norway, Mobile +4797082582, e-mail: bo.t.kalsaas@uia.no ; Manager Project Solution, Norway, Mobile +4792887997, e-mail: ingvald.grindheim@futuresolutions.no ; Quality Manager, Kruse Smith AS, Norway, Mobile +4748032671, e-mail: Nina.Laeknes@kruse-smith.no }, abstract={The research question of this paper is whether planning methods with strong characters of traditional approaches may be aligned with the underlying principles of the Last Planner System (LPS). A Scandinavian building contractor has for many years worked on implementing its translation of LPS combined with CPM, which has proved not to take out all the benefits from LPS. Hence the case company has started to develop a new planning system denoted Integrated Planning, and which can be associated to the ideas from location-based planning and takt planning. The focus of the paper is to evaluate this planning methodology in relation to the principles of LPS. The paper concludes with the finding that it is possible to combine Integrated Planning with the LPS principles. However, the system is in many ways an expert system, and needs to be further developed to more explicitly include lookahead planning and constraint analysis and the aspect of continuous learning. It is central to make use of simple planning techniques as manual reversed scheduling to compensate for the expert feature. }, author_keywords={LPS, CPM, traditional planning, production control, integrated planning }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Seed2014, author={Seed, William R. }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Integrated Project Delivery Requires a New Project Manager}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1447-1459}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1035}, affiliation={Project Integration Executive, Walt Disney Imagineering; formerly Staff Vice President, Design and Construction, Universal Health Services }, abstract={Universal Health Services, Inc. (UHS), a US-based for-profit health care company, has completed over 40 Integrated Lean Project Delivery® (ILPD®) projects and has over 60 more in development or construction. These projects range from $2 Million to $150 Million, with an aggregate value in excess of $1 Billion. As a result of this experience, UHS has found that the traditionally trained Project Manager is not equipped to deal with the relationship-based nature of the ILPD model. The desire for early involvement from the constructors and specialty trades and strong multi-disciplinary collaboration demands a new kind of leadership. The transformational change required by ILPD calls for project leaders who possess group facilitation skills, organizational management skills, people assessment and change management skills, along with the tactical skills of the past. This paper captures the challenges presented by the delivery model and proposes skills and abilities for the new “Integrated Project Manager.” It also offers a project leadership assessment tool to help align project needs with individual capabilities and identification of gaps and potential training needs. }, author_keywords={Integrated Project Manager, Transformational Change management, Organizational Management, Facilitation. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Leão2014, author={Leão, Cibeli F. and Formoso, Carlos T. and Isatto, Eduardo L. }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Integrating Production and Quality Control with the Support of Information Technology}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={847-858}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1036}, affiliation={Architect, Master Student, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. cibeli_leao@yahoo.com.br ; Ph.D., Associate Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Phone +55 51 33083518, formoso@ufrgs.br ; Dr., Associate Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. isatto@ufrgs.br }, abstract={The construction industry has faced major changes in the last few decades including a reduction in profit margins, the government’s requirements for quality management certification and an increasing level of quality demanded by consumers. Moreover, intense competition between companies has stimulated interest in developing innovations in managerial systems, seeking to improve product quality while reducing its cost. Recent studies have pointed out a category of waste, called makingdo, which occurs when a task starts before all inputs are available. There is evidence that this type of waste is closely related to the execution of informal packages, and that it is the root cause of other types of waste in construction, such as accidents, material waste and rework. Integration between production control and quality management has been pointed out as a means to reduce the incidence of informal packages and, hence, making-do. This type of integration needs the support of information technology, due to the amount of data that needs to be processed by the same person, and also the need to synchronize the application of some controls. Hence, this research study explores the use of information technology in production control systems. A control model was devised and tested in a Brazilian construction company involved in the development and construction of low-cost housing projects. The control model was implemented in one of the company’s construction sites, where a set of quantitative and qualitative data were collected, including making-do events, the occurrence of informal work-packages, project completion and quality control indicators. The paper will present some production control data that were produced in the empirical study, as well as a preliminary assessment of the model that was devised. }, author_keywords={integrated control, production control, quality, making-do, informal packages }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Souza2014, author={Souza, Diego Vinicius Souza de and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Interfaces, Flows, and Problems of Construction Supply Chains – A Case Study in Brazil}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1095-1106}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1037}, affiliation={PhD Student, College of Science & Technology, School of the Built Environment, The Crescent – Maxwell Building, 7th floor – Room 716, M5 4WT, Salford, UK, Phone +44 (0) 161 295 4748, d.v.souzadesouza@edu.salford.ac.uk ; Professor, College of Science & Technology, School of the Built Environment, The Crescent – Maxwell Building, 5th floor – Room 507, M5 4WT, Salford, UK, Phone +44 (0) 161 295 6378, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={This research investigates the interfaces, flows, and problems of construction supply chains in the infrastructure sector. The discussion focuses on how construction companies should manage different interfaces between suppliers and project sites, not only from a temporary project perspective but also from a long-term enterprise viewpoint. Such interfaces are studied according to the flows of information, capital, and materials connecting the different parties in supply chains. In this context, a framework comprising interfaces and flows is developed. Based on such framework, problems of construction supply chains are identified and positioned accordingly. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to develop and implement a framework for addressing interfaces, flows, and problems of construction supply chains. This underlying research was developed in a Brazilian contractor, responsible for infrastructure projects such as tunnelling, earthworks, and highways construction. In addition, eleven of its suppliers were included in the empirical investigation. Data has been collected in semi-structured interviews, meetings, collection and analysis of documents, observation of meetings, workshops, site visits, and from the company’s ERP database. It was found a lack of awareness regarding the existence of the abovementioned supply chains’ interfaces and flows, the root causes of supply chain problems, and the implications of supply chain issues in project delivery. This research has two limitations: was developed in the context of infrastructure projects and investigates a single case-study. Implications from this paper are directed to the research field of frameworks for managing construction supply chains. }, author_keywords={Construction, Supply chain management, Interfaces, Flows, Problems }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Simonsen2014, author={Simonsen, Rolf and Thyssen, Mikael Hygum and Sander, Dag }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Is Lean Construction Another Fading Management Concept?}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={85-96}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1038}, affiliation={Secretariat Manager, Ph.D., Value Creating Construction Processes, Denmark, rs@vaerdibyg.dk ; Consultant, Ph.D., NIRAS, Denmark, mit@niras.dk ; Consultant, Grontmij, Denmark, Dag.Sander@grontmij.dk }, abstract={Management concepts tend to fade away within a relatively short period of time. After a few years the news value declines, the “gurus” disappear, difficulties in realizing the expected gains are recognized, and new management concepts take over. This paper brings attention to the simple question: How is it possible to sustain interest in Lean Construction? Drawing on literature describing the typical life-cycle of management concepts, the journey of Lean Construction and Lean Construction Institute (LCI) in Danish construction is used as a case. LCI Denmark (LCI-DK) was established in 2002 as the first chapter outside of the USA and may therefore be ahead in regards of concept life-cycle to other LCI chapters around the world. It is argued that a revitalization is needed in Denmark if Lean Construction is to overcome the typical life-cycle of other previous management concepts. This leads to a discussion of implementation barriers and challenges to keeping Lean Construction alive, and how to overcome them. The aim is to spur a discussion that may benefit all who are struggling with implementation barriers or find themselves in a post-interest era. }, author_keywords={Management concepts, Implementation, Barriers }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Saurin2014, author={Saurin, Tarcisio A. and Sanches, Rodrigo C. }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Lean Construction and Resilience Engineering - Complementary Perspectives of Variability}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={61-71}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1039}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Industrial Engineering and Transportation Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, saurin@ufrgs.br ; MSc student, Building Innovation and Research Unit, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, rodrigo_sanches4@hotmail.com }, abstract={Lean construction (LC) emphasizes the reduction and coping with variability. Nevertheless, a portion of variability is unavoidable, and it triggers manifestations of resilience, at the individual, team and organizational level. This paper compares the perspectives of LC and resilience engineering (RE) of variability. Three criteria are adopted for the comparison: (i) commonalities and differences between the concepts of resilience and making-do, as the last is relevant for the LC view of variability; (ii) types of variability each perspective emphasizes; and (iii) tools for the description of systems, which set a basis for the identification of variability. Concerning the last criterion, a comparison is made between Value Stream Mapping, which is derived from lean, and the Functional Resonance Analysis Method, which is derived from RE. Based on this comparison, learning opportunities for LC from RE are identified. }, author_keywords={Resilience engineering, making-do, variability, value stream mapping, FRAM. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Wandahl2014, author={Wandahl, Søren }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Lean Construction with or without Lean – Challenges of Implementing Lean Construction}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={97-108}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1040}, affiliation={Senior Associate Professor (docent), Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Dalgas Avenue 2, DK 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, Phone +45 41 89 32 16, swa@eng.au.dk }, abstract={Since the introduction of Lean Construction, implementation of Lean Construction method, tools, and thinking has been a challenge. The success of Lean Construction is evident, but still implementation challenges emerge, among others, culture, training, leadership, but also partial implementation of Lean Construction. Some reports indicate that the major implementation challenges are related to misconceptualization of lean construction tools, and case studies have found that often Lean Construction was either partially or incorrectly applied. Denmark is one of the pioneer countries in the Lean Construction journey, with the driving force of Sven Bertelsen and MT Højgaard among others. It is considered a country with a widespread and deep implementation of Lean Construction. But how disseminated is Lean Construction in reality? And do those who claim to apply lean construction actually do lean construction? On the basis of these questions this research contributes with a survey with a magnitude of 500 practitioners from the Danish construction industry. Results of this survey are compared with recent IGLC research on implantation challenges of lean construction. This research itself does not put forward any improved guide on how to implement lean construction. Instead it brings light to how lean construction is actually applied. In itself this is very interesting, and is valuable knowledge that can be used in further research on lean construction theory and on implementation of lean in the industry. }, author_keywords={Implementation, Last Planner System, Knowledge }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pekuri2014, author={Pekuri, Aki and Pekuri, Laura and Haapasalo, Harri }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Lean as a Business Model}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={51-60}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1041}, affiliation={PhD Student, Industrial Engineering and Management, University of Oulu, aki.pekuri@oulu.fi ; PhD Student, Industrial Engineering and Management, University of Oulu, laura.pekuri@oulu.fi ; Professor, Industrial Engineering and Management, University of Oulu harri.haapasalo@oulu.fi }, abstract={This theoretical study explores the role of business models in lean transformation with the aim of explaining why seeing lean as a business model can be beneficial and how managing it as such could lead to more comprehensive transformations and greater lean implementation success. Three elements – the value creation system, the value proposition, and the revenue model – constitute a business model, the main function of which is to describe how pieces of business fit together as a system, thus enabling managers to understand, study and develop a company as a whole. The study uses Toyota’s business model to illustrate the overwhelming influence of adopting lean with regard to a whole business model. It argues that lean must be adopted as a new business model to make transformation successful. If lean is implemented without the intention of changing an entire business model, the objective of accomplishing a comprehensive transformation is likely to fail due to clashes between new ideas and the logic of old business models. Thus, it is necessary for managers to understand their existing business models thoroughly and to comprehend lean as a system that, if implemented, is likely to influence all of the elements of the old business models, thus requiring transformational change. }, author_keywords={This theoretical study explores the role of business models in lean transformation }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lockert2014, author={Lockert, J. and