@CONFERENCE{Barshani2004, author={Barshani, Afshan and Abdelhamid, Tariq S. and Syal, Matt }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Manufactured Housing Construction Value Using the Analytical Hierarchy Process }, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/279}, affiliation={Production Manager, Neumann Homes Inc. Email: barshana@msu.edu ; Assistant Professor, 207 FarraH Hall, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: tabdelha@msu.edu ; Professor, 207 FarraH Hall, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: syalm@msu.edu }, abstract={Manufactured houses represent a large proportion of factory-built housing in the United States. There are as many variations in quality of materials used, construction techniques, and installation procedures, as there are manufacturers in this industry. This makes the decision of purchasing, given the variety of homes, difficult for the homebuyer. This study provides a framework for evaluation of manufactured houses based on a defined robust goal of construction (utility) value and utilizes the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to transform a qualitative process into a quantitative one. This AHP-based framework will aid manufacturers in determining construction value-adding features that should receive the highest priority such that value is delivered to prospective homeowners. The developed framework is inspired by current thinking in the Lean Construction literature and will especially inform the value generation focus area. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Abdelhamid2004, author={Abdelhamid, Tariq S. }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={The Self-Destruction and Renewal of Lean Construction Theory: A Prediction From Boyd's Theory}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/280}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, 207 FarraH Hall, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: tabdelha@msu.edu }, abstract={In 1992, Lauri Koskela used the ideal production system embodied in the Toyota Production System to develop a more overarching production management paradigm for project-based production systems where production is conceptualized in three complementary ways, namely, as a Transformation (T), as a Flow(F), and as Value generation(V). In 2002, Koskela and Howell have presented a new conceptualization of Project Management theory to address the shortcomings in existing planning, execution, and control paradigms as manifested in project-based production systems. This paper introduces and explores Boyd's theory of "Destruction and Creation", which is subsequently used to trace how the Lean Construction underlying theoretical foundation, as represented by the TFV theory of production and the new Project Management theory, was conceived. Boyd's theory also reveals that the more the two theories are used to explain, predict, and control observed reality, i.e., project-based production environments, the more they will fail to match-up with observed reality signaling the need for new theories. Hence, sooner or later the TFV and the new Project Management theories will self-destruct and the chaos created by the inability to match the theories' constructs with observations will result in yet another broader theory of project-based production systems. Evidence exists of this already taking place with the new representation of the construction industry as a complex and chaotic system. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction Theory, TVF Production Theory }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Maturana2004, author={Maturana, Sergio and Alarcon, Luis and Vrsalovic, Mladen }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Achieving Collaboration in the Construction Supply Chain: An Onsite Subcontractors' Evaluation Methodology}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/281}, affiliation={Professor, Industrial and Systems Engineering Department, Pontificia Universidad Cat6lica de Chile. Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile- Phone +56 2/686-4272, smaturan@ing.puc.cl. ; Professor, Dept. of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Cat6lica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, +56 2/686-4201, lalarcon(Q)ing.puc.cl. ; Research Engineer, Industrial and Systems Engineering Department, Pontificia Universidad Cat6lica de Chile. Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile- Phone +56 2/686-7054, mvrsalov@puc.cl . }, abstract={Subcontracting in the construction industry has greatly increased in recent years. On one hand, subcontracting as allowed shifting some of the risk from the main contractor to the subcontractor and allowed some firms to become experts in specialized topics. On the other hand, inadequate subcontracting management has frequently resulted in an adversarial relationship between main contractors and their subcontractors. Subcontracting has also meant, in many cases, uncoordinated onsite execution and disappointing quality and time table fulfillment. The development of new systems and tools to support subcontractor management is part of a collaborative research project carried out by the Production Management Center (GEPUC) from the Catholic University of Chile. This is a collaborative research project with participation of several construction companies and the Chilean Construction Chamber. The experience gained by testing prototype tools and systems in pilot projects has allowed the development of a methodology based on lean principles and partnering practices for evaluating subcontractors onsite. This methodology allows main contractors to implement an onsite subcontractor evaluation system. This system enables a fast responsive and proactive performance attitude by conducting periodic evaluations. The system can also support subcontractor selection based on their onsite performance. In the long term, this system can lead to the development of collaborative relationships with selected subcontractors based on their sustained performance in many projects. }, author_keywords={Construction supply chain, subcontractor management, lean construction. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alarcon2004, author={Alarcon, Luis F. and Betanzo, Cristian and Diethelm, Sven }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Reducing Schedule in Repetitive Construction Projects}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/282}, affiliation={Professor, Universidad Cat6lica de Chile, Escuela de fugenieria, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, Fax: 011-562-686-4806, e-mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Research Assistant, Universidad Cat6lica de Chile, Escuela de fugenieria, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, Fax: 011-562-686-4806, e-mail: cbetanzo@ing.puc.cl ; General Manager, GEPUC, Universidad Cat6lica de Chile, Escuela de fugenieria, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, Fax: 011-562-686-4806, e-mail: sdiethel@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={This paper proposes a methodology for continuous schedule reduction in construction projects. Based on concepts and principles of Lean Construction the methodology considers actions on three stages to produce improvements and changes: (1) pre-construction, (2) execution, and (3) post-execution. The methodology suggests the application of several tools in accordance with specific needs (detected and desired) on several potential areas of improvement. The methodology was applied to the construction of Gas Stations with the following results in the implementation: reduction of 35% in schedule with respect to original company projects of the same type and 18% reduction with respect to the best schedule ever achieved in previous projects. These results were obtained in a very adverse environment for implementation, therefore, the potential reduction for future projects considers a schedule reduced 43% with respect to the best schedule result obtained during the implementation. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Phase Scheduling, Work Structuring, Repetitive Construction }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alves2004, author={Alves, Thais da C.L. and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Simulation of Buffering and Batching Practices in the Interface Detailing-Fabrication-Installation of HVAC Ductwork}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/283}, affiliation={Ph.D. candidate, Engineering and Project Management Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, thaiscla@berkeley.edu ; Professor, Engineering and Project Management Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, 510/643-8678, FAX 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Modeling the supply chain for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HV A C) ductwork presents challenges at different stages because of the nature of the product involved. Metal coils and sheets can be quantified in terms of material, gauge, width, and weight. However, when they are transformed into ducts and fittings, quantification becomes more complex. First, some sheet metal companies measure their throughput in terms of mass of sheet metal per time and not in units of fittings and ducts per time, regardless of the level of complexity to fabricate these parts. Second, fittings and ducts have some of their characteristics specified but not all of them; there is a quite high degree of customization for both products. To improve understanding of this production process, this paper investigates the activities in the interface detailing-fabrication-installation of HV AC ductwork. The simulation software STROBOSCOPE is used to mimic different scenarios, including the behavior and outputs of these activities as well as the interaction among them. The data used to develop this model comes from an ongoing study of HV AC contractors. The model specifically deals with variations in batches and buffers sizes and their impact on system throughput, work in process, and lead times for a pull system. This paper presents more detail on inventory buffers; capacity, time and plan buffers are not elaborated on. Analysis of different scenarios provides insights as to how lean concepts can be used to trigger improvements in the interface investigated. }, author_keywords={Buffer, batch, sheet metal duct work, HV AC system, mechanical contractors, simulation }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alwi2004, author={Alwi, Sugiharto }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Training Field Personnel for Small to Medium Construction Companies: An Alternative Tool to Increase Productivity}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/284}, affiliation={Senior Lecturer, School of Civil Engineering, Tarumanagara University, Jakarta 11440, Indonesia, Phone +62 21/565-5801, FAX +62 211565-5805, sugihartoalwi@.hotmail.com }, abstract={Poor quality of construction personnel has a major influence on the overall performance and efficiency of construction projects. In general, contractors rely heavily on medium to high levels of construction personnel such as Site Engineers, Site Managers and Project Managers to successfully complete a construction project. The role of low levels of construction personnel, known as field personnel, is normally overlooked. This paper argues that well-trained field personnel have an important role in minimising the amount of waste activities during the construction process leading to reducing company's productivity. Hence, the paper attempts to explore the significant role of field personnel in completing construction projects productively. Based on a comprehensive data collection through a survey research and case studies targeted at small to medium construction companies in Indonesia, this paper states that a significant achievement in minimising the amount of waste and increasing company's productivity has been attained by contracting companies that have been conducting training for their field personnel. Evidence of the increase of the company's productivity is expressed by measuring the value ofPPC of the projects. }, author_keywords={Field personnel, training, small to medium contractors. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ballard2004, author={Ballard, Glenn and Arbulu, Roberto }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Making Prefabrication Lean}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/285}, affiliation={Research Director for the Center for Innovation in Project and Production Management ( dba Lean Construction Institute), Adjunct Associate Professor at the University of California at Berkeley, and partner in Strategic Project Solutions, ballard@leanconstruction.org ; Strategic Project Solutions Inc., rarbulu@strategicprojectsolutions.net }, abstract={Construction is not manufacturing. However, manufacturing provides the elements from which buildings, bridges, highways, houses and factories are constructed. Many of these elements are made-to-stock, but some key elements are made-to-order; e.g., HV AC ductwork, custom piping, pipe supports, precast concrete, electrical switchgear, reinforcing steel, structural steel and building envelope facades. These made-to-order products are produced by fabrication shops, which sit squarely at the intersection of manufacturing and construction. Application of lean concepts and techniques to fabrication shops promises substantial benefits to the construction industry they serve. Perhaps chief among these benefits is reducing the lead time required for placing orders in advance of needed delivery. Long lead times can extend project durations, promote premature design decision making or otherwise avoidable design redundancy, and cause excess inventories and double handling of materials. A "long" lead time is determined relative to the ability of the customer (the construction site) to accurately forecast future states of the building process on site, and thus the ability to determine when a component will be required for installation. Lead times that exceed a site's window of reliability increase the probability of untimely delivery. On time-driven projects, such lead times also increase the risk of premature design decisions and/or building slack into designed capacities and strengths. Switching perspectives, demand variability is arguably the biggest headache for fabricators. Late receipt of design information, frequent design changes and changes in installation timing and sequence disrupt production schedules and cause fabricators to risk the loss of capacity. In this paper, we explore the interplay between demand variability and fabrication lead times and present a plan to study and understand their interdependencies. }, author_keywords={Assembly, demand variability, fabrication, fabrication shop, lead time, made-to-order products, preassembly, prefabrication }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Moller2004, author={Moller, Malene and Bejder, Erik }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Resource Basins - A Strategic Challenge for the Building Industry}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/286}, affiliation={Consultant, Department of Process & IT, Danish Technological Institute, DK 2630 Taastrup, Denmark, +45 72 20 22 54, malene.moller@teknologisk.dk ; Associate Professor Ph.D, Department of Production, Aalborg University, DK 9220 Aalborg East, Denmark, +45 9635 8950, i9eb@iprod.aau.dk }, abstract={The point of departure of this paper are assertion statements about advantages and unsuitable elements of the use ofpartnering in the construction industry today. Next, the view is turned towards the manufacturing industry for inspiration on how a learning environment is formed by making strategic partnering suitable for the nature of the construction industry. It is argued that effectiveness and efficiency in the construction industry can be improved by giving the partnering cooperation a strategic focus which involves the development of competing Resource Basins, i.e. groups of long term cooperating companies in the supply chain, or rather, in the supply network. The suggested way to form a learning environment combines some of the advantages from the production philosophies Supply Chain Management, Agile Manufacturing and Extended Enterprise in connection with Virtual Enterprise with the characteristics of construction. The idea is to establish a joint grounding in a group of companies. The solidarity and cooperation between the companies exist independently of specific projects. It forms a learning environment in the resource basin in which knowledge gained from different projects is collected and distributed to all the members of the resource basin. At the beginning of a specific project, i.e. a potential customer knocks at the door, the most suitable resources from the basin are assigned to the job. These resources form a project group for this project. This differs from a traditional project group in the building sector because these resources already are thoroughly familiar with each other, i.e. they have shared common cooperation values, and they have developed integrated logistic systems, quality systems, information systems, continuous improvement systems etc. Finally, barriers and thoughts about how this learning environment can be brought into the construction industry are discussed. }, author_keywords={Strategic Partnering, Resource Basins, Supply Chain Management, Agile Manufacturing, Extended Enterprise and Virtual Enterprise. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bertelsen2004, author={Bertelsen, Sven and Koskela, La uri }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Construction Beyond Lean: A New Understanding of Construction Management}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/287}, affiliation={Consulting Engineer, M.Sc. Strategic Counselors ltd, Morlenesvej 22, DK 2840 Holte, Denmark. Phone +45 4542 4705. sven@bertelsen.org ; Professor, D.Sc., The University of Salford, School of Construction & Property Management, Salford M7 lNU, United Kingdom, L.J.Koskela@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={Lean Construction has existed in its own right for more than ten years. At the same time the five lean principles as outlined by Womack and Jones have gained a firm foothold in the manufacturing industries, and the term lean has thus become a household term in manufacturing. Unfortunately and confusingly, the understanding of lean has taken very different trajectories in these two communities. In manufacturing, it is often voiced that the (five) lean principles provide a mature understanding of the subject, i.e. the end point. However, in the same time the theory based understanding of construction management has moved beyond the generic lean theories and principles, embodied in the Toyota Production System, to encompass disciplines such as complexity, emergence, conversations, and lifelong learning. In construction, the Toyota Production System is thus rather a st~rting point. The paper establishes an overview of the principles guiding best practice project management today, and argues that lean construction has progressed beyond lean - at least in the sense propagated by Womack and Jones }, author_keywords={Construction, management, lean, production }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bjornfot2004, author={Bjornfot, Anders and Stehn, Lars }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Industrialization of Construction -a Lean Modular Approach}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/288}, affiliation={M.Sc. Div. of Timber Structures, Lulea University of Teclmology, 97187 Lulea, Sweden, Phone +46 920 492067, FAX +46 920 491091, anders.bjomfot@ltu.se ; Ass. Prof., Div. of Timber Structures, Lulea University of Technology, 97187 Lulea, Sweden, Phone +46 920 491976, FAX +46 920 491091, lars.stelm@Itu.se }, abstract={The concept of industrialization and lean thinking in construction has drawn quite a bit of interest in recent years. Authors have recently begun to critically debate the direct · implementation of lean thinking in construction; instead the focus should be related to transformation, flow, and value. This paper is based on a literature review of modularity, lean construction, and buildability. Modularity is then extended to the production phase where simulated assembly scenarios are used to explore and exemplify modular effects during production of long-span timber structures. The literature review suggests that modularity is related to product management, with process management effects, while lean thinking is a process management principle. Both principles are focused on the creation of buildability which is argued to be more of a goal than a means of efficiency. The simulation scenarios indicate possible modular benefits associated with, e.g., organization, out-sourcing, preassembly, prefabrication, and development. Modularity is thus argued to advocate management of production in the form of lean construction. The focus for timber construction should be on modularity; i.e., a bottom-up product focused view enabling product value. Such a view has potential to be a driving force in the struggle for industrialization in construction. }, author_keywords={Assembly, buildability, constructability, industrialized construction, lean thinking, modularity, production, timber structures. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Chang2004, author={Chang, Andrews S. and Lee, Kuan Pei }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Nature of Construction Technology}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/289}, affiliation={Associate Professor, National Cheng Kung Univ., Civil Engineering Dept., Tainan, Taiwan anschang@mail.ncku.edu.tw ; Ph.D. Candidate, Cheng Kung Univ., Civil Engineering Dept., Tainan, Taiwan, n6891121 @ccmail.ncku.edu. tw }, abstract={Construction management studies address mostly the phenomena of construction problems. Few studies explore the nature of construction technology or production systems. Technologies in manufacturing are classified into unit, mass and continuous process productions and their characteristics are examined. Construction fabrications and activities are contrasted to classify construction technology as unit production. Furthermore, technical change is studied and limitations to the change of construction technology are proposed. Although the efficiency of construction technology as unit production is low, it has many advantages such as flexibility and zero stocks. The appearance of new production systems will not replace the old unit production. Although the final construction products could not be standardized entirely, we can standardize their components, and rethink their assembling and integrating methods to increase production efficiency. }, author_keywords={Construction technology, production system, unit production, mass production, continuous process, product, automation, technical change }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Chin2004, author={Chin, S. and Yoon, S. W. and Jung, S. 0. and Kim, Y. S. and Kim, C. D. and Choi, Y. K. and Chun, J. Y. and Lim, H. C. }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={An Analysis of the Life-Cycle Curtain Wall Process Through Supply Chain Management}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/290}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Arch. Engrg., Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea 440-746, Phone +82-31-290-7568, Fax +82-31-290-7570, schin@skku.ac.kr ; Research Assistant, Arch. Engrg., Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea 440-746, yoonsuwon@korea.com ; Assistant Professor, Architecture, Kyungbok College, Pocheon, Korea 487-717, sojung@kyungbok.ac.kr ; Professor, Architecture, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea 440-746, yskim2@skku.ac.kr ; Professor, Arch. Engrg., Kwangwoon University, Seoul, South Korea 139-701, stpkim@daisy.kwangwoon.ac.kr ; Assistant Professor, Arch. Engrg., Soongsil University, Seoul, South Korea, 156-743, ykchoi@ssu.ac.kr ; Associate Professor, Arch. Engrg., Dankook University, Seoul, South Korea, 140-714,jaeyoul@dankook.ac.kr ; Assistant Manager, R&D Dept., Daelim Industrial Co. Ltd., Seoul, South Korea, 110-732, hclim@dic.co.kr }, abstract={This paper presents a research project named "Automated life-cycle management system for curtain walls in high-rise buildings based on supply chain management," which is jointly performed by the consortium of universities and companies involved in curtain wall design, manufacturing, and construction in Korea. The objective of this research is to improve the efficiency of the current process through the application of SCM to the C/W life-cycle. In this paper, the research results at the early stage are presented with a focus on the analysis of problems and waste in the life-cycle of the curtain wall supply chain spanning from design to construction, and to operation and maintenance. The results show that most of the problems and waste are caused by poor collaboration, information sharing, communication, and coordination among actors in the supply chain of the project life-cycle. Finally, future research issues are briefly discussed. }, author_keywords={Curtain Wall, Process Model, Supply Chain Management, Value Stream Analysis, }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Arbulu2004, author={Arbulu, Roberto and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Lean Supply Systems in Construction}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/291}, affiliation={Strategic Project Solutions Inc., rarbulu@strategicprojectsolutions.net ; Research Director for the Center for Innovation in Project and Production Management (dba Lean Construction Institute) and Adjunct Associate Professor at the University of California at Berkeley, ballard@leanconstruction.org }, abstract={This paper proposes a strategy to improve the management of supply systems in construction using lean principles and techniques. The objective is to assure on-time delivery of information and materials to project sites at least cost and maximum value for the final customer. The primary mean for achieving this objective is to accomplish supply management functions with least waste; e.g., low supply and demand reliability, large inventories not needed to absorb variability, and physical waste. The paper explores supply complexity in construction in order to better understand where certain types of waste are originated. The strategy proposes the use of a web-based tool based on the Last Planner System to improve planning reliability so demand variability is minimized, the use of regional logistics centers for distribution of materials to sites, the use ofkanban techniques to pull selected materials on a just-in-time basis, and a link between production control and material management processes on site. It also highlights the importance of minimizing material lead times with emphasis on standardization and pre-assembly practices so supply systems are more effective. It concludes highlighting the most important challenges for the implementation ofthis strategy. }, author_keywords={Assembly package, inventory, just-in-time, kanban, logistic centers, pre-assembly, supply chain management, value stream. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Costa2004, author={Costa, Dayana B. and Formoso, Carlos T. and Kagioglou, Michail and Alarcon, Luis F. }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Performance Measurement Systems for Benchmarking in the Construction Industry}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/292}, affiliation={M.Sc., Ph.D. candidate, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sui, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Osvaldo Aranha Av., 99, 3° floor, Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil, fone: +55 51 3316 3959, e-mail: dayana@cpgec.ufrgs.br ; Ph.D., Associate Professor, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sui, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Osvaldo Aranha Av., 99, 3° floor, Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil, fone: +55 51 3316 3959, e-mail: formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br ; Ph.D., Centre Manager, University of Salford, Salford Centre for Research and Innovation (SCRI) in the Build and Human Environment, Meadow Road, Salford, M7 9NU. UK. Tel: +44 (0) 161 2953855 e-mail: m.kagioglou@salford.ac.uk ; Ph.D., Professor, Universidad Cat61ica de Chile, Escuela de lngenieria, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, e-maillalarcon@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={Performance measurement is an essential element of business management. It provides the necessary information for process control, and makes it possible to establish challenging and feasible goals. It is also necessary to support the implementation of business strategies. Despite the importance of performance measurement, it has not been widely implemented in construction companies and information on the performance of the construction industry as a whole is also scarce. In the last few years, there have been some initiatives concerned the establishment of performance measurement systems for benchmarking in different countries. The objective of this paper is to describe the scope of those initiatives and discuss its potential role for benchmarking construction companies, specially those involved in the development and implementation of new operations management ideas. This investigation is focussed on four initiatives, carried out in Brazil, Chile, the UK and the USA. The paper concludes by proposing some further directions on this research topic. }, author_keywords={Performance measurement, benchmarking, construction industry }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Crow2004, author={Crow, Tom and Barda, Peter }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Project Strategic Planning: A Prerequisite to Lean Construction}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/293}, affiliation={Dr. Tom Crow BE, MBuil is an adjunct professor in the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering at UNSW, Kensington NSW Australia, crowconsult@bigpond.com.au. Mobile 61 417 427 607 ; Peter Barda LLB is a partner in Crobar. PO Box 249 Cessnock, NSW Australia, pbarda@bigpond.com }, abstract={Most of the research into lean construction practices has addressed tactical and operational issues that contribute to construction industry underperformance, however few researchers have attempted to identify the overriding strategic issues that create the productive environments that are necessary for lean practices to succeed. This paper describes a research project that has developed a framework for the creation of such environments, one that encourages the achievement of outstanding or excellent outcomes on capital works projects for end-users and clients including the creation of additional wealth. Twenty-eight completed projects that all project participants regarded as excellent were selected for the study. Then on the basis of in-depth interviews and analysis, those key issues within the client decision framework were identified that correlated with the achievement of the best outcomes. An analogy was developed between a road journey and project development phases/sequences resulting in a roadmap to project excellence, with turning points and drivers, which can be used to design project delivery strategies. }, author_keywords={Project strategic planning, client involvement, project turning points, excellent project drivers }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ebbesen2004, author={Ebbesen, Randi Muff }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={A System for Evaluating the Ongoing Building Process - Theory and Practice}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/294}, affiliation={PhD.-Student, Department of Production, Aalborg University, DK 9220 Aalborg East, +45 9635 7113, randi@iprod.aau.dk }, abstract={One of the reasons for the limited development in the Danish building industry is the lack of both documentation of achievements and the sharing of experiences. For solving this problem, a knowledge management and learning system has been developed with the aim of improving the learning as well as the communication and documentation of knowledge, both between the different trades in one project and between projects. The system consists of two parts. The first part mainly aims to support learning and the verbal communication of knowledge from person to person. It is a learning circle called "Method of seven steps". The second part is a system for the administration of data used to evaluate the building process continuously - together the two parts form the system called SAVE - an acronym (in Danish) for "System for Administrating Data to Support Continuous Assessment and Evaluation of Projects". The system is based on the measurements and commitment as known from the Last Planner System i.e. PPC and weekly planning meetings on the building site. In contrast to other systems, SAVE is a continuous assessment system that fits the actual challenges of the building project. The data and information, complemented by the personal competences of the workforce, result in a basis for action to be taken during the building process so that the people involved immediately will see the effects of the system. From spring this year, the system will be tested on two construction projects, and experience gained from the tests will illustrate the viability of the system and the theories it is built on. }, author_keywords={Communication, implementation, performance measurements, learning process, knowledge capture, lean construction. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Elfving2004, author={Elfving, Jan A. and Tommelein, Iris D. and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Improving the Delivery Process for Engineered-To-Order Products - Lessons Learned from Power Distribution Equipment}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/295}, affiliation={Postdoctoral Scholar, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, FAX: 510/643-8919, elfving@ce.berkeley.edu ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94 720-1712, USA, 510/643-8678, FAX: 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce. berkeley.edu, www.ce.berkeley.edu/~tommelein ; Research Director, Lean Construction Institute, 4536 Fieldbrook Road, Oakland, CA 94619, 888/771-9207, FAX 510/530-2048, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu: Associate Adjunct Professor, Civil and En vir. Engrg. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94 720-1712 }, abstract={Scholars and practitioners have long advocated the benefits of reduced lead times. Moreover, most, if not all members of a delivery process would gain from reduced lead times. However, the construction industry has been slow to radically reduce lead times, particularly for Engineered-To-Order (ETO) products. This paper presents key findings from a four-year study, where the objective was to improve the performance of the delivery process of ETO products with particular interest in lead time reduction of power distribution equipment. Data were collected from the US and Finland from owners, users/operators, architects, electrical engineers, project management firms/general contractors, electrical contractors, and equipment manufacturers. The paper summarizes the main causes for the long lead times, ranging from 79 to133 weeks, highlights improvement suggestions, and describes potential barriers. The data surprised the authors and industry practitioners in many ways, e.g., with respect to the relative distributions of the various phases in the delivery process, the labor hours spent on competitive bidding, and the high number of changes. The improvement suggestions were estimated to reduce the process lead time by 20-40% of the total delivery time. Also, at least 15-20% of labor hours may be saved throughout the process. }, author_keywords={Engineered-to-Order product, equipment, lead time, lean construction, manufacturing procurement, process improvement, switchboard }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Elsborg2004, author={Elsborg, Steen and Dam, Allan and Bertelsen, Sven }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={BygLOK - A Danish Experiment on Cooperation in Construction}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/296}, affiliation={Steen Elsborg, PhD-Scholar, Danish University of Education, Learning Lab Denmark, Emdrupvej 101, DK2400 NV, elsborg@dpu.dk. ; Allan Dam, project coordinator, Danish Technological Institute, Grgersensvej, DK2630 Taastrup, Denmark. allan@teknologisk.dk ; Sven Bertelsen, Strategic Counsellors aps, Morlenesvej 22, DK2840 Holte, Denmark. sven@bertelsen.org }, abstract={BygLOK is a Danish experimental project within cooperation and learning on building sites. The overall goal is to develop a process that will make the craftsmen more and more involved in and responsible for the daily decisions. In order to achieve this goal BygLOK focuses on improving communication and cooperation between the different trades. The development was initiated through a value based process created bottom up, where all workers on the building site participated. Both managers and workers participating have evaluated the completed experiments very positively as having initiated a process where all participants across trades make significantly better use of each other's strengths. On a more specific level it was found that in spite of (or maybe because of) the fact that all workers have spent one hour every week attending a meeting in order to discuss and plan the work, they have managed to deliver on time without any deficiencies. In the evaluation ofBygLOK the managers and workers- as well as the teachers and the action researchers acting as professional facilitators - agreed that it will be possible to create a synergy effect if the efforts are made more comprehensive. As a result the experiences from BygLOK are now being widened and integrated into the implementation of Lean Construction and partnering in a new industry initiative on cooperation and learning in construction. }, author_keywords={BygLOK, BygSoL, learning, construction, management }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Emmitt2004, author={Emmitt, Stephen and Sander, Dag and Christoffersen, Anders Kirk }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Implementing Value Through Lean Design Management}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/297}, affiliation={Hoffmann Professor of Innovation and Management in Building, Department of Civil Engineering, Teclmical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark. se@byg.dtu.dk ; MTH0jgaard A/S, Denmark. dsa@mthojgaard.dk ; NIRAS, Consulting Engineers and Planners, Denmark. akc@niras.dk }, abstract={The philosophy of lean thinking has been adopted relatively quickly by contracting organisations, keen to reduce waste in the realisation of construction projects. The concept has, however, been slow to catch on in the earlier design and detailing phases where decisions have a major influence on the ensuing construction processes and the level of value realised in the project. Given a strong argument for greater synergy between design, manufacturing and construction there would appear to be considerable potential in moving the lean thinking upstream, starting with the briefing and conceptual design stages and managing the flow of decisions through to the completed building, thus helping to deliver value within a lean framework. Value is the end-goal and therefore value parameters are key to the achievement of improved productivity and client/user satisfaction. The three-phase Value/Process/Operation (VPO) model starts by identifying value parameters, then moves to designing the process and finally onto the operations. The model lies at the heart of a lean design process model implemented by a consulting company and a contractor in Denmark. The case study helps to illustrate the benefits of taking a more holistic and integral approach based on the agreement of value parameters at the project outset. Through the use of creative workshops, that encourage open communication and knowledge sharing, the lean design process model has been instrumental in delivering value and improving productivity. }, author_keywords={Communication, Design management, Information and decision flows, Lean design, Productivity, Value parameters, Workshops. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Saurin2004, author={Saurin, Tarcisio A. and Formoso, Carlos T. and Cambraia, Fabricio B. }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={A Human Error Perspective of Safety Planning and Control}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/298}, affiliation={Ph.D., Researcher at LOPPIUFRGS (Product and Process Optimization Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sui). Praya Argentina n° 9, 2° andar. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. CEP 90040-020. Fax: 55-51- 3316-4007. E-mail: tasaurin@terra.com.br ; Ph.D., Associate Professor at NORIEIUFRGS (Building Innovation Research Unit, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sui). Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 3° andar. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. CEP 90040-020. Fax: 55- 51-3316-4054. E-mail: formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br ; Civil Engineer, MSc student at NORIEIUFRGS. Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 3° andar. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. CEP 90040-020. E-mail: fabricio@ppgec.ufrgs.br }, abstract={This paper is concerned with the impact of a safety planning and control model (SPC) on human error. This model integrates safety into the production planning and control process and it adopts some safety management best practices reported in the literature. The analysis is based on data collected in four construction sites where the model was implemented. The main conclusion of this investigation is that six elements of the model (safety planning, near miss reporting, training, percentage of safe work packages indicator, participatory cycle and planning and control diffusion) have a contribution in terms of making both the boundaries of safe work visible and respected. Safety planning also helps to make the production system error-tolerant to some extent. However, the analysis of causes of safety failures in the empirical studies pointed out a high incidence of violations of the boundaries (on average, 40% of the total safety failures), mostly by workers. Thus, the main drawback of the model regarding human error control is its modest contribution to ensure respect for the boundaries of safe work. }, author_keywords={Safety, planning and control, human error, production management. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Schramm2004, author={Schramm, Fabio K. and Costa, Dayana B. and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={The Design of Production Systems for Low-Income Housing Projects}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/299}, affiliation={Architect, Assistant Professor, Federal University ofPelotas (UFPel), M.Sc. Candidate at NORIE/UFRGS, fabioks@ufpel.edu.br ; M.Sc., Research Assistant at NORIE/UFRGS, dayana@cpgec.ufrgs.br ; Ph.D., Associate Professor, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sui (UFRGS), Building fun ovation Research Unit (NORIE), formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br, Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99/3° andar. CEP 90035-190 Porto Alegre- RS, Phone: +55 51 3316 3959 }, abstract={In Brazil, the Federal Government has recently increased investments in Programs for lowincome housing. This change has encouraged several construction companies to get involved in the development of house-building projects, which demand different capabilities compared to other market segments. These projects usually consist of fairly large number of house or apartment-building repetitive units, require a relatively short lead-time, and are limited by a fairly small profit margin. The design of the production system has a key importance on the project cost and time performance of such projects. This paper discusses the scope and the main requirements of the production system design in this context. It is based on multiple case studies carried out in the South of Brazil. The main contributions are concerned with the set of decisions involved, tools for the design of the main production flows, and the management of hand-offs between crews. }, author_keywords={Production system design, low-income housing, critical processes, work structuring, planning. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Brookfield2004, author={Brookfield, Elizabeth and Emmitt, Stephen and Hill, Robert and Scaysbrook, Steve }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={The Architectural Technologist's Role in Linking Lean Design with Lean Construction}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/300}, affiliation={Education and Research Officer, British Institute of Architectural Technologists(BIA T), Innovation & Research Committee, 397 City Road, London, ECIV lNH, UK. elizabeth@biat.co.uk ; BIA T Innovation & Research Committee. se@byg.dtu.dk ; BIA T Innovation & Research Committee. bob.hi113@ntlworld.com ; Vice-President, BlAT Innovation & Research Committee. steve.scaysbrook@scaysbrook.co.uk }, abstract={From a UK perspective the purpose of lean design is to improve the 'manufacturability' of a product; the purpose of lean construction is to improve the flow of information, materials and people in the production process. Both lean design and lean construction are concerned with generating unique value for the customer, thus they are part of the same process; each is highly interdependent on the other. Design (both conceptual and detail) cannot be considered as separate from the construction process: it is a team activity encompassing the input of many specialists, which need to be co-ordinated. Key to this is an understanding of design and production processes. Architectural technologists, because of their education and training, are uniquely positioned to materialise design intent as a value adding process. The argument developed in this paper places the role of the architectural technologist equivalent to, for example, the production engineer in manufacturing industry, whose key function is to manage the input of various contributors to produce a viable product. The role of the technologist as an integrator and enabler of a quality product within a whole life framework is, therefore, crucial for realising value and for providing the links between design, construction and facilities management. }, author_keywords={Architectural technologist; Constructive links; Detail design; Flows; Lean approach; }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Stehn2004, author={Stehn, Lars and Hook, Matilda }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Innovative and Lean Construction Success Factors for Component Manufacturers}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/301}, affiliation={Ass. Prof., Div. of Timber Structures, Lulea University of Technology, 971 87 Lulea, Sweden, Phone +46 920 491976, FAX +46 920 491091, lms@ltu.se ; M.SC., Div. of Timber Structures, Lulea University of Technology, 971 87 Lulea, Sweden, Phone +46 920 491028, FAX +46 920 491091, mathoo@ltu.se }, abstract={Compared to other industries, the construction industry has not achieved the same improvements in terms of productivity, customer benefits, and quality. Low innovation activity and supplier cooperation in construction might be one reason for the low level of large-scale improvements. However, the search for improvements in the construction industry has led to interest for new innovations. One way for the construction industry to improve the building process is through use of innovative managerial concepts, as lean and agile construction. The aim of this work is to categorize Swedish component suppliers of different construction materials that act with a clear supplier coordinator commitment, on the basis of lean and innovative business strategic concepts. A secondary purpose is to find success factors for the component suppliers within the derived lean and innovative concepts. Results from the exploratory comparative study of steel-, concrete-, and timber component suppliers indicate differences between different construction material suppliers. This study also suggests a possible strategy where products accompanied with technical support and software knowledge offered to the customer, customer integration in product development, and use of product development networks to generate new knowledge and components seems to be distinct success factors. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, lean thinking, innovation, component suppliers, success factors }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Howell2004, author={Howell, Gregory A. and Macomber, Hal and Koskela, Lauri and Draper, John }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Leadership and Project Management: Time for a Shift from Fayol to Flores}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/302}, affiliation={Managing Director. Lean Construction Institute, Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340. 208/726-9989. ghowell@leanconstruction.org. ; Principal, Lean Project Consulting, Inc., 36 Kirkland Drive, Andover, MA 01810. 978/470-8994. hmacomber@leanproject.com. ; Professor, The University of Salford, L.J.Koskela@salford.ac.uk ; PhD Candidate, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg ,VA. johndraper2@comcast.net. }, abstract={Henri Fayol's definition of management establishes the "common sense" of current project management practice. That common sense is challenged by a new definition of work and management put forward by Fernando Flores. This paper explores both definitions of management and their implications for leadership. When management of work in a lean project delivery is understood as "making and keeping commitments", the nature and focus of leadership and common sense changes. Producing trust is the essential role ofleaders. }, author_keywords={Leadership, project management and lean construction. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Macomber2004, author={Macomber, Hal and Howell, Gregory }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={The Two Great Wastes in Organizations}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/303}, affiliation={Principal, Lean Project Consulting, 36 Kirkland Drive, Andover, MA 01810. 978/470-8994. hmacomber@leanproject.com. ; Managing Director. Lean Construction Institute, Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340. 208/726-9989. ghowell@leanconstruction.org. }, abstract={The Toyota Production System is so successful that people look for ways to apply the lean production ideas and methods in organization settings. One of those ways is the force-fitting of Engineer Taiichi Ohno's seven wastes to organizations and projects. While organizations and projects manipulate materiel, they are better characterized by their actions of accomplishing something together - coordinating action, learning, and innovating. The seven wastes don't address those actions. Attempts to add to the seven wastes have to date broken the Ohno taxonomy. The authors propose a novel set of distinctions on the principal sources ofwaste in organizational settings. }, author_keywords={Leadership, project management, and lean construction. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Huang2004, author={Huang, Chun-Nen and Yi, June Seong and Russell, Jeffrey S. }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Time Study on Two-Echelon Supply Chain for Steel Framing Construction by Using Networking Simulation Model}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/304}, affiliation={Associate Research Fellow and Division Chief, Ph.D. of Univ. of Wisconsin at Madison, Division of Technology Application, Taiwan Construction Research fustitute, 11F, No. 190, Sec.2, Chung-Hsing Rd., Hsintien, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C., Phone +866-2-98195099, FAX +866-2-86659747, chunneh@ tcri.org.tw ; Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Ewha Womans Univ., 11-1 Dahyun-Dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-750, South Korea, Phone +82-2-32773517, jsyi@ewha.ac.kr ; Professor, Department of Civil and En vir. Engrg., Univ. of Wisconsin at Madison, 2304 Engineering Hall, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706 U.S.A., Phone +1 608/262-7244, FAX 608/265- 9860, russell@engr. wisc.edu }, abstract={This paper presents a case study to discuss the application of Supply Chain Management (SCM) concept to the structural steel construction industry. The impact of scheduling and resources distribution were identified and examined by using the following methodologies: 1. Time Study and 2. Networking Simulation Models. Echelon I- steel-manufacturing phase: a simulation model has been developed based on the time study of steel beam fabrication in steel shop. This mock-up model can enables us to observe and study the different facets of its productivity, scheduled utilization, and production cost on different batch sizes. Echelon II- construction job site phase: a CYCLONE simulation model has been developed based on two precedent studies: the time study of beams and columns erection under this model, which is simulated for the entire erection process, and the assessment of productivity and production cost over each task. This study has shown the fact that the project of using the design-build (D/B) delivery process has obtained higher productivity and lower production cost than that of using the design-bid-build (D/B/B) delivery process. }, author_keywords={Supply chain, steel framing construction, time study, networking simulation. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Huang2004, author={Huang, Rong-Yau and Sun, Kuo-Shun }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Non-Unit Based Planning and Scheduling of Repetitive Construction Projects}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/305}, affiliation={Ph.D., Associate Professor, Institute of Construction Engineering and Management, National Central University, Chung-li, Taiwan 32054, Tel: 886-3-4227151 ext. 4108, E-mail: rhuang@cc.ncu.edu.tw. ; Lecturer, Department of Construction Management, Diwan College of Management, and Doctoral candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, National Central University }, abstract={One of the major goals of lean construction is for waste reduction. Repetitive construction projects are good candidate for applying the lean construction principles. Their repetitiveness makes the streamlining of the delivery process more lucrative. Repetitive scheduling methods are more effective in modeling and planning the repetitive activities and are more suitable for the scheduling and resource planning of repetitive construction projects. Nonetheless, almost all the repetitive scheduling methods developed so far are based on the primitive that a repetitive project is the construction of many identical production units. In practical, however, the production units in many repetitive projects may not be identical. Besides, many repetitive projects contain, more or less, portions of non-repetitive productions. This research develops a non-unit based algorithm for planning and scheduling of repetitive projects. Instead of repetitive production units, repetitive or similar activity groups are identified and employed for scheduling. The algorithm can satisfy (1) the logical relationship of activity groups in a repetitive project, (2) the usage of various resource crews in an activity group, (3) the maintaining of resource continuity, and ( 4) the consideration of change over of different crews. Case study is conducted for demonstration and validation of the algorithm. Results and findings are reported. }, author_keywords={Construction, Scheduling, Repetitive, Production unit, Resource }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Johansen2004, author={Johansen, Eric and Porter, Geoff and Greenwood, David }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Implementing Lean: UK Culture and System Change}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/306}, affiliation={Director of Student Affairs, School of the Environment, Northumbria University, Ellison Place Newcastle upon Tyne, NEl, 8ST, UK. 0191-227-4720, eric.johansen@northumbria.ac.uk ; Senior Researcher, Sustainable Cities Research Institute, Northumbria University, 6 North Street East, Newcastle upon Tyne, NEl, 8ST, UK, geoff.porter@northumbria.ac.uk ; Associate Dean, School of the Environment, Northumbria University, Ellison Place Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1, 8ST, UK. 0191-227-4691, david.greenwood@northumbria.ac.uk }, abstract={For the IGLC 11 Conference the authors reported the results of implementing Last Planner™ methods with a large UK contracting company. The projects studied demonstrated some success but also some cultural, organizational and systemic barriers to its effective implementation. Alarcon and Conte's White Paper for the IGLC11 conference discussed these issues and invited researchers to consider them. In response, the authors have reflected upon and critically re-analysed the research as a means to re-focus their future work in implementing Lean Construction methods in UK construction. Based on a review of the literature on construction culture we have identified theoretical factors that, together with Alarcon and Conte's list of critical organizational elements, provide a framework against which the results of the research have been considered. We conclude that the implementation of Last Planner was hindered by not fully considering cultural, organizational and systemic problems and by failing to recognize how deep-seated these problems could be. We intend, in future projects, to take a more considered, and wider approach to Lean Construction (possibly using the LCI's Lean Project Delivery System) and to focus our attention upon construction ventures where efforts at culture change have already started - in particular, where strategic partnering arrangements are in place. }, author_keywords={Last Planner, construction culture, cultural barriers, implementation }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Jorgensen2004, author={Jorgensen, Bo and Emmitt, Stephen and Bonke, Sten }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Revealing Cultures and Sub-Cultures During the Implementation of Lean Construction}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/307}, affiliation={MSc., PhD student, Technical University of Denmark - Department of Civil Engineering, DTU building 1151104, DK-2800 Lyngby, DK Denmark, tel. +45 45 25 51 49, boj@byg.dtu.dk ; Professor, Technical University of Denmark- Department of Civil Engineering ; Associate Professor, Technical University of Denmark- Department of Civil Engineering }, abstract={Over the last decade the construction business has been subject to increased pressure to change its production systems towards more efficient and effective methods. Movements advocating lean construction and other initiatives based on improving production and cooperation have gained momentum, allied with broad support for closer and less rigid working relationships. This is set against dominating subcultures anchored within individual trades and professions that appear to constitute a barrier to the adoption of process-orientated forms of cooperation. Observation and analysis of the implementation of a lean process model on a large construction project in Denmark helps to illustrate the disparity between intention, current norms and culture. Despite broad understanding, and support, of the new production and cooperation principles, the members of the project organisation failed to make full use of the techniques: this appeared to be the result of a mismatch between intentions and interpretation of the procedures. The ethnographic research used was useful in identifying some of the softer issues in relation to the implementation of lean tools and methods. Questions concerning how process innovations are introduced and facilitated as well as some reflections on cultural norms and their position in the 'lean' debate are also discussed in the paper. }, author_keywords={Communication, cooperation, culture and subculture, lean construction, social systems, process facilitation. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Karna2004, author={Karna, Sami and Junnonen, Juha-Matti and Kankainen, Jouko }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Customer Satisfaction in Construction}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/308}, affiliation={Researcher, Construction Economics and Management, Helsinki University ofTechnology, P.O. Box 2100, Finland, Phone +358 9 451 5034, sami.karna@hut.fi ; Research Manager, Construction Economics and Management, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 2100, Finland, Phone +358 9 451 3745,juha-matti.junnonen@hut.fi ; Professor, Construction Economics and Management, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 2100, Finland, Phone +358 9 451 3742,jouko.kankainen@hut.fi }, abstract={Customer satisfaction can be seen either as a goal or as a measurement tool in the development of construction quality. This paper examines empirically performance of Finnish construction companies measured according to the degree of customer satisfaction as perceived by customers themselves. The purpose of the study is to explore empirically the clients' main satisfaction/dissatisfaction factors. Empirical data is gathered from nearly 400 construction projects in Finland. The views of customer with respect to the performance of contractors are measured using five factors; quality assurance and handover, environment and safety at work, co-operation, personnel, site supervision and subcontracting. Several implications regarding customer satisfaction were drawn from the findings of the research. Customers were typically satisfied with the contractor's abilities to co-operate and the skills of contractor's workers and supervisors. In contrast, low satisfaction could be found for the items related to quality assurance and handover procedures and material. The common feature for the areas of low satisfaction items is that they come out in later phases of the construction project. In generally, the quality of contracted work and of overall service level have an effect on general satisfaction. }, author_keywords={Performance measurement, customer satisfaction, quality, construction. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kemppainen2004, author={Kemppainen, Jani and Makinen, Juuso and Seppanen, Olli and Kankainen, Jouko }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Lean Construction Principles in Infrastructure Construction}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/309}, affiliation={Ph.D. Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology, Email j ani.kemppainen@hut.fi ; M.Sc. Student, , Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology, E-mail juuso.makinen@dss.fi ; PhD Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology, Technology Manager Dynamic System Solutions Ltd, E-Mail olli.seppanen@dss.fi ; Professor, Laboratory of Construction Economics and Management, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology, E-mail jouko.kankainen@hut.fi }, abstract={The principles of Lean Construction haven't really been adapted to infrastructure construction because there haven't been tools nor need for this. Across the globe the demand for cost effectiveness towards the private sector has risen and private sector in their part have tried to find solutions from the principles of Lean Construction. This way also the contractors have started to contribute in the development of new methods for finding cost effective solutions. Adapting Lean Construction principles in infrastructure construction means minimization of mass haul amounts and distances. In order to adapt Lean Construction principles to infrastructure construction, projects need to be managed through mass economy point-of-view. Mass economy means cost minimization for both mass handling and mass haul. Decisions for mass handling procedures and mass haul timings and transfers are made in project's mass economy plan. The decisions are made so that costs for these are minimized. Different planning alternatives can also be examined. To ensure functionality for production control project is divided into independent mass economy areas. These areas help in defining contract boundaries and in production monitoring and control. This way schedule disturbances and their cost effects can be decreased. To overcome these difficulties a software program has been developed. To help the planner program has linear and genetic optimization algorithms, which try to minimize the costs for resources, mass hauls and schedule. To help the contractor program has production monitoring and control tools, which can be used to predict and control costs and schedule. }, author_keywords={Infrastructure construction, mass economy, optimization, construction cost }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kenley2004, author={Kenley, Russell }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Project Micro-Management: Practical Site Planning and Management of Work Flow}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/310}, affiliation={Professor of Construction, School of Built Environment, Unitec New Zealand, Private Bag 92025, Auckland, New Zealand, Phone +64 9815 4321 (7374), FAX +64 9815, rkenley@unitec.ac.nz }, abstract={Lean construction presents an opportunity for theory to mix with practical solutions to achieve efficiency in construction and to rethink the way things are done to improve production. This paper overviews the history of scheduling systems in construction and suggests that current Lean Construction Thinking is dominated by task-based approaches, such as Critical-Path, and that location-based scheduling techniques provide a promising alternative. The flow of resources through locations, termed work-flow, and the resultant ability to control hand-over between both locations and crews, greatly empowers the management of construction from the perspective of day-to-day management of activities. The paper concentrates on the practical problems inherent in adopting theory and proposes new strategies for adapting scheduling systems for direct relevance to site management. The concept of micro-management is introduced, based on location-based scheduling. From this, a suite of strategies for managing sub-contracted work crews is developed, concentrating on location, work flow and site management. Principles for work planning and error management are proposed; including related procurement strategies. }, author_keywords={Site management, Scheduling, Flow. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kern2004, author={Kern, Andrea P. and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Guidelines for Improving Cost Management in Fast, Complex and Uncertain Construction Projects}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/311}, affiliation={M.Sc., Assistant Professor at UNISINOS, Ph.D. Candidate at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sui (UFRGS), Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), apkern@euler.unisinos.br, Av. Osvaldo Aranha 99, 3° andar, CEP 90035-190. Porto Alegre-RS ; Ph.D., Associate Professor, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sui (UFRGS), Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), formoso@vmtex.ufrgs.br, Av. Osvaldo Aranha 99, 3° andar, CEP 90035-190. Porto Alegre-RS }, abstract={Existing traditional cost management systems are mostly based on the same principles that have been conceived for cost accounting in the mid Twenties. Cost information is usually produced too late, and it is too aggregated and too distorted to be relevant for production management. Consequently, traditional cost accounting systems often fail to support decision making in product development and production control. Particularly in the construction industry, the inadequacy of cost accounting systems has resulted in the dissociation between cost management and other managerial processes, contributing to increase the fragmentation of construction management. In general, construction cost control consists of simply monitoring actual performance against cost estimates and identifying variances. This paper discusses traditional cost management practices in the construction industry and proposes some guidelines for improving cost control in fast, complex and uncertain construction projects. Such guidelines involve the integrated application of operational cost estimating, target costing and S-curves. }, author_keywords={Cost management, cost information, production control. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela2004, author={Koskela, Lauri }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Making-Do — the Eighth Category of Waste}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/312}, affiliation={The University of Salford, School of Construction & Property Management, Salford M7 INU, United Kingdom, E-mail: lj.koskela@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={The seminal authors on the Toyota Production System present a list of seven wastes. Even if many subsequent authors have suggested additions to this list, it is usually presented in its original form. This paper contends that there is a very common, generic type of waste that should be added to the list, because it can be justified using the same conceptualizations as used by the seminal authors. ~ ~ Making-do as a waste refers to a situation where a task is started without all its standard inputs, or the execution of a task is continued although the availability of at least one standard input has ceased. The term input refers not only to materials, but to all other inputs such as machinery, tools, personnel, external conditions, instructions etc. Especially in production situations where there are several uncertain inflows to the task, making-do is a common phenomenon, and requires explicit attention. In conceptual analysis, making—do is the opposite of buffering. In buffering, materials are waiting for being processed. In making-do, the waiting time of one type of material — or other inputs — is negative: processing is started before the material has arrived. However, both forms of waste are used for accommodating the impacts of variability in production. Making- do is applied especially for maintaining a high utilization rate or for avoiding schedule slippage. Thus, making-do is another penalty due to variability, and it should be added to the conceptual arsenal of queueing-theory based analysis of production (Factory Physics). }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Soini2004, author={Soini, Mika and Leskela, Ilkka and Seppanen, Olli }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Implementation of Line-of-Balance Based Scheduling and Project Control System in a Large Construction Company}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/313}, affiliation={Senior vice president, NCC Construction Ltd., Jonsaksentie 4, FIN-01600 Vantaa, Finland, E-mail mika.soini@ncc.fi ; Development manager, NCC Construction Ltd., Jonsaksentie 4, FIN-01600 Vantaa, Finland, E-mail ilkka.leskela@ncc.fi ; PhD Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology, Technology Manager Dynamic System Solutions Ltd, Pohjoinen Rautatiekatu 21B, FIN-00100 Helsinki, Finland, E-Mail olli.seppanen@dss.fi, website www.dss.fi }, abstract={Line-of-Balance has been successfully used as the principal scheduling tool in large construction companies in Finland. It has been utilized to improve the production flow in the projects. The problem in full-scale utilization was that there hasn't been a comprehensive Line-of-Balance software tool in the market. In international literature the usual view has been that the Line-of-Balance is only suited for highly repetitive routine construction. However, regardless of the difficulty of project, the main activities are the same in every project. In this paper it will be shown that resource-based Line-of-Balance can be successfully implemented as the main scheduling tool of a large company if there is an easyto- use software tool to support the implementation. Many of the possible applications and benefits of the Line-of-Balance have not been realized before the development of a commercial software tool, DYNAProject™. With DYNAProject the quality of schedules can be