Berard, O. }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Learning from Problem Analyses of Design Information Quality Data}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={497-508}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1042}, affiliation={Civil engineer MSc., Building Informatics, BIM-coordinator - MT Højgaard, jolo@mth.dk ; Civil engineer, MSc. Software development, Ph D, Design Information Quality, BIM-specialist - MT Højgaard, olb@mth.dk }, abstract={A lacking Design Information Quality (DIQ) is known to cause budget overruns, schedule delays and defects in the construction and operation of buildings. In spite of this, both research and practice within structured Quality Assurance/Control (QA/QC) of design information is limited. Design checking is largely an inefficient process, e.g. lacking structure. However, the emerging technologies and methods of building information modeling (BIM) allow for a structured and software supported checking. This research studies data provided by a Nordic construction company. The data set consists of design information analyses of 2D drawings as well as 3D models, from 100 projects. The construction company has realized the problem of lacking DIQ, and hence both implemented explicit requirements for DIQ, as well as a procedure for design information QA/QC, primarily on tender projects as well as design-build projects. The quality information requirements are based on best practices from the BIM community. In conclusion, we propose new requirements to Design Information Quality as identified by the research, as well as our suggestions to input to new best practices in quality information requirements in the BIM community, integrating BIM and Lean principles from our particular context, to address design information problems in the future. }, author_keywords={Design, Information, Quality Assurance/Quality Control, Building Information Modeling, Lean }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Medina2014, author={Medina, Alonso }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Learning through Failure - the Challenge of Lean Project Delivery from the Contractor´s Perspective in Peru}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1425-1433}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1043}, affiliation={Head of the Corporate Learning Center, Graña y Montero, Av. Paseo de la República 4667, Surquillo, Lima 34, Perú, Phone +051 213-6565, alonso.medina@gym.com.pe }, abstract={Collaborative agreements are fairly recent and started as a customer need to find a new form of contractual agreement that foster collaboration between parties. The basic requirements are a trustworthy and knowledgeable client, an experienced team, and a contract that promotes collaboration. The construction industry in Peru has used traditional project delivery systems such as Design-Bid-Build, Design-Build, and occasionally Construction Management at Risk – always pursuing the lowest cost for an average design. In the pursuit of offering the optimal cost for a better design, the proposal to implement an Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) was put forward by the general contractor rather than by the customer – in contrast to the Sutter Health experience. The challenge of applying IPD as a contractor’s initiative increases due to a resistance to change, fear, the unawareness of middle managers, flawed bonus schemes, and late involvement in the design phase, among others. Many efforts have been made to use IPD, however we have not yet considered whether the Peruvian construction industry is ready for such a disruptive delivery system or if IPD has to be adapted to our reality. This paper aims to explain the successes and failures in the pursuit of an IPD in Peru and concludes with lessons learned and guidelines for further investigations to explore IPD applications in Peru. }, author_keywords={Integrated Project Delivery, IPD, Collaborative Agreement, Target Cost, Project Delivery System }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tsao2014, author={Tsao, Cynthia C.Y. and Hammons, Glenn J. }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Learning to See Simplicity within a Complex Project Through the Lens of Pull Planning}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={751-762}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1044}, affiliation={Owner, Navilean; Senior Associate, Lean Project Consulting; Adjunct Faculty, Wentworth Inst. of Technology; Brookline, MA, 02445, USA, Phone +1 510/593-4884, research@navilean.com ; Project Director, Skanska USA Building Inc., Nemours – AIDHC DE Expansion Project, 1610 Rockland Road, Wilmington, DE, USA, Phone +1 302/298-7663 Glenn.Hammons@skanska.com }, abstract={Ideally, project teams should get feedback from foremen from key trades to help guide work structuring decisions early in the design process. Doing so enables project teams to reveal the constructability implications intrinsic to different design options. Then, project owners may make product design decisions that would better support the construction process and thus improve the likelihood of meeting their project goals. Unfortunately, if trade foremen missed the opportunity to influence a project’s product design at project inception, the project team may later face daunting challenges to construct project components that appear complex at first glance. This paper describes such a scenario in the building out of an atrium for a $220 million new hospital addition in the U.S. It explores how the project team used pull planning to reveal production lines that needed to be created to build out the hospital’s fivestory atrium. It explains how the project team considered various work structuring scenarios and eventually settled on the final work sequence. Thus, this case study will demonstrate how the project team was able to learn how to see simpler process approaches to constructing what initially appeared to be a complex product design. }, author_keywords={Work structuring, sequencing, product-process design integration, pull planning, process standardization }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Britt2014, author={Britt, Kevin and Alves, Thais da C. L. and Reed, Dean and Gracz, Brian }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Lessons Learned from the Make Ready Process in a Hospital Project}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={257-268}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1045}, affiliation={DPR Construction, 5010 Shoreham Place, San Diego, CA 92122, USA, Phone +1 858/597-7070, kevinbr@dpr.com ; Assistant Professor, J.R. Filanc Construction Eng. and Mgmt. Program, Dept. of Civil, Constr., and Env. Eng., San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA, talves@mail.sdsu.edu ; Director of Lean Construction, DPR Construction, Redwood City, CA, deanr@dpr.com ; DPR Construction, 5010 Shoreham Place, San Diego, CA 92122, USA, briang@dpr.com }, abstract={A previous paper (presented in the IGLC 19) described the journey a Construction Management team on a large hospital project had to go through to set up the lookahead process and the Last Planner® meetings. This paper presents in more detail how the team specifically managed the make ready process and the constraint identification and resolution process related to building a ground-up hospital in California as well as discusses lessons learned during the project. The team distilled a number of lessons learned which are summarized in the paper under the following main headings: need to change participant’s mentality from a hard-bid to a collaborative environment through alignment; build a high performing team; the right processes and tools are useless without respect for the people; create a culture to promote continuous improvement; and understand the team’s needs to create pull and reduce cycle times through the SWAT process. These lessons learned are discussed and illustrated with examples from the project and linked to Lean concepts that whether implicitly or explicitly helped the team to successfully complete the project. }, author_keywords={Make ready process, healthcare, lessons learned, high-performance teams, value }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Feliz2014, author={Feliz, Tom and Reed, Dean and Draper, John and Macomber, Hal }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Leveraging Software for Learning-in-Action Using Commitment-Based Planning}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1307-1318}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1046}, affiliation={Director of Sales, ourPlan, Phone +1 650-776-4188, San Francisco, CA tom@our-plan.com ; Lean Construction Director, DPR Construction, Redwood City, CA, DeanR@dpr.com ; Associate Principal, Lean Project Consulting, Bloomington, MN, jdraper@leanproject.com ; Principal, Lean Project Consulting, Campton, NH hmacomber@leanproject.com }, abstract={The Last Planner® System (LPS) allows teams and individuals to learn and improve their use of language to plan and coordinate production every day on their construction project. This paper will investigates how LPS, when consistently applied, reinforces W. Edwards Deming’s Plan-Do-Study-Act. LPS also promotes and requires effective use of key elements of reliable promising and “grammar of action” as put forth by Fernando Flores. These two theories will be explained along with others throughout this paper as a framework and management system for project teams operating in a production setting. The second half of the paper discusses how technology has been leveraged to achieve high-functioning LPS performance. A cloud-based Last Planner software application exists that helps project teams create learning through the ability to establish reliable promises. By applying Deming's PDSA method for continuous improvement, this collaborative software creates real-time feedback and learning for teams. The commitment-based actions and workflow supported by the software help teams actively engage and appreciate Fernando Flores’ language-action perspective. This paper will demonstrate through discussion and examples of three case studies of project teams who have successfully used this production-planning tool to create a network of commitments that are grounded in a learning-in-action approach. }, author_keywords={Last Planner software, reliable promising, Deming PDSA, language-action perspective }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Moura2014, author={Moura, Rafael de Sousa Leal Martins and Monteiro, José Márcio Feitosa and Heineck, Luiz Fernando Mählmann }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Line of Balance – Is It a Synthesis of Lean Production Principles as Applied to Site Programming of Works? }, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={703-714}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1047}, affiliation={Master Student, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, rafaelleall@hotmail.com ; Civil Engineer, Fortaleza, CE, marcioccap@gmail.com ; Professor, State University of Ceará - UECE, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, freitas8@terra.com.br }, abstract={Evidence on the use of Line of Balance as a scheduling technique already exists in the Brazilian construction industry since the 80’. More recently it has been associated with Lean Construction applications, especially as tool for tactical planning of works. This conceptual paper discusses how line of balance can be taken not just as a straightforward graphical device to depict site programming in long, medium and short terms but also as an appropriate graphical tool to represent, induce and make self-evident the application of several Lean Production ideas like takt time, buffers transparency, integrated planning of long, medium and short term, minimization of production and transfer batches, PDCA, production levelling, inventory minimizing, pull production and parallel operations, among others. Each of these concepts is illustrated using line of balance displays. The work concludes that Line of Balance is akin to Lean Production and Lean Production is very well represented by Line of Balance diagrams, aiming at further discussions on this conceptual synthesis (lean is line and line is lean). }, author_keywords={Line of balance, building schedules, lean construction, lean conceptual synthesis, graphical communication of lean principles. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kjersem2014, author={Kjersem, Kristina and Emblemsvåg, Jan }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Literature Review on Planning Design and Engineering Activities in Shipbuilding }, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={677-688}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1048}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Logistics Department, Molde University College, Britvegen 2, 6410 Molde, Norway, Phone +47 47 82 49 84, kristina.kjersem@himolde.no ; Professor, Molde University College, Britvegen 2, 6410 Molde, Norway; Senior Vice President Innovation and Process Management, Ph.D., jan.emblemsvag@vard.com }, abstract={Planning, scheduling, controlling and measuring design and engineering activities is challenged nowadays not only by the strong competition, but also by the technology and the way projects are organized. The project organization challenges the planning process through its variety of people, organizations and cultures participating along the whole building project. Concurrent engineering is a building method dependent on a dynamic planning process that integrates and coordinates all the entities involved in the project. 3D modeling is a tool that necessitates more specialized engineers and a more collaborative way of engineering a project. It seems that today’s planning systems fail to take into consideration these challenges. This literature review is an attempt to find if and how the fields of project management and lean construction deal with planning and measuring design/engineering activities in a concurrent engineering process that is globally dispersed both on engineering and on production part of a project. }, author_keywords={Project Planning; Lean Construction; Last Planner System, Project Management }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ko2014, author={Ko, Chien-Ho and Chung, Neng-Fu }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Making Design Process Lean }, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={463-474}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1049}, affiliation={Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, Phone +886 (8) 770-3202, ko@mail.npust.edu.tw; President, Lean Construction Institute-Taiwan; Research Director, Lean Construction Institute-Asia ; MS, Department of Civil Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, Phone +886 (8) 770-3202, M9733012@mail.npust.edu.tw }, abstract={Improper design in the construction industry leads to change orders, rework, decreased constructability, cost overruns, and delays, making it one of the biggest causes of waste. This study aims to develop a Lean Design Process to enhance design reliability by creating a learning environment using the design correctness ratio. Wastage is first identified by analyzing the planning and design processes. A new design workflow is then proposed using lean concepts to smooth design work, reduce unnecessary design errors, and increase design reliability. The proposed process can provide team members with feedback on design status, thus allowing for continuous improvement. The lean process is conceptualized using system dynamics to validate applicability. Analysis shows that the proposed lean design process can enhance design completeness and reliability, thus increasing design correctness. Waste due to improper design could be reduced accordingly. }, author_keywords={Lean design, design correctness, system dynamics. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Umstot2014, author={Umstot, David and Fauchier, Dan and Alves, Thaís da C. L. }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Metrics of Public Owner Success in Lean Design, Construction, and Facilities Operations and Maintenance}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1495-1506}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1050}, affiliation={President, Umstot Project and Facilities Solutions, La Mesa, CA, david.umstot@umstotsolutions.com ; Senior Lean Consultant, The ReAlignment Group, Ltd., San Diego, CA USA, danfauchier@mac.com ; Assistant Professor, J.R. Filanc Construction Eng. and Mgmt. Program, Dept. of Civil, Constr., and Env. Eng., San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA, talves@mail.sdsu.edu }, abstract={The design and construction industry is hungry for metrics and proof of concept for Lean in the public sector. San Diego (California) Community College District has completed two-thirds of a US$1.6 Billion capital improvement program (2002-2019) during which – at the one quarter complete stage in 2008 – Lean design and construction principles and practices were introduced, thus offering a pre- and post- Lean comparative opportunity. Contemporaneously, the Facilities Management department also launched a Lean initiative. This paper identifies some key owner metrics to measure the value of identified Lean principles and tools, examines the comparison of various pre- and post-Lean metrics, analyzes these in relation to value- creation and waste-reduction, and analyzes how these metrics are associated with core Lean principles as identified in prior literature. These design, construction, and operations/maintenance functions influenced each other during the study period (2008-2013) and this paper offers some insights into the value of Lean to the design, construction and maintenance process for public agencies. }, author_keywords={Lean in Public Sector (LIPS), indicators, Lean metrics, education sector. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Al Hattab2014, author={Al Hattab, Malak and Zankoul, Emile and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Optimizing Joint Operation of Two Tower Cranes Through Look-Ahead Planning and Process Simulation }, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={535-546}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1051}, affiliation={ PhD Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut Riad El-Solh 1107 2020, Lebanon, Mobile +961 70 931272, mja28@aub.edu.lb ; Graduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut Riad El-Solh 1107 2020, Lebanon, Mobile +961 3 180628, efz00@aub.edu.lb ; Assistant Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut Riad El-Solh 1107 2020, Lebanon, Phone +961 1 350000 Ext: 3616, Farook.Hamzeh@aub.edu.lb }, abstract={Proper planning of on-site operations is critical to the effective delivery of a construction project. Many construction works, especially in high-rise buildings, require using tower cranes. In fact, early planning of tower crane operations before site execution helps reduce operational costs, enhance site safety, and optimize the works’ schedule. Lean principles and look-ahead planning in particular, along with 4D scheduling (time and location) of tower crane activities allow achieving optimal use of cranes. The purpose of this paper is to optimize the use of two tower cranes by simulating the scheduling of tasks in the overlapping work zones to achieve shorter operation durations and higher crane utilization rates. Early experimentation with the system and real-time assessment of alternative solutions reduce on-site problems and delays. In this respect, an optimization model based on parametric variation is developed for studying two cranes by using, as input, the construction schedule detailed down to daily operations through look-ahead planning. The model is also applied on a pilot case study to demonstrate the logic and outcomes of the model. The research contributes towards providing engineers, planners, crane operators, superintendents, and foremen with a model that can be used daily to better plan, in advance, the tasks to be executed by the cranes. The model can therefore provide a balanced workload schedule for both cranes and achieve the best utilization rates while reducing idle times to ultimately boost the production of the cranes while reducing project duration and cost. }, author_keywords={Tower Crane Operations, Optimization, Look-ahead Planning and Scheduling, Simulation, Lean Construction }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Laine2014, author={Laine, Enni and Alhava, Otto and Kiviniemi, Arto }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Improving Built-in Quality by Bim Based Visual Management }, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={945-956}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1052}, affiliation={Project Engineer, Fira Oy, Master of Science (Tech.), Phone +358 4009 81855, enni.laine@fira.fi ; Chief Technology Officer, Fira Oy, Master of Science (Tech.), Phone +358 4007 92493, otto.alhava@fira.fi ; Professor, University of Liverpool, School of Architecture, Abercromby Square, Liverpool, L69 7ZN, United Kingdom, Phone +44 151 794 3575, email: a.kiviniemi@liverpool.ac.uk }, abstract={Efficient and flawless information management plays a key role in successful execution of construction projects, but it has been difficult to implement in the traditional document-based environment. A root cause for waste in construction projects is inaccessible, inadequate or missing information. Necessary information is produced by several parties and it is often fragmented, inconsistent or in an impractical format. A lot of time is wasted - meaning that value is destroyed - in searching information needed for activities on construction site due to the fact that even if the information exists somewhere in the documents, it is not easily available. Visual control systems defined in Lean methodology strive for improving the value added flow. Building Information Modelling (BIM) can facilitate organisation and visualisation of information for specific needs in the process. This paper explores how combining principles of Visual Control and BIM could improve information delivery from information producers to information users to reduce waste in searching and processing the information. The methods of literature study, Value Stream Mapping and Root Cause Analysis are used. Software-based Standardised Model Views (SMVs) and their automated creation from BIM, based on predefined use cases and end-user needs are proposed and illustrated. The use of SMVs facilitates Lean information management, thus reducing rework and time spent on waiting, increasing built-in quality and enhancing flow in production. Evaluated savings in a single subcontractor’s work time are at least 10% when SMVs are used. }, author_keywords={Lean, BIM, VDC, Visual Control, Information Management, standardised model views, Built-in Quality, Waste }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Erikshammar2014, author={Erikshammar, Jarkko and Alestig, Erik and Lu, Weizhuo }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Parametric Value Stream Mapping Framework: A Case Study of a Small Swedish Industrialized House-Building Supplier}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={425-435}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1053}, affiliation={Lic. Eng., M.Sc., Div. of Structural and Construction Engineering - Timber Structures, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden, Phone +46920491860, www.ltu.se, Jarkko.Erikshammar@ltu.se ; M.Sc, Prolog Bygglogistik AB, Högbergsgatan 33, 116 20 Stockholm, Sweden, Phone +46107099923, erik.alestig@prolog.se ; Ph.D., Div. of Structural and Construction Engineering – Construction management, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden, Phone +46920491362, www.ltu.se, weizhuo.lu@ltu.se }, abstract={Industrialized house-building is based on repetitive processes used in the supply, design, manufacturing and erection of pre-configured houses. Industrialized house- building contractors are dependent on many small suppliers and sub-contractors in their supply chain. These small suppliers, with limited resources and capabilities, need to be able to develop products and processes in order to deliver future customer value without wasting development resources on non-viable products. Our question is whether product development by small and medium-sized (SME) industrialized house-building suppliers could be supported by parametric Value Stream Mapping. The objective is to explore a process design framework in which Value stream Mapping (VSM) is used to identify improvements and to generate product development suggestions, based on a set of parameters defined as P1, P2..., Pn. The testing was carried out at a Swedish SME supplier to the industrialized house- building sector, using a newly-developed roofing board with an integrated membrane, with the parameters (P1) customer needs, (P2) waste on construction site and (P3) construction worker safety. Data were collected using interviews and video-recorded participant observations on two construction sites. Findings indicate that VSM cannot describe attributes of a product other than those associated with production flow. However, parametric VSM helped the case study company to stop current development and instead suggest valuable product attributes. The implications are that parametric VSM enhances the application of VSM. Parametric VSM can be used by SME suppliers as an input to product development in order to validate product attributes before launch. However, this is based on a single case study and further research is needed. }, author_keywords={Value Stream Map, Product Development, Industrialized House-building, Small Business, Process Design }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Haugseth2014, author={Haugseth, Nikolai and Lohne, Jardar and Jensen, Geir and Lædre, Ola }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Partnering in Statsbygg }, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1343-1356}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1054}, affiliation={M.Sc. student, Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 7A, 7491 Trondheim ; Researcher, dr. art., Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, NTNU ; Department Director, Client’s department, Statsbygg ; Associate professor, dr.ing, Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, NTNU }, abstract={To address the adversarial culture of the construction industry, partnering is used as a mean to create a collaborative and flexible building process where each partner achieves their business objectives. This paper identifies which partnering elements - understood as contractual elements included in order to create win-win situations for the contracting parties - a large Norwegian public client – Statsbygg - has used in their partnering projects. Based on findings the article recommends which elements that should be used in future Statsbygg as well as other partnering projects. The recommendations include elements such as; early involvement of design- builder, key subcontractors and consultants, value based procurement, an intentional agreement, target cost with bonus/malus incentives, open book economy, partnering charter, continuous workshops, partnering measurements, co-localisation, partnering champions, external facilitators, a predetermined method of dispute resolution, and a contractual right to remove unsuitable people. The methodological approach chosen for our investigation was based on 1) a literature study, 2) the distribution and analysis of a questionnaire, and 3) interviews with professionals having experience with partnering. The interviewees maintained partnering as an important step in the direction of changing the culture characterizing the Norwegian construction industry to an adversarial to a cooperative value based culture. Partnering is Statsbygg’s way of facilitating a lean construction process where less time is wasted on disputes, and more value is added to the project. }, author_keywords={Partnering, public client, partnering elements, recommendations }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Assainar2014, author={Assainar, Rizwan and El Asmar, Mounir }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Quantifying the Impact of Non-Traditional Stakeholder Involvement on Project Quality}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={247-255}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1055}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Construction Management Program, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 870204, Tempe, AZ 85287-0204; Phone: (480) 703-1538; E-mail: rassaina@asu.edu. ; Assistant Professor, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 870204, Tempe, AZ 85287-0204; Phone: (480) 727-9023; E-mail: asmar@asu.edu. }, abstract={The traditional approach of stakeholders’ involvement in architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) projects typically consists of the architect or engineer’s (A/E) involvement in the design phase, and the general contractor or construction manager’s (GC or CM) and subcontractors’ involvement in the construction phase. Previous research emphasizes the need for the involvement of the GC/CM in the design phase and focuses less on the A/E’s participation in the construction phase. This study evaluates the impact on project quality performance of both (1) the GC or CM and subcontractor’s involvement in the design phase, and (2) the A/E’s involvement in the construction phase. This type of involvement is termed the “non-traditional approach” in the paper. Relevant literature was analyzed, and a data collection instrument was developed and utilized in detailed interviews to gather information on different stakeholders’ involvement, as well as quantity performance scores from more than 30 recently completed complex institutional construction projects in the United States. Univariate analyses, such as t-tests and Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon tests, were performed to evaluate stakeholders’ involvement impact on project quality performance. The preliminary findings indicate that non-traditional stakeholder involvement is linked to statistically significant improvements in project quality. The AEC industry can utilize this information as a guide for decision makers, assisting them to select the appropriate level of involvement of various stakeholders at different phases of a project. }, author_keywords={Integrated Project Delivery, People, Quality. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Valente2014, author={Valente, Rafael Cardoso and Costa, Dayana Bastos }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Recommendations for Practical Application of Transparency in Construction Site}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={919-930}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1056}, affiliation={ Civil Engineer, CIVIL Construction Company, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, ; Assistant Professor, Polytechnic School, Department of Structural and Construction Engineering and Master of Environmental and Urban Engineering, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, Phone: +55 71 3283-9731,dayanabcosta@ufba.br }, abstract={Lean construction is a new set of ideas that seeks to achieve perfection by eliminating waste that may be waste of materials, time, effort or even satisfaction. One of its principles is transparency and can be used as an instrument to increase the motivation of workers for improvement, reduce the propensity of errors and, most certainly, increase the visibility of errors. The aim of this paper is to propose a set of recommendations for the application of transparency practices aiming to improve production planning and control, quality and cost processes, while also evaluating its benefits. The main research strategy used was case studies, which initially involved a benchmarking study carried out in three different industries (hospital, car factory and retail store) in order to identify good transparency practices to apply in construction sites. Based on this and in the literature review twenty transparency practices were selected, being implemented during the construction of a commercial building. The main results of this research are related to experiences gained in the practical application of the principle of transparency and the identification of positive effects of these practices in different managerial processes such as better consistency in decision making, participation and motivation of employees, more effectiveness in scheduled activities and quick understanding of and response to problems. Also, new practices of transparency are suggested and practical recommendations for new applications were established. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction; Transparency; Visual Management; Benchmarking. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Salem2014, author={Salem, Ossama and Pirzadeh, Sharareh and Ghorai, Sudipta and Abdel-Rahim, Ahmed }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Reducing Environmental, Economic, and Social Impacts of Work-Zones by Implementing Lean Construction Techniques}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={145-155}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1057}, affiliation={A. Yabroudi Chair Professor of Sustainable Civil Infrastructures, Department Chair, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 151M Link Hall, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA, Phone +1 (315) 443-3401, omsalem@syr.edu ; Research Assistant, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 151 Link Hall, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA; Phone +1 (315) 466-6502, spirzade@syr.edu ; Research Assistant, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 151 Link Hall, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA; Phone +1 (505) 697-0957, sghorai@syr.edu ; Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Engineering/Physics 115B, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-1022, USA, Phone +1 (208) 885-2957, ahmed@uidaho.edu }, abstract={Pavement construction, maintenance and rehabilitation have considerable impacts on environment, society, and economy. These impacts can be minimized by implementing lean construction strategies that focus on reducing wastes and improving performance, as well as increasing the overall value of the facility to the end users. The objective of this study is to identify the adverse effects of work-zones activities for pavement projects, and demonstrate how lean construction techniques can provide sustainable solutions. For example, 5S’s can help reducing the waste which is a cause of environmental degradation. The last planner technique can be used to prevent schedule delays and to accelerate the construction process, and assist in reducing the excess emissions due to unstable traffic around the work-zones and from heavy equipment. It can also minimize vehicle operating costs due to congestion and improve the mobility of work-zone. Increased visualization approaches such as speed advisories, delay advisories; regulatory speed limit changes merge control and alternate route guidance, can further enhance safety and mobility. Other impacts such as noise pollution; and reduced accessibility to businesses and emergency facilities can be minimized using phased scheduling which allows the selection of construction time and duration suitable for the surrounding community. }, author_keywords={IGLC22, lean construction, sustainability, work-zone, pavement maintenance }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Svalestuen2014, author={Svalestuen, Fredrik and Lædre, Ola and Lohne, Jardar }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Research Work on the Design Process Within the IGLC Conference}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1461-1472}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1058}, affiliation={PhD candidate, Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 7A, 7491 Trondheim, Norway / Design Manager, Veidekke Entreprenør AS, P.O.Box 506 Skøyen, N0214 Oslo Norway ; Associate Professor, Dr.Ing, Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 7A, 7491 Trondheim, Norway ; Researcher, Dr.Art., Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 7A, 7491 Trondheim, Norway }, abstract={The design process has been widely researched and discussed within the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC). This paper aims at exploring the research on the design process carried out during the period (1993 to 2013) of annual conferences within the IGLC community. The authors have examined all published work over this period and sorted out those considered to contribute to design process research. The annual number of publications on design process was found to have increased. An overview of all the published work is included and sorted after year according to five categories; Theory, Review, Status report, Implementation and IT-tools. The proposed categories indicate there are more practically oriented than theory based publications on the design process. In light of the findings, future studies ought to be twofold. Firstly, there is a need for further development on how to apply lean principles in design processes. Secondly, more success stories from the early majority will spread the use of the lean principles in design processes. The conclusions of this paper will lay premises for the research questions in an ongoing PhD study. }, author_keywords={Design Process, Review, Design Management, Lean Construction, Last Planner System. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Faloughi2014, author={Faloughi, Mazen and Bechara, Wissam and Chamoun, Joy and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Simplean: An Effective Tool for Optimizing Construction Workflow}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={281-292}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1059}, affiliation={Undergraduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, mjf05@mail.aub.edu ; Undergraduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, wrb02@mail.aub.edu ; Undergraduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, jac08@mail.aub.edu ; Assistant Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut Riad El-Solh 1107 2020, Lebanon, Phone +961 1 350000 Ext: 3616, Farook.Hamzeh@mail.aub.edu }, abstract={Achieving continuous information flow and effective coordination between construction teams is becoming increasingly difficult with the increase in complexity of construction project organizations. Information has to travel through a busy bureaucratic structure and is often distorted, delayed or even deliberately hidden. The aim of this paper is to develop a solution to this problem that consists of a visual information software platform. The proposed software -SimpLean- allows easy and simple coordination of activities, staff and resources. Live information would be exchanged between construction teams via hand held electronic tablets. The software operation mechanism enables the application of Lean Construction concepts and the Last Planner® System (LPS®) with minimal training and adaptation time. Such software could be considered as a transition tool for contracting firms looking to implement Lean concepts, without requiring deep and radical process changes. The effectiveness of implementing the software in the construction environment is tested using computer simulation. }, author_keywords={SimpLean, visual information systems, Lean Construction, transparency, Last Planner System. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{González2014, author={González, Vicente A. and Senior, Bolivar and Orozco, Francisco and Alarcon, Luis Fernando and Ingle, Jason and Best, Andrew }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Simulating Lean Production Principles in Construction: A Last Planner-Driven Game}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1221-1232}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1060}, affiliation={PhD, Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. E-Mail: v.gonzalez@auckland.ac.nz ; PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Construction Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA. E-Mail: bolivar.senior@colostate.edu ; PhD, Assistant Professor, Engineering School, Universidad Panamericana Campus Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico. E-mail: forozco@up.edu.mx ; Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. E-mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Civil Engineer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. E-Mail: jing028@aucklanduni.ac.nz ; Civil Engineer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. E-Mail: abes014@aucklanduni.ac.nz }, abstract={Simulations and classroom games are effective hands-on learning tools for construction students and practitioners. This paper presents the background, methods and results of a new management game which simulates some aspects of the Last Planner System (LPS™) and lean production. LPS is central to the implementation of Lean Construction, an increasingly popular management approach based on the Toyota Production System. LPS requires continuous and collaborative effort from all stakeholders for the planning and control of a construction project, making it especially appropriate for the experiential learning allowed by simulation. The simulation game consists of the assembly of Lego™ pieces to form a schematic house, and it is played by teams meeting in rounds simulating one week of work. Each team is composed of stakeholders, such as a construction manager, resource suppliers and trade foremen, mirroring the planning and assembly process of a typical construction project. Participants build the Lego houses first using a traditional management approach and then using LPS and lean principles and procedures. This paper also describes the main components of the Toyota Production System as applied by Lean Construction, and provides an introduction to LPS as well as a description of the simulation rules and setup. A Case Study of the simulation game is discussed, including its implementation and effectiveness as a teaching tool. The implementation results of the simulation game demonstrated its capability to effectively teach LPS and lean-based management approaches in construction. }, author_keywords={Last Planner, Lean Construction, Learning, Management Games. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Freeman2014, author={Freeman, Clay and Seppänen, Olli }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Social Aspects Related to LBMS Implementation – A Case Study}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1133-1144}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1061}, affiliation={Vice President of Innovation, Webcor Builders Inc., cfreeman@webcor.com ; Postdoctoral Researcher, Aalto University and Director of VDC Services, Trimble Navigation Limited, olli_seppanen@trimble.com }, abstract={LBMS adoption in California is steadily increasing. Several hospital case studies have been reported earlier but they have mainly focused on numerical measures related to LBMS. The previous research has highlighted the need to better understand the social aspects related to implementation. The case study reported in this paper presented a unique opportunity to develop social processes because the owner was involved from the beginning and was prepared to change their standard process. The project goals included using a model-based cost plan to inform the schedule with quantities and cost per location, using LBMS to plan efficient labor flow and control production, as well as running pull planning sessions with subcontractors to collect input from those closest to the work. The challenges included creating integrated deliverables quickly and keeping them up-to-date with the evolving design, training the extended project team and helping the team resist the urge to fall back to traditional behaviors during crunch points. It was crucial to understand the role traditional CPM tools play in a project and determining how these tools should interact with the LBMS schedule. To facilitate training, research was performed to understand and document why superintendents and subcontractors behave as they do on traditional projects and the changes required from both roles in order for the new systems to work. }, author_keywords={LBMS, implementation }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Schmidt2014, author={Schmidt, Michael T. and Elezi, Fatos and Tommelein, Iris D. and Berghede, Klas and Lindemann, Udo }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Supporting Organizational Design Towards Lean With the Viable System Model}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={73-83}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1062}, affiliation={Graduate Student, University of California, Berkeley, USA and Technische Universität München, Germany, michaeltschmidt@mytum.de ; M. Sc., Institute for Product Development, Technische Universität München, Germany, fatos.elezi@pe.mw.tum.de ; Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, and Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 (510) 643-8678, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Production Manager, The Boldt Company, 455 Market Street, 5th Floor, CA 94105, San Francisco, klas.berghede@boldt.com ; Professor, Institute for Product Development, Technische Universität München, Germany, lindemann@pe.mw.tum.de }, abstract={This paper provides an approach to support design of organizational control structures in lean construction projects. Abstracting and analyzing lean practices from the perspective of Management Cybernetics and the Viable System Model (ViSM) in particular was found to elevate understanding of the former in previous research. It seems promising to further investigate how applying the ViSM can aid the implementation of lean thinking in environments that face cultural- and other hurdles to sustainably establishing lean practices. To take further steps in this direction of research we present an approach for identification and design of organizational control structures in the context of lean practices utilizing the ViSM. Then, we present an exemplary application of said approach, showcasing supportive design of control structures within a pull-based material supply system at a hospital construction project in San Francisco, California. The example shows that the ViSM and its underlying principles of Management Cybernetics can largely support establishing control structures in lean context. Responsibility assignments and information channels could be transparently included in the organization structure and their assumed contribution to sustainable lean implementation could initially be verified. }, author_keywords={Management Cybernetics, Viable System Model, Lean Construction, lean control mechanisms, lean implementation }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Frandson2014, author={Frandson, Adam and Berghede, Klas and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Takt-Time Planning and the Last Planner}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={571-580}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1063}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1710, USA, Phone +1 (510) 642-3261, AFrandson@berkeley.edu ; Production Manager, The Boldt Company, Western Operations, 2150 River Plaza Drive, Suite 255, Sacramento, CA 95833, Klas.Berghede@boldt.com ; Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, and Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), 212 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 (510) 643-8678, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Introduction of the Last Planner System helped to improve predictability and overall productivity in the construction industry. In manufacturing, the use of takt- time resulting in production to a set beat, has long been a center piece in leveling work flow and optimizing production lines. This paper will explore how we successfully merge the rigorous and more pre-determined structure of takt-time planning with the fluid, more interactive and responsive Last Planner System. The paper will use the Cathedral Hill Hospital Project as an example of takt-time planning in use and describe how the production team can work together with Last Planners to make sure that the structure and alignment from the takt-time plan also improve and simplify the Last Planner’s ability to plan their work successfully. We are especially interested in the dynamics around worker buy-in and the notion of manageable chunks’ of work to improve the ability for workers to plan successfully. }, author_keywords={Takt-time planning, Last Planner™ System, production system design }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Melo2014, author={Melo, Reymard and Kaushik, Amit and Koskela, Lauri and Granja, Ariovaldo Denis and Keraminiyage, Kaushal and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Target Costing in Construction: A Comparative Study}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={183-194}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1064}, affiliation={PhD Student, Construction Management Research Laboratory (LAGERCON), School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil reymardsavio@gmail.com ; KTP Associate, PhD Student, University of Salford. a.k.kaushik@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, School of the Built Environment. University of Salford, Maxwell Building, room 507, The Crescent, Salford, M5 4WT, UK, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, Architecture and Construction Dept., Construction Management Research Laboratory (LAGERCON), School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, University of Campinas, Brazil, adgranja@fec.unicamp.br ; BSc (QS) Programme Director, Room 432a, Maxwell Building, The University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom, M5 4WT, k.p.keraminiyage@salford.ac.uk ; Director of Design and Property Management Directorate, School of the Built Environment. University of Salford, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, M5 4WT, UK, p.tzortzopoulos@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={Target costing is an approach for the development of new products in the automobile industry, aimed at reducing their life-cycle costs while ensuring quality, reliability and other client requirements, by examining all possible ideas for cost reduction at the product planning, research and development and prototyping phases. Prior studies have attempted to adapt the manufacturing target costing process to the project-based nature of the construction industry. This paper aims to provide insights for future target costing implementations in the public sector projects. A qualitative comparison of three studies is performed through the lens of a set of target costing influencing factors. Similarities and differences revealed in the comparison suggest that factors related to supplier-base strategy and to the nature of customer are potentially relevant to future target costing implementations in public sector projects. }, author_keywords={Target Costing, Target Value Design, and Project Delivery. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Do2014, author={Do, Doanh and Chen, Chao and Ballard, Glenn and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Target Value Design as a Method for Controlling Project Cost Overruns}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={171-181}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1065}, affiliation={PhD Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering. 407 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 (714) 622-9754, doanhqdo@berkeley.edu ; PhD Candidate, Civil and Environmental Engineering. 407 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 (510) 816-0766, chaochen@berkeley.edu ; Research Director of the Project Productions Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 (510) 530-8656, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu ; Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, and Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), 212 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 (510) 643-8678, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Since its introduction in 2002, Target Value Design (TVD) has become more commonly used and accepted by the construction industry in the United States. Several researchers have reported that TVD projects are good at maintaining a predictable project cost and controlling cost overruns. The case studies, reported in the literature, show that TVD projects have generally been completed at 15% to 20% below market price without compromising schedule or quality. Little research, however, has been conducted to generalize the findings to the wider population of TVD projects. No statistical analysis has been conducted to compare TVD projects with projects that do not use TVD. In this paper, we present the results of several statistical analyses on a sample set of 47 TVD projects. We compared cost overrun (spent-budget ratio) and contingency percentage of these TVD projects with a dataset of non-TVD projects from the Construction Industry Institute. The results show that TVD projects are less likely to go over budget even though the contingency of TVD projects is less than that on non-TVD projects. A theory is introduced to explain the findings from the statistical analysis. The theory and the findings were presented to industry leaders in the AEC industry and their feedback was incorporated into this paper. }, author_keywords={Target Value Design, Lean Construction, Target Costing, Cost Overrun }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pellicer2014, author={Pellicer, Eugenio and Ponz-Tienda, José Luis }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Teaching and Learning Lean Construction in Spain: A Pioneer Experience}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1245-1256}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1066}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Ph.D., School of Civil Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain, pellicer@upv.es ; Assistant Professor, Ph.D., Civil and Environmental Engineering. Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia, jl.ponz@uniandes.edu.co }, abstract={This paper presents the origins, approach and outputs of a course on Lean Construction developed at the Universitat Politècnica de València within the Master of Planning and Management in Civil Engineering: a unique experience in the Spanish academic system so far. This course takes into consideration most of the key issues of lean construction: historical evolution, flow and value stream mapping, pull management, last planner system, standardization, optimization of construction operations, building information modelling, and integrated project delivery, among others. The main element of the course is the last planner system of planning and control. An average of 30 students per year has attended this elective course in the M.Sc. degree since its implementation in 2011, indicating the extraordinary success of the course. The teaching and learning method is dynamic and is based on lectures, exercises, games in the classroom, and a project course. This paper presents this pioneer introduction of this graduate course in the Spanish academic system and some of the outputs obtained. }, author_keywords={Last Planner System, Lean Construction, Learning Construction Management, Project Based Learning. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Aapaoja2014, author={Aapaoja, Aki and Haapasalo, Harri }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={The Challenges of Standardization of Products and Processes in Construction }, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={938-993}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1067}, affiliation={Doctoral student, Industrial Engineering and Management, Univ. of Oulu; Finland. aki.aapaoja@oulu.f ; Professor, Industrial Engineering and Management, Univ. of Oulu; Finland. harri.haapasalo@oulu.fi }, abstract={Construction has been blamed for its low performance and productivity, and high amount of waste, for years, especially when compared with the manufacturing industry, which is mainly based on well-managed and standardized processes. This ongoing discussion about problems, such as low profitability and high construction costs, results in demands for higher value, cost savings, better quality, and longer guarantees in construction. However, construction is not manufacturing, but it does provide elements that can be exploited to improve processes and reduce waste. Moving towards better quality and more homogenous construction can be achieved by standardized processes and by using standardized products in those processes. Thus, this study aims to analyze what the major challenges for the standardization of processes and products in the construction industry are and how the challenges can be beaten. The results indicate that the challenges of standardizing the processes are that the importance of accurate planning and front-end activities are not completely understood and the projects are still considered as unique entities. Additionally, the standardization of products has the following challenges: construction projects and solutions are still perceived as unique handwork, designers do not understand the benefits of standardized products, and planning processes do not support using standardized products. }, author_keywords={Standardization, prefabrication, standardized products, standardized processes, Lean, construction }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Simu2014, author={Simu, Kajsa and Lidelöw, Helena }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={The Effect of Economic Variation in Construction Projects on Contractor Firms }, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={221-231}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1068}, affiliation={Ph.D., Adjunct Lecturer, Kajsa Simu, Construction Management, Dep. of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology. ; Associate Professor, Senior Lecturer, Helena Lidelöw, Timber Structures, Dep. of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology. }, abstract={Lean is about finding a flow efficient way to deliver value to the client. To do so reducing variation is vital. The construction industry is project-based and variation in project deliveries is more the rule than the exception. Being able to predict economic variation in projects is important for contractors and other project-oriented firms since it affects the total turnover for the firm. The aim of this research is to capture the variation in economic profit in a project, estimate the effect this variation has on the aggregated firm level, and discuss the implications for flow efficient operational strategies to adhere. Economic reports were collected from 1000 projects, throughout 2 years at a large Swedish contractor. The data contains quarterly economic prognoses and results per project. From the data, the variation in profit was deducted. The variation was used in a statistical model of the firm, reflecting five levels of financially liable units. The results show that variations in the economic results on the project level are evened out on the firm level. Thus, the reduction of variation sought in Lean implementation does not emerge as positive in accounting. Measuring economic results on the project level drives a focus on resources in the value chain. This is a hindrance for implementation of a flow efficient operational strategy as Lean. Therefore, key performance indicators capturing flow efficient strategies for control on project and firm levels need to be developed. }, author_keywords={Flow efficiency, operations strategy, project coverage, variation control. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Spitler2014, author={Spitler, Laurie E. }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={The Effect of Inter-Team Dynamics on the Constructability of the BIM Model }, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={957-968}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1069}, affiliation={Project Engineer, Turner Construction Company. 1111 Broadway Suite 2100, Oakland, CA 94607, USA, Phone +1 (415) 933-7054, lspitler@tcco.com }, abstract={An abundance of research focuses on the collective performance and motivations of the TEAM in BIM coordination and execution. The team, however, consists of trade partners with different motivations and sophistication. Trade partners whose product is directly fabricated from 3D models, such as mechanical and steel contractors, are highly sophisticated in BIM. Their models tend to be accurate and vetted for constructability as their profitability depends on quick onsite assembly of prefabricated items. Trade partners whose work installation is not directly fabricated from 3D models tend to have less accurate models that are not vetted for constructability. Non-constructible elements included in BIM are waste as they do not bring value to the intermediate or end user. More perniciously, these models are a presentation of inaccurate information in a highly detailed form, leading to the perception of accuracy and the incorrect detailing of adjacent assemblies. This paper uses case studies of BIM implementation in the San Francisco Bay Area to analyze model accuracy and implementation by trade and identify best practices in team alignment. This analysis is used to propose a framework for enforcing model constructability based on the basic tenets the Last Planner System™. Beyond project controls, this paper investigates natural alignment of trade interest in constructible models. Specifically, if a trade partner’s profitability is increased through the use of model-based layout or increased off-site fabrication, the model will consequently be more accurate, benefiting the larger team. Therefore, this paper also discusses the advantages of intrinsic motivation to reduce variability of trade models between coordination and the field, and proposes methods to achieve this future state. }, author_keywords={BIM, Constructability, Last Planner™, Buildability }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Daniel2014, author={Daniel, Emmanuel Itodo and Pasquire, Christine and Ameh, Oko John }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={The Magic of the Last Planner® System for Nigerian Construction}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={605-616}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1070}, affiliation={PhD Research Student, Centre for Lean Projects, School of Architecture, Design and Built; Environment, Nottingham Trent University, UK emmanuel.daniel2013@my.ntu.ac.uk ; Professor, School of Architecture, Design and Built Environment, and Centre for Lean Projects, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4BU, United Kingdom, Phone +44 11584 882859, christine.pasquire@ntu.ac.uk ; Senior Lecturer, Department of Building, University of Lagos, Nigeria oameh@unilag.edu.ng }, abstract={Extremely poor economic performance of the Nigerian construction industry suggests that non-value adding activities are prevalent, which result not only in the reduction of contractors’ profit margin but economic loss for the country in general. This study analyses non-value adding activities in Nigerian construction sites. The research seeks to establish potential antidotes within the Last Planner® System (LPS) and reveal the elements of the LPS which could be abstracted into Nigerian construction to improve performance. It was found that these elements form the theoretical basis for developing a lean approach that was labelled Last Planner® thinking. The research design comprises mixed quantitative cross-sectional survey and qualitative-exploratory approaches. Registered contractors and construction professionals in academia who are based in Lagos metropolis, Nigeria, form the population for the study. The instrument for data collection was survey questionnaire and semi-structured open ended interview. Forty questionnaire and three interview responses were analysed using descriptive statistics. The study reveal various incidences and contributory factors to non-adding value activities, with long approval process been the most prevalent and the identified solution embedded in Last Planner practices. It also identified current practices that indicate Last Planner System practices. The study concludes that Last Planner thinking has the potential for minimising non-value adding activities and proposed that Last Planner thinking should be developed as a precursor framework to ensure that participants are already thinking in a way that aids the implementation of the Last Planner System. The study provides evidence that the developed framework built more confidence in the organisation for continuous improvement. }, author_keywords={Last Planner System, Last Planner thinking, non-value adding activities, construction sites, Nigeria. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Stifi2014, author={Stifi, Ahmed and Gehbauer, Fritz and Gentes, Sascha }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={The Picture of Integrity From Lean Management’s Point of View and the Relationship Between Integrity Management System and Last Planner System }, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={907-918}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1071}, affiliation={Research Fellow, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Am Fasanengarten Geb. 50.31, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, Phone +49-721 608-42665, ahmed.stifi@kit.edu ; Professor, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Am Fasanengarten Geb. 50.31, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, Phone +49-721 608-42168, fritz.gehbauer@kit.edu ; Professor, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Am Fasanengarten Geb. 50.31, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, Phone +49-721 608-46546, sascha.gentes@kit.edu }, abstract={There is no doubt that all engaged researchers and stakeholders in the field of lean construction agree that transparency is the key factor for the implementation of lean approaches and for the delivery of successful projects. This transparency is required not only at project level but also at an organizational level. This paper bases its two research questions on the term “transparency” that could serve the research approach of lean construction in terms of continual improvement and long-term value added achievement. The first research question is: Can corruption in the construction industry be regarded and treated as an additional type of waste which should also be eliminated and prevented? The paper introduces a new framework for corruption in construction; from its narrow definition i.e. bribery and facilitation payments, to the wide definition that includes fraud, collusion, abuse of power, mistrust and concealment of relevant information. Lean construction requires integrity and corruption poses a “lack of integrity”. Furthermore, the relationship between the integrity management system and the last planner system formulates the second research question. It is assumed that there is a mutually beneficial relationship between those two systems which we are currently being investigated within the scope of an ongoing research project. }, author_keywords={Corruption, integrity management system, lean management, last planner system }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rouhana2014, author={Rouhana, Carel M. and Aoun, Michel S and Faek, Farah S and Eljazzar, Mahmoud S. and Hamzeh, Farook R. }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={The Reduction of Construction Duration by Implementing Contour Crafting (3D Printing)}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1031-1042}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1072}, affiliation={Master Candidate, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut Riad El-Solh 1107 2020, Lebanon,cmr04@aub.edu.lb ; Masters Candidate, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut Riad El-Solh 1107 2020, Lebanon, msa107@aub.edu.lb ; Masters Candidate, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut Riad El-Solh 1107 2020, Lebanon, fsf05@aub.edu.lb ; Masters Candidate, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut Riad El-Solh 1107 2020, Lebanon, mse24@aub.edu.lb ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 406E Bechtel, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh-Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon, fh35@aub.edu.lb }, abstract={Construction methods are evolving daily due to the increasing challenges and complexity in projects which require fast, safe, and efficient methods to deliver their scope. Contour crafting (CC) is a 3D printing method developed for constructing big elements, it is based on printing the building layer by layer using special material ejection. This method promises an automated construction process that is safe, fast and reliable. 3D printing helps us make one step further towards lean principles by minimizing waste in construction duration and increasing Poka-Yoke (error-proofing) through activity automation. Furthermore, it guarantees an evolution in building textures that increases the quality of life for its residents without having a negative impact on public safety and welfare. In this paper we study the effectiveness of this technique in reducing construction duration using computer simulation and comparing the building of a house using the conventional construction method with the Contour Crafting method. Results give an overview of the potential of improvement in the construction field; and how waste can be reduced by the industrialization of the construction process which facilitates the implementation of lean philosophy. Findings suggest that contour crafting can reduce project duration by automating the construction process. }, author_keywords={3D-Priniting, Contour Crafting, Waste in Construction, Production System Design, Industrialization, Lean construction. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Marinho2014, author={Marinho, Juliana Pinheiro and Veras, Mônica and Neto, José de Paula Barros }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={The Relationship Between Product Architecture and Mass Customization in Housing Sector}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1007-1018}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1073}, affiliation={ Master Student, Postgraduate Program in Civil Engineering: Structures and Construction. Structural Engineering and Civil Construction Department of Ceara Federal University. Campus do Pici, Bl. 710, 2nd floor. CEP: 60445-760 – Fortaleza, CE - Brasil, Phone + 55 85 3366-9600, arquitetura.marinho@gmail.com ; Master Student, Postgraduate Program in Civil Engineering: Structures and Construction. Structural Engineering and Civil Construction Department of Ceara Federal University. Campus do Pici, Bl. 710, 2nd floor. CEP: 60445-760 – Fortaleza, CE - Brasil, Phone + 55 85 3366-9600, arqmonicaveras@gmail.com ; D.Sc, Postgraduate Program in Civil Engineering: Structures and Construction. Structural Engineering and Civil Construction Department of Ceara Federal University. Campus do Pici - Bl 710 – 2nd floor. CEP: 60445-760 – Fortaleza, CE - Brasil, +55(85) 3366-9600, jpbarros@ufc.br }, abstract={In the housing sector, the search for improved productivity, agility in delivery and customer satisfaction happens due to increased competition among construction companies. This competition requires the development of new strategies such as mass customization to attend these requirements. Mass customization aims to meet a large number of consumers with an individualized approach while maintaining an efficiency similar to mass production. Modular architecture is an important support of mass customization as product variants are produced from a limited set of components (modules) which allows for production efficiency. This paper seeks to analyze through a literature review and a case study, the relationship between product architecture and mass customization in housing sector. Initially, literature sources related to the topic, consisting mainly of books and scientific articles were selected. Next, the concepts of product architecture and mass customization and their contribution to the provision of housing developments are discussed. Finally, we developed a case study in a construction company located in Fortaleza/CE, implementing the strategy of mass customization in their endeavors. Whit this, are presented the main obstacles that the architecture product may cause the application of the mass customization strategy. }, author_keywords={Mass customization, product architecture and product development. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Viana2014, author={Viana, Daniela and Formoso, Carlos and Wesz, Josana and Tzortzopoulos, Patrícia }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={The Role of Visual Management in Collaborative Integrated Planning and Control for Engineer-to-Order Building Systems}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={775-786}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1074}, affiliation={Ph.D Candidate, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Phone +55 51 33083518, danidietz@gmail.com ; Ph.D., Associate Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Phone +55 51 33083518, formoso@ufrgs.br ; M.Sc. Candidate, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Phone +55 51 33083518, jowesz@yahoo.com.br ; Professor, School of Art, Design and Architecture, Department of Architecture and 3D Design, University of Huddersfield, Queen Street Studios, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK Fax: (+44) 01484 472440, P.Tzortzopoulos@hud.ac.uk }, abstract={Visual Management is a key approach in the implementation of Lean Production. It emphasizes the importance of developing easy-to-understand visual devices for sharing knowledge within an organization. Such visual devices can play an important role in mitigating the complexity of engineer-to-order production systems. A major difficulty in managing engineer-to-order prefabricated building systems is the need to integrate planning and control of different processes, such as design, fabrication and assembly on site, in a multiple project environment. This paper reports preliminary findings on the implementation of visual devices for collaborative and integrated planning and control in a Steel Fabricator, which designs, fabricates and assembles steel structures. The aim of this paper is to understand how visual management tools can contribute to improve the effectiveness of planning and control in this environment. A set of visual devices have been used in the planning and control system in this company, including a panel that makes available information about 200 simultaneous contracts in an easy-to-understand way. The implementation of those tools has enhanced the participation of different people in the planning process from operational levels or from the different production units. }, author_keywords={Visual Management, Collaborative planning, Engineer-to-order }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Knapp2014, author={Knapp, Steve and Long, David and Howell, Gregory }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={The Role of the Owner’s Representative on IPD Projects}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1369-1377}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1075}, affiliation={Steve Knapp, Associate Principal, Lean Projects Consulting, Louisville, CO, ph. +1- 303-717- 0952 sknapp@leanproject.com. ; David Long, Senior Consultant, Lean Projects Consulting, Louisville, CO, ph. +1-510-239-9821, dlong@leanproject.com ; Gregory Howell, Research Associate, Project Production System Laboratory, Ph+1-208-726-9989, Gah2343@mac.com }, abstract={The role of the Owner’s Representative on an Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) project is described and contrasted with those of an Owner’s Project Manager on a traditionally executed project. Key functions, roles and responsibilities, decision- making and behaviors are identified. These include the Owner’s Representative role on the Core Team, the focus on value to the owner, and the way objectives in tension are managed and resolved by the team with support from the Owner’s Representative }, author_keywords={IGLC22, Integrated Project Delivery, Owner’s Representative, leadership }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bølviken2014, author={Bølviken, Trond and Rooke, John and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={The Wastes of Production in Construction – a TFV Based Taxonomy }, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={811-822}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1076}, affiliation={Director of Strategy, HR and HSE, Veidekke Entreprenør AS, P.O. Box 506 Skøyen, N-0214 Oslo, trond.bolviken@veidekke.no ; Research Fellow, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Crescent, Salford, jalfro@eml.cc. ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Crescent, Salford, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk. }, abstract={A paper by the authors presented at IGLC 21 in 2013 concluded that the classical list of seven wastes presented by Ohno is context specific (related to mass production) and that there is a need for the creation of a list specific for construction. The present paper presents a draft of such a list. The draft list is constructed in compliance with the Transformation – Flow – Value theory of production. Three main categories of waste are established: Material waste, time loss and value loss. The first is related to the transformation perspective, the second to the flow perspective and the third to the value perspective. Making do, buffering and task diminishment are not included as such in the proposed taxonomy. The paper therefore discusses how these phenomena relate to the categories of waste in the proposed taxonomy. A taxonomy of waste must be based on an explicit definition of the term waste. The two terms value and waste are tightly interconnected. Although value and waste are among the most central and used terms in the “lean” literature, no commonly accepted definitions of the two terms exist. The following definitions are proposed: • Value is a wanted output • Waste is the use of more than needed, or an unwanted output Value is related to wanted things (coming out of production), whereas waste can be related both to activities (inside production) and to unwanted things (coming out of production). }, author_keywords={Waste, value, value loss, making do, task diminishment, buffering. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kalsaas2014, author={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Finsådal, Stian and Hasle, Kristian }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={To Achieve Predictability in Engineering}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={451-462}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1077}, affiliation={Professor, Dr Ing, School of Business and Law, Department of working life and innovation, University of Agder, 4846 Grimstad, Norway, Mobile +47 97082582, e-mail: bo.t.kalsaas@uia.no ; M.Sc. graduate, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, University of Agder, 4846 Grimstad, Norway, Mobile +47 95280421, e-mail: stian1985ahoo.no ; M.Sc. graduate, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, University of Agder, 4846 Grimstad, Norway, Mobile +47 45898104, e-mail: kristian@haslemail.com }, abstract={The research question of this paper addresses how to achieve increased predictability in engineering. The research approach is constructive research. It is drawn on theoretical principles and ideas from Last Planner System and from production control in software engineering. Experience indicates that LPS is not adequate to achieve the desired predictability in engineering, but the underlying principles of involvement, continuous learning etc. are applied. The paper provides a solution based on a case study. The business of the case company is engineering, manufacturing and construction of mechanical installations for offshore oil and gas extraction and operations. The constructed solution is based on: • Delivery of drawings is part of the plan for manufacturing and construction. • How the delivery of drawings is met by the engineering department is controlled and planned in a separate process. • Dividing engineering work into phases. • Division of larger engineering objects into sub objects, meaning control areas. • The engineering control process focuses on control areas in the various phases. • A backlog of activities is created, from which tasks are prioritised into so- called sprints lasting for 1-4 weeks. A sprint may be the completion of a control area with a specific maturity in a phase. • The predictability in the sprint cycles is measured using PPC and causes of deviation. }, author_keywords={Engineering, control, predictability, LPS, Scrum }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kalsaas2014, author={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Gundersen, Mariann and Berge, Truls Olav }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={To Measure Workflow and Waste. A Concept for Continuous Improvement }, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={835-846}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1078}, affiliation={Professor, Dr.Ing., Department of working life and innovation, University of Agder, 4879 Grimstad, Norway, Phone +47 97082582, e-mail: bo.t.kalsaas@uia.no ; MSc student, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Agder, 4879 Grimstad, Norway, Phone +47 91722935, e-mail: marg07@student.uia.no ; MSc student, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Agder, 4879 Grimstad, Norway, Phone +47 40492000, e-mail: trulsb12@student.uia.no }, abstract={Measuring workflow applied in a strategy for continuous improvement can be an imperative method for making production of buildings leaner. This paper sums up a research project, which has spanned 3-4 years, aiming to find a method to measure workflow with a continuous improvement approach. Two main methods are documented, one based on data gathering by observation and one by individual reports by the workmen. Workflow in site production is conceptualized as “all types of work conducted within available working hours – except obstructions such as downtime, rework and other forms of waste subtracted”. To complement the findings from the research project, the paper further addresses the method to measure workflow as handover of work between trades, which lays the foundation for the Last Planner System (LPS). The research project delivers extensive empirical material as to how time is used on construction sites. The empirical results show a notable amount of waste in several construction projects. The paper contributes to the understanding of workflow and waste in the production of buildings, and for practical purposes, methods for measuring workflow and observable waste are documented, in order that they can be applied in continuous improvement work at construction sites. }, author_keywords={Workflow, measurement, continuous improvement, waste, construction }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Parrish2014, author={Parrish, Kristen }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Towards a Language-Action Paradigm - Experiences of a Trade Contractor}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1169-1179}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1079}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Del E. Webb School of Construction, Arizona State University, Kristen.Parrish@asu.edu; +1-480-727-6363 }, abstract={Construction projects have long been regarded as inefficient, waste ridden work that have been approached by contractors from a command-and-control tradition handed down from the dawn of modern manufacturing systems. The framework for which we have traditionally approached construction projects orients us to the work in a mechanistic, authoritative philosophy, which neglects how human beings really work. The language-action paradigm, alternatively, takes the human phenomenon into account, by orienting to action as something human beings both do and understand in language. Central to this paradigm are speech acts such as a requesting and promising that can be considered fundamental coordination of action, which when done reliably, produce more effective execution of construction projects. In a language-action paradigm, a construction project can therefore be considered as an array of assertions, assessments, requests, promises and declarations and the satisfactory completion of that project is then the fulfillment of promises corresponding to the project's array of requests. This paper explores the feasibility of implementing a language-action paradigm within a residential subcontracting company in the United States. The author begins with a discussion of the language-action paradigm, exploring its successful applications. The paper then discusses the motivation for implementing a language-action paradigm at the trade contractor level and highlights the successes and challenges associated with this implementation. Finally, the paper discusses lessons learned from this trade contractor’s experience and makes suggestions for future language-action paradigm implementations across parties in the architecture- engineering-construction industry. }, author_keywords={Language-action, reliable promise, commitment, lean construction }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Shang2014, author={Shang, Gao }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Toyota Way Lean Leadership: Some Preliminary Findings From the Chinese Construction Industry}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1145-1156}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1080}, affiliation={Lecturer, School of Architecture and the Built Environment, The University of Newcastle, Australia (Singapore Campus), UoN Singapore Pte Ltd, 355 Jalan Bukit Ho Swee, BLK B, 4th Floor, Room 407, Singapore (169567). Phone +65 8200 8140, Email: shang.gao@newcastle.edu.au }, abstract={Lean, which has its roots in the Toyota Production System (TPS), became a “buzz” word since early 1990s. To capture its true meaning, substantial attempts are made. Of these, Liker’s work on the Toyota Way is viewed as the most comprehensive and propounding. One of the principles associates with the Toyota Way is the Toyota Way style leadership, which has a big role to play in the lean transformation. This paper reviews the works of lean leadership, with a focus on the “Toyota Way style”. A list of attributes that pertain to Toyota Way lean leadership was developed, aimed at measuring the Maturity of Lean Leadership. This paper then made a qualitative inquiry with respect to the leadership characteristics of Chinese building professionals. As part of a larger research project, this study then made a comparison to the Toyota Way lean leadership. It was found that some of the Chinese leadership characteristics parallel the Toyota Way lean leadership attributes, but a few are presently not in place. Strategies are proposed for better implementation of the Toyota Way lean leadership in order for construction firms to have better opportunities to embark on the Lean journey. }, author_keywords={Toyota Way, Lean leadership, China, Construction industry, Building professionals. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Smith2014, author={Smith, James P. and Rybkowski, Zofia K. and Bergman, Mindy and Shepley, Mardelle }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Trust-Builder: A First-Run Study on Active Trust-Building}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={305-316}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1081}, affiliation={Primary Contact: Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Science and Management, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, jps7@clemson.edu ; Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, U.S.A ; Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, U.S.A ; Professor, Department of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, U.S.A. }, abstract={Despite being a common theme in company mission statements and core values, the role of trust receives little to no active consideration on the construction jobsite. This research attempts to lay the foundation for additional research into trust-building in construction by determining whether or not trust can be actively and deliberately managed by a conscientious and regular analysis of current and upcoming relationships. Three key findings from the literature provide the groundwork for this research: (1) high levels of trust between project participants increase productivity and enhance team performance; (2) trust is built or broken as a cumulative result of our actions and behaviors; and (3) trust levels can be accurately measured. Using student groups as a sample, we tested to see if specific trust-building interventions could be effectively introduced into group interactions. Results show some support for the theory that individuals who deliberately initiated trust-building interventions perceived a higher overall change in trust level towards their peers than other participants. }, author_keywords={Trust, sustainable relationships, collaboration }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kemmer2014, author={Kemmer, Sergio and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Understanding Production Management of Refurbishment Projects of a Housing Association – an Exploratory Case Study}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={651-662}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1082}, affiliation={ PhD Candidate, School of the Built Environment, 7th Floor, Maxwell Building, Phone +44 1612956898, The University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, United Kingdom, S.Kemmer@edu.salford.ac.uk; sergiokemmer@gmail.com ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, 5th Floor, Maxwell Building, Phone +44 1612956378, The University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, United Kingdom, L.J.Koskela@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={This paper aims at better understanding on how the production phase of housing refurbishment projects is managed in the context of a housing association in the UK. This refers to the way that refurbishments are carried out, the typical problems faced at the construction stage, the influential factors affecting planning and control effectiveness, and the identification of the current managerial practices adopted by construction companies for managing production. Information was collected through semi-structured interviews, non-participant observations of project management meetings and works on site, and documental analysis. The information gathered was validated through a workshop involving project participants. The paper concludes presenting the good managerial practices identified and the opportunities for improvement. }, author_keywords={Refurbishment, production, management, lean construction. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{González2014, author={González, Vicente and Shahbazpour, Mehdi and Toledo, Mauricio and Graell, Juan }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Understanding the Supply Relationships of Geothermal Power Generation Projects in New Zealand}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1045-1056}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1083}, affiliation={PhD, Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, New Zealand. E-Mail: v.gonzalez@auckland.ac.nz ; PhD, Lecturer, Department of Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Auckland, New Zealand. E-Mail: m.shahbazpour@auckland.ac.nz ; PhD©, Head of Construction Engineering Department, Universidad Andres Bello, Chile. E-Mail: mauricio.toledo@unab.cl ; MEngSt, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, New Zealand. E-Mail: jgra791@aucklanduni.ac.nz }, abstract={The increasing demand for renewable and clean energy has focused international attention on geothermal power generation. New Zealand, with a long and successful experience developing geothermal projects, is now enjoying an exciting resurgence of its industry. Geothermal development is a very complex process requiring a broad range of skills, specialized services and parties such as technical consultants, drilling companies, equipment suppliers and EPC contractors. Therefore, management of the supply relationships plays a strategic role in the delivery of geothermal projects. In contrast, supply relationships have been traditionally adversarial in construction causing detrimental effects on project performance. The current thinking suggests that the best practice in construction relationship management should always seek to develop highly collaborative relationships based on high levels of trust and transparency against opportunistic and adversarial approaches. This paper aims to shed some light on the factors influencing the procurement and relational strategies in the geothermal power generation projects. To achieve this, the researchers examined the relationship between key firms involved in the recent development of two successful geothermal projects in New Zealand. Through public reports and semi- structured interviews to key professionals involved in these projects, the underlying reasons for selection of certain supply relationship strategies were identified, and their impact on performance at project and organizational levels were analyzed. The three critical factors for a collaborative environment that lead to the successful delivery of the projects (i.e., ahead of time and under budget) were: procurement strategy, contracts, and teamwork and cooperation. }, author_keywords={Geothermal Projects, Relationship Management, supply chain. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hackett2014, author={Hackett, Vince and Pasquire, Christine and Stratton, Roy and Knight, Andrew }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Use of a Pilot Study to Assess the Development of Virtual First Run Studies (VFRS)}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1331-1341}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1084}, affiliation={PhD Researcher School of Architecture, Design and Built Environment, and Centre for Lean Projects, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4BU, United Kingdom, vince.hackett@ntu.ac.uk ; Professor, School of Architecture, Design and Built Environment, Centre for Lean Projects Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4BU, United Kingdom, Phone +44 115 848 2859, christine.pasquire@ntu.ac.uk ; Reader College of Business Law & Social Sciences, Nottingham Business School of Management Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4BU, United Kingdom, Phone +44 115 848 8689, roy.stratton@ntu.ac.uk ; Head of construction Professor, School of Architecture, Design and Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4BU, United Kingdom, andrew.knight@ntu.ac.uk }, abstract={This paper reports some early findings on the implementation of Virtual First Run Studies (VFRS) as part of a number of lean tools in the refurbishment of existing Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) plant in the North West region of Australia. The VFRS are being used to develop prototypes that will be tested in the FRS phase of the VFRS/FRS cycle. It is proposed that continuous development of better practice and improved certainty of outcomes can be achieved by the implementation of Virtual First Run Studies (VFRS) and First Run Studies (FRS) as lean interventions in construction projects. This proposal is being tested through experimental design research, undertaken within LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) refurbishment projects in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. These are projects being undertaken in a remote area under challenging climatic conditions which include high temperatures and cyclones adding to the exposure of the work to uncertainty. Both techniques (VFRS /VRS) are being used in tandem providing an opportunity to develop site specific standardized work packages which can be continuously improved with an emphasis on using the knowledge and experience of the workforce to continuously develop and test standard work packages. The size and number of projects within the case study are sufficient to allow an experimental design research approach to measure changes resulting from the interventions against a control group. This in itself provides a novel research approach for the construction domain. The research will track an intervention cycle over a 12 month period and this paper will report the initial