checked, the schedule risks can be analyzed, the project flow can be systematically controlled and control actions can be graphically evaluated and optimized. Line-of-Balance is used for planning but the familiar Gantt Chart can also be printed out. NCC, a large contractor in Finland, was one of the pilot companies of the development project. NCC has started a large-scale implementation project with DYNAProject which has resulted in significant improvement in the quality of schedules. DYNAProject is the first computer tool which makes possible the systematic controlling of the schedule. The challenges of implementation included the difficulty of embracing new thinking in planning and controlling projects and how to systematically utilize the cost estimation data in schedules. In the long run, the anticipated benefits include minimizing the risk level of the projects, increasing the quality of service to the customer and optimizing the logistics of the project. }, author_keywords={Line-of-Balance, Scheduling, Implementation }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Marosszeky2004, author={Marosszeky, Marton and Karim, Khalid and Davis, Steven and Naik, Nitin }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Lessons Learnt in Developing Effective Performance Measures for Construction Safety Management}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/314}, affiliation={Multiplex Professor of Engineering Construction Innovation, Director ACCI, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Australia. ; Deputy Director ACCI, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Australia. ; Lecturer, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Australia. ; Postgraduate research student, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Australia. }, abstract={This paper presents the lessons learned to date in a safety-performance benchmarking project, where the client funded research to develop measures that would drive improvement on two concurrent hospital construction projects. The study shows the development of the performance measurement regime that was adopted and the complexity involved in developing effective feedback mechanisms for supervisors and workers on site. This work is still in progress and each week the research team and the project team gain new insights into the difficulties that are faced in any attempt to transform the construction workplace. The process to date has been crudely modelled, however it has to be recognised that such models are not generic, rather they reflect the particular process on a project. }, author_keywords={Safety in construction, performance measurement, feedback }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Milberg2004, author={Milberg, Colin and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Tolerance Mapping - Partition Wall Case Revisited}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/315}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712,510/289-2552, FAX 510/643-8919, cmilberg@ce.berkeley.edu ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 510/643-8678, FAX 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berke1ey.edu }, abstract={Geometric tolerances within a component and assembly combine to form closed loops based on the work-structure, i.e. the geometry, function, construction methods and construction sequence of the component, assembly or system. A tolerance loop is by definition overconstrained. Tolerance loops can cause fit-up or functional problems if the tolerances within the loop are inconsistent. Inconsistency is common because geometric tolerances are not given due consideration in civil systems design and construction. Milberg and Tommelein (2003) demonstrated how a combination of tolerance mapping and tolerance management techniques from manufacturing research, applied to the case of a simple partition wall, can help designers represent tolerance loops for different system workstructures. This tolerance mapping technique applied to the same case is herein expanded to include a different tolerancing system, representations of the magnitude of each tolerance and further breakdown of the tolerances by direction. The revised and more detailed mapping system is used to illustrate the benefits of the tolerance principles of datum reduction and consistency. The paper shows how the revised mapping system helps illustrate interdependencies within product and process designs and thus develops insights for better work-structuring decisions. The case is a simple one to illustrate the tolerance mapping system and provide a theoretical basis for application to more complex systems. }, author_keywords={Tolerances, Constructability, Work Structuring, Lean Construction }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Misfeldt2004, author={Misfeldt, Esben and Bonke, Sten }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Quality Control in Lean Construction}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/316}, affiliation={Esben Misfeldt, (CEng) Construction Site Manager, MT Hojgaard a/s, Knud Hojgaards Vej 9, DK2860 S0borg, Denmark, +45 2270 9632, emt@mthojgaard.dk. ; Sten Bonke, (Sociologist MA) Associate Professor, Head of Section, Section for Planning and Management of Building Processes, BYG•DTU Department of Civil Engineering, Building 115, DK 2800 Lyngby, Denmark, +45 4525 1648, sb@byg.dtu.dk }, abstract={Quality control (QC) in lean construction is at the moment in an early stage of development. In fact, QC is nzot yet an integrated part of the overall concept of lean construction. This paper describes the guidelines for a QC system which is coherent with lean construction, and which takes the newest knowledge of lean construction and quality control theory into account. In the TrimByg-QC system [Lean Construction-Quality Control system] a large part of the quality control is executed by the building workers with only limited participation from the site management. When workers are controlling own work their general notion of quality is due to increase, and defects in quality are found and fixed faster than by traditional quality control. In this paper tools and routines for quality control of the site activities "realigning of floor slap panels" and "tamping of concrete elements" are reviewed on the basis of an empirical investigation. The analysis of the data shows that TrimByg-QC has a considerable potential for further testing and development. In connection to such further development six focus areas are identified and described. The future steps should encompass different aspects such as a continued development of the basic tools for worker-based QC and the consideration of legal aspects of building workers' role when controlling their own work. }, author_keywords={Quality Control, lean construction, managerial tools. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Nakagawa2004, author={Nakagawa, Yoshitaka and Shimizuz, Yoshitugu }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Toyota Production System Adopted by Building Construction in Japan}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/317}, affiliation={Dr. Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Engineering Division, Toyo University, Saitama Prefecture, Japan, nakagawa@eng.toyo.acjp ; Managing director of Fukuda Corporation, simizu0048@dws.ikd.corjp }, abstract={This paper explains the lean construction system that adopts Toyota production system that is applied to building construction in Japan. The introduction of this system to construction site is limited. Only a few contractors and house building companies are introducing this lean construction system. ~ First, the paper explains the reasons why only a limited number of companies are introducing the lean construction system. The paper then describes the outline of this lean construction system, the effects of this adoption, and compares the details of this lean construction system, car production system, and the conventional construction system in Japan. How to eliminate waste and implement the PDCA cycle in this system are also shown. Finally, the paper explains the importance of education and incentive and motivation in order to obtain useful suggestions that will enhance lean construction. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Toyota Production System, PDCA, HT, Motivation, Incentive, Posting control board, Standard operating procedure doctnnents }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Olsen2004, author={Olsen, Willy and Ebbesen, Randi Muff and Wandahl, Soren and Bejder, Erik }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Activation of Hidden Resources: Experience from a Development Initiative in a Regional Area in Denmark}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/318}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Department of Production, Aalborg University, Denmark, +45 9635 8956, wo@iprod.aau.dk ; Ph.D. student, Department of Production, Aalborg University, Denmark, +45 9635 7113, randi@iprod.aau.dk ; Ph.D. student, Department of Production, Aalborg University, Denmark, +45 9635 8989, soren@ iprod.aau.dk ; Associate Professor Ph.D., Department of Production, Aalborg University, Denmark, +45 9635 8950, i9eb@iprod.aau.dk }, abstract={Research for improvement of the effectiveness and the efficiency in the construction process has been in focus during the last 15 years. Although serious efforts have been made to disseminate the outcome of the research the effects seem limited. The Danish construction sector has an understanding of the necessity of improvements. However, many consider their knowledge about the latest initiatives and research results inadequate, presumably because they have difficulties linking the more theoretical approaches to their day-to-day work. A regional development initiative, BYGiNORD (in English: Build-in-the-North), started in the spring of 2003. Since then about 75 committed practitioners from the construction sector in the region have discussed new ideas and methods for improving the construction process. The discussions focus on the participants' everyday problems and their experience from practice and touch upon several issues encompassed by the concepts Lean Thinking and Lean Construction. Arrangements have been made for testing the ideas on regional construction projects in the next phase ofBYGiNORD. The experience indicates that there is a great potential for activating the often hidden resources within the construction sector itself and for creating rewarding work relations between academic institutions and practitioners in the construction sector. This paper elaborates on the experiences gained so far. They will be presented along with a discussion on how to activate a greater deal of the workforce as an important source of ideas that could stepwise improve the construction process. }, author_keywords={Learning region, action learning, lean construction, ownership, efficiency. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pasquire2004, author={Pasquire, Christine and Gibb, Alistair and Blismas, Nick }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Off-Site Production: Evaluating the Drivers and Constraints}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/319}, affiliation={Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil & Building Engineering, Loughborough University, LE11 3UT UK. Phone+ 44 1509 222895, Fax+ 44 1509 223891, e.mail c.l.pasquire@lboro.ac.uk ; Professor, Department of Civil & Building Engineering, Loughborough University, LE11 3UT UK. Phone + 44 1509 223097, Fax+ 44 1509 223891, e.mail a.g.gibb@lboro.ac.uk ; Lecturer, RMIT. Australia }, abstract={The decision making process used to evaluate to what extent a component or building system should be produced off-site is inadequate within the industry. Whilst the potential benefits of off-site production (OSP) are commonly cited when justifying an OSP approach, no clear method for assessing the applicability and overall benefit of these solutions exist. Common methods of evaluation simply take material, labour and transportation costs into account when comparing various options, often disregarding other cost-related items such as site facilities, crane use and rectification of works. These cost factors are usually buried within the nebulous preliminaries figure, with little reference to the building approach taken. Further, softer issues such as health and safety, effects on management and process benefits are either implicit or disregarded within these comparison exercises. Additionally, the factors that affect the suitability of OSP as a design solution are not formally defined, these are the factors that drive and/or constrain the design decision making. Case based research funded by the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council and Department of Trade and Industry in collaboration with eleven companies sampling over 200 people employed within the construction industry, examined these issues and developed a toolkit under the name IMMPREST4 • This toolkit facilitates the evaluation of the potential benefits of choosing one approach over the other. }, author_keywords={Pre-assembly, off-site production, drivers, constraints, benefits, measurement, value }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pennanen2004, author={Pennanen, Ari and Whelton, Michael and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={A Theory of Workplace Planning: General Principles and a Management Steering Model}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/320}, affiliation={Ph.D., Department of Architecture, University ofTampere, Finland. Project Manager and Workplace Planner, Haahtela Group, Helsinki, Finland, ari.pennanen@haahtela.fi ; Ph.D., Engineering & Project Management Program, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, USA, mwhelton@uclink.berkeley.edu ; Associate Adjunct Professor, Engineering & Project Management Program, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, USA, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={This paper presents a theory of workplace planning and a steering model to support the management of the facility planning process. The theory links workplace planning to production, not only to construction production, but also to the organization's general strategy. A spatial investment in an operation competes for the same resources as the other investments in the operations. Spaces are the scene of a temporal flow of operations and nonuse time. If waste of space for unneeded operations and waste of non-use-time can be reduced, more resources will be available for the other investments in operations, spatial or non-spatial. In the TFV theory of production value generation is viewed as a process where value for the customer is created through fulfillment of his requirements. This research suggests that also requirement identification should be included in production. Workplace planning is a process where valuable requirements for workplace production are determined through evaluating the values of stakeholders against the organization's strategy. The product of workplace planning for the rest of construction is the stakeholders commitment. The customer workplace is linked to a complex social system. The proposed steering model is based on dialogue between strategic and operational management. It is an application of closed loop control which operates on rapid feedback between stakeholders. The process encourages learning, group working and transparency. The steering model includes a procedure that models the customer's need for space based on the temporal and geometric factors. It gives the room schedule, functional possibilities and utilization degrees. It underlines accountability between decisions and outcomes. Achieving a final commitment of an organization is an iterative process of commitments, withdrawals and new approaches. The commitment drivers have been studied for steering model purposes. }, author_keywords={Commitment, complex systems, customer purpose, management steering, project definition, value generation, workplace planning. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Whelton2004, author={Whelton, Michael and Pennanen, Ari and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Fostering Collaboration and Learning in Project Definition: A Case Study in Workplace Planning}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/321}, affiliation={Ph.D., Engineering & Project Management Program, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, USA, whelton@cal.berkeley.edu ; Ph.D., Department of Architecture, University of Tampere, Finland. Project Manager and Workplace Planner, Haahtela Oy, Helsinki, Finland, ari.pennanen@haahtela.fi ; Associate Adjunct Professor, Engineering & Project Management Program, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, USA, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Effective project definition requires process conditions to support group collaboration and learning. This paper presents a case study showing how a project definition methodology provides such conditions. The case was selected because it offered the opportunity to compare traditional architectural programming with an alternative workplace planning approach. Traditional programming was not successful in controlling project needs within budget constraints and failed to produce a cost-feasible definition. The workplace planning approach was successful. The study shows how project stakeholders were enabled to work within project constraints. The case study shows the group learning about their various needs and the ability to fulfil those needs within project constraints. This study demonstrates a set of management practices that engage multiple stakeholders in collaboration that resolves the purpose of projects, often in environments where collaboration was not evident before. The ability of the workplace planner to steer the problem solving process is instrumental in facilitating group learning and the group's ability to make innovative changes in their operational functions and, in the workplaces required to perform those functions. Future research is proposed to develop and generalize the project definition methodology. }, author_keywords={Collaboration, customer needs analysis, dialogue, emergence, learning, project definition, purpose, shared understanding, value generation, workplace planning. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Chin2004, author={Chin, S. and Yoon, S.W. and Jung, S.O. and Kim, Y.S. and Kim, C.D. and Choi, Y.K. and Chun, J.Y. and Lim, H.C. }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={An Analysis of the Life-Cycle Curtain Wall Process Through Supply Chain Management}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/322}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Arch. Engrg., Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea 440-746, Phone +82-31-290-7568, Fax +82-31-290-7570, schin@skku.ac.kr ; Research Assistant, Arch. Engrg., Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea 440-746, yoonsuwon@korea.com ; Assistant Professor, Architecture, Kyungbok College, Pocheon, Korea 487-717, sojung@kyungbok.ac.kr ; Professor, Architecture, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea 440-746, yskim2@skku.ac.kr ; Professor, Arch. Engrg., Kwangwoon University, Seoul, South Korea 139-701, stpkim@daisy.kwangwoon.ac.kr ; Assistant Professor, Arch. Engrg., Soongsil University, Seoul, South Korea, 156-743, ykchoi@ssu.ac.kr ; Associate Professor, Arch. Engrg., Dankook University, Seoul, South Korea, 140-714,jaeyoul@dankook.ac.kr ; Assistant Manager, R&D Dept., Daelim Industrial Co. Ltd., Seoul, South Korea, 110-732, hclim@dic.co.kr }, abstract={This paper presents a research project named "Automated life-cycle management system for curtain walls in high-rise buildings based on supply chain management," which is jointly performed by the consortium of universities and companies involved in curtain wall design, manufacturing, and construction in Korea. The objective of this research is to improve the efficiency of the current process through the application of SCM to the C/W life-cycle. In this paper, the research results at the early stage are presented with a focus on the analysis of problems and waste in the life-cycle of the curtain wall supply chain spanning from design to construction, and to operation and maintenance. The results show that most of the problems and waste are caused by poor collaboration, information sharing, communication, and coordination among actors in the supply chain of the project life-cycle. Finally, future research issues are briefly discussed. }, author_keywords={Curtain Wall, Process Model, Supply Chain Management, Value Stream Analysis, Information Management }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Picchi2004, author={Picchi, Flavio Augusto and Granja, Ariovaldo Denis }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Construction Sites: Using Lean Principles to Seek Broader Implementations}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/323}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Architecture and Construction Department, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design. Av. Albert Einstein, 951, Caixa Postal 6021, Univ. of Campinas, Campinas/SP, Brazil, CEP 13084-971, Phone +55 19/3788-2082, FAX 19/3788-2411, adgranja@fec.unicamp.br. ; Director, Lean fustitute Brazil, Rua Topazio 911, Sao Paulo/SP, Brazil, CEP 04105-063, Phone +55 11/5571-6887, FAX 1115571-0804, :fpicchi@lean.org.br }, abstract={This paper aims to evaluate Lean Thinking applications possibilities concerned with the construction job site flows, by identifying the potential of using lean principles to structure implementations, seeking broader results. From one hand, previous studies indicate that it is feasible to use lean tools and techniques in construction sites. On the other, poor implementations of lean concepts are often observed when tools are implemented in isolation, without a full lean system perspective. In a manufacturing environment, mapping the value stream is an essential step in creating a lean endeavor, generally followed by the implementation of flow and pull tools. The authors argue that using the five lean principles is a step in the right direction also on construction sites, enabling the discussion of Lean Thinking applications from a rather fragmented and isolated view to a strategic point of view. Finally, the authors suggest actions for implementing available lean tools as part of a broader perspective, based on lean principles. }, author_keywords={Lean Thinking, lean construction, construction management, construction site, flow and pull. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Polat2004, author={Polat, Gul and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Waste in Turkish Construction: Need for Lean Construction Techniques}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/324}, affiliation={Research Assistant, Construction Management Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey, Tel: +90-212-285-37-37; fax: +90-212-285-65-87; gpolat@ins.itu.edu.tr ; Research Director, Lean Construction Institute, 4536 Fieldbrook Road, Oakland, CA 94619. 510/530-8656, gballard@leanconstruction.org and Associate Adjunct Professor, Project & Engineering Mgmt. Group, Dept. of Civil and Env. Eng., University of California at Berkeley }, abstract={Waste has been considered to be a major problem in the construction industry. Not only does waste have an impact on the efficiency of the construction industry but also on the overall state of the economy of the country. Contractor firms have begun to seek ways of increasing their competitive advantage in global markets by removing all kinds of waste inherent in the construction process by means of implementation of lean construction techniques. The Turkish construction industry also encounters severe problems resulting from huge amounts of waste. This paper aims to identify the main waste causes in the Turkish construction industry in order to establish an initial framework for future studies to develop methods for prevention and elimination of waste causes inherent in the construction process. For this purpose, a survey of 116 contractors, 30 of which are also project consultants, was conducted. The survey revealed the