findings. }, author_keywords={Prototyping, Virtual First Run Studies (VFRS), First Run Studies (FRS), Lean Implementations, Tacit and Explicit knowledge, }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Toledo2014, author={Toledo, Mauricio and González, Vicente A. and Villegas, Alan and Mourgues, Claudio }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Using 4D Models for Tracking Project Progress and Visualizing the Owner´s Constraints in Fast-Track Retail Renovation Projects }, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={969-980}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1085}, affiliation={PhD(C), Head of Construction Engineering Department, Universidad Andres Bello, Chile. E-Mail: mauricio.toledo@unab.cl ; PhD, Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, New Zealand. E-Mail: v.gonzalez@auckland.ac.nz ; Student, Civil Engineering Department, Universidad de Chile, Chile. E-mail: avillega@ing.uchile.cl ; Assistant Professor, Construction Engineering and Management Department, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Chile. E-mail: cmourgue@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={One of the challenges of managing fast-track projects is the high level of uncertainty in both project definition and scheduling. Thus, communicating this project information among stakeholders becomes crucial for its success. One of the key stakeholders is the owner, who needs this information to guide its decision making process. When the owner has incomplete progress information, and the schedule constraints are poorly detected, communicated and managed, project delays are highly likely. In this research, 4D models and some concepts from the Last Planner System (LPS™) such as lookahead planning and constraints analysis were used in order to propose a “BIM-Lean” planning approach. Thus, the identification and communication of project constraints is enabled within the project team, so they can be adequately managed. This research aimed at improving the stakeholders understanding of the project progress and planning reliability. The renovation of a shopping center, which remained operating during construction, was used as a case study. This case study allowed the project planning and progress control procedures to be assessed and the proposed planning approach to be tested. The final version of it was validated in a Charrette test conducted with both project professionals and civil engineering students. This Charrette measured the participants’ understanding of the project progress and constraints management information with and without the proposed planning approach. The results showed that the planning approach improved the understanding on project progress and owner’s constraints management, which was particularly valued by site professionals and owner representatives. }, author_keywords={4D, BIM, Last Planner, Project Progress, Constraints, Owner. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alarcón2014, author={Alarcón, Luis F. and Salvatierra, José L. and Letelier, José A. }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Using Last Planner Indicators to Identify Early Signs of Project Performance}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={547-558}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1086}, affiliation={Director and Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Edificio San Agustín 3er Piso, Macul, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 2354 4244, lalrcon@ing.puc.cl ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Ecuador 3659, Estación Central, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 27182818, jose.salvatierra@usach.cl ; Undergraduate Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Universidad de Chile, Beauchef 850, l, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 29784000 }, abstract={Reducing uncertainty is a very important issue in construction projects and recently some methods have been developed to deal with it. Particularly, the Last Planner System (LPS) which has been designed to improve planning reliability and project performance; however, its use does not guarantee a total success of projects. Thus, there is still an opportunity to develop new tools that can help to further reduce uncertainty and reliably predict project performance for the decision making process. This paper reports the results of a data analysis from more than thirty six Chilean projects that used LPS, where weekly information was available, in an attempt to identify indicators and patterns that could best anticipate project performance. Indicators included in this research were strategically chosen to analyze patterns regarding reliability of planning in the LPS and performance index from conventional planning methods. The indicators include: PPC (Planned Percent Complete), SPI (Schedule Performance Index), PCR (Percent Constraint Removed), and curves of actual & scheduled progress. Data and indicators were extracted from IMPERA (a software tool used based on the Last Planner methodology). The projects were classified as “Successful” or “Unsuccessful” according to their schedule performance in order to perform statistical analyses. Specifically, this research considers that projects are deemed successful when planning, organization, direction and control are developed in such a way that allows for the compliance of initially established objectives for Costs and Schedule. The results indicate that there is a close relationship between the variability of PPC, SPI and success of the projects. Additionally, different indicators trends were identified for “Successful” and “Unsuccessful” projects in different stages of projects progress. Consequently, comprehension of the relationship between the indicators and project performance could make it possible to predict whether or not a project will be “Successful” at different stages of its life cycle. }, author_keywords={Last Planner System, Planning, Project Performance }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Brito2014, author={Brito, Juliana Nunes de Sá and Formoso, Carlos Torres }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Using the Means-End Approach to Understand Perceived Value by Users of Social Housing Projects}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={331-341}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1087}, affiliation={PhD Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, julianabrito.arq@gmail.com ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, formoso@ufrgs.br }, abstract={The production of social housing projects in Brazil has been criticized for systematically failing to meet the requirements of final users. This criticism comes mainly from post-occupancy evaluation studies carried out by academics. However, most of those studies have focused on the evaluation of housing product attributes, without considering the overall benefits resulting from the project. Due to the complexity of housing products, it is necessary to devise evaluation methods that enable a systematic analysis of the consequences for users. The purpose of this study is to propose a conceptual model that adapts value hierarchy concepts into the social housing context, based on the means-end chain theory. The secondary aim of this study is to propose guidelines for modelling value generation for final users of social housing projects, with the aim of supporting decision making during the product development process. This study was divided into four stages: (a) understanding existing social housing programmes in Brazil; (b) development of the conceptual model for value generation in the social housing context, based on value dimensions proposed in the literature; (c) development of a method for representing value generation in social housing projects; (e) assessment of the proposed solution through the evaluation of a housing project. }, author_keywords={Value, housing, product development, means-end theory. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ramírez2014, author={Ramírez, Laura and Ozuna, Ana Paola and Vargas, Hernando and González, Raúl }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Tvalue Generation in the Colombian AEC Sector by Adopting a PM Standard: A Case Study}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={365-375}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1088}, affiliation={Postgraduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universidad de Los Andes, Carrera 1 Este No. 19A-40, Phone (57-1) 3394949, Edificio Mario Laserna, Piso 6, Bogotá, Colombia, l.ramirez69@uniandes.edu.co ; Senior Consultant, Oroz Consultores, Av. Carrera 15 # 119 – 43, Of. 208, Phone (57-1) 2156205, Bogotá, Colombia, aozuna@oroz.com.co ; Titular Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universidad de Los Andes, Carrera 1 Este No. 19A-40, Phone (57-1) 3394949, Edificio Mario Laserna, Piso 6, Bogotá, Colombia, hvargas@uniandes.edu.co ; Project Manager, Terranum Corporate Properties, Av. Calle 26 No. 92-32, edificio B-P6, Phone (57-1) 742 6060 Ext.44455, Bogotá, Colombia, raulgonz1@hotmail.com }, abstract={The International Group of Lean Construction (IGLC) has been studying the concept of value for several years, in order to eliminate the obstacles for its creation, as value maximization is a core idea for Lean Construction (LC). Some Project Management Standards (PMS) address value generation processes according to the LC definition of value, which comprises a group of different conceptualizations. This study seeks to understand how value may be generated in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) sector by means of exploring a PM model, based on a PMS, created in a real estate developer in Colombia; the model is called AXIS. Value generation in this case study is assessed through the qualitative review of the impact of implementing AXIS on projects. Results show that PMS and the adoption of a model based on a standard coincide with LC ideals in their considerations of value. The comparative analysis of value generation processes according to LC, PMS and AXIS leads to establish a starting practical approach for real estate developers interested in embracing value within their practices and improving project performance. Further investigations may include a wider sample of companies for better understanding the value generation process through model implementation. }, author_keywords={Value, project management standard, real estate developers, managerial model. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Neto2014, author={Neto, Hugo Morêda and Leite, Regina M. and Costa, Dayana B. and Durão, Frederico }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Visual Communication Panels for Production Control Using Gamification Techniques }, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={689-702}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1089}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, Engineering School, Department of Structural and Construction Engineering, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, hugo.planejamento@espacor2.com.br ; Civil Engineer, Master’s Student in Computer Science, Federal University of Bahia, reginamaria.leite@hotmail.com ; Assistant Professor, Engineering School, Department of Structural and Construction Engineering, Master of Environmental and Urban Engineering, Federal University of Bahia,dayanabcosta@ufba.br ; Assistant Professor, Institute of Mathematics, Master of Computing Science, Federal University of Bahia, freddurao@gmail.com }, abstract={In recent years, the construction industry has shown significant interest in the adoption of new process improvement principles and practices that use visual management while also being integrated in the Production Planning and Control at construction sites. This need has led managers to seek new approaches in order to improve the involvement of their employees in compliance with the weekly plan. This study aims to present a gamifiedweb system for the dissemination of the work packages of the weekly plan and also exhibit the performance evaluation of the operational teams. Thus, it is expected to generate improvement in the transparency between the managerial and operational levels and to increase the engagement of the operational teams. Therefore, this web system proposes the use of visual management principles and gamification techniques. The main research strategy used in this work was Design Science Research, a constructive methodology, in order to develop, implement and validate the gamifiedweb system. An empirical study in Project A was carried out, involving a survey of the project situation in terms of transparency and engagement of operational teams, requirements gathering for the design of the web system and its development. As a result, this innovation should act to generate the membership of workers’ planning, drawing their attention to the weekly schedule as well as inducing the creation of a scenario with a healthy "competition" that can improve productivity and engagement in the process as a whole. }, author_keywords={Gamification, Visual Management, Last Planner, Engagement and Transparency }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tang2014, author={Tang, Pingbo and Grau, David and Ganapath, Ram and Diosdad, Jose and Abbaszadegan, Amin }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Workflow Stabilization With Fine-Grained Work Packaging and Near Real-Time Progress Monitoring }, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={739-750}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1090}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, 651 E. University Drive, Tempe, AZ 85287- 0204, USA, Phone +1 (480) 727-8105, email: tangpingbo@asu.edu ; Assistant Professor, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, 651 E. University Drive, Tempe, AZ 85287- 0204, USA, Phone +1 (480) 727-0665; email: david.grau@asu.edu ; DPR Construction, 222 N. 44th Street, Phoenix, AZ 85034; Phone +1 (602) 333-1865; email: ramg@dpr.com ; DPR Construction, 222 N. 44th Street, Phoenix, AZ 85034; Phone +1 (602) 808-0500; FAX (602) 808-8843; email: josed@dpr.com ; PhD student, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, 651 E. University Drive, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA, phone (480) 570-2172; FAX (480) 965-1769; email: amin.abbaszadegan@asu.edu }, abstract={Detailed understanding on the efficiency of construction workflow is critical to improve execution performance. Building on previous efforts, the hypothesis of the study is that minimizing the size of work packages and also increasing the frequency of progress monitoring stabilizes workflow variability, so that deviations from the baseline can be timely and proactively corrected. While a significant amount of efforts have been successfully reported on location-based scheduling and fine-grained work packaging, the study also proposes to incorporate a near real-time monitoring approach to proactively assess progress and identify corrective actions as deviations occur. While fine-grained work packages can facilitate a more instantaneous control on the executed work, such rapid control can result in a proactive response to progress issues on the site. An intervention test on the drywall construction for a new hospital facility revealed the effectiveness of this fine-grained planning and monitoring approach. In phase I or control, a classical Critical Path Method (CPM) to plan for the execution of the drywall package was used. In phase II or intervention, work packages at the task level were defined, and further split the task-level work packages according to work zones locations. Such packaging enabled flexible resource allocation in response to unidentified constraints. Progress was monitored on a daily basis, so that deviations from planned work were proactively corrected. Based on four performance metrics, the results indicate that the fine-grained work plan and near real-time monitoring approach significantly improved the performance of phase II relative to phase I. }, author_keywords={Workflow stabilization, lean production, project controls, productivity, resource allocation. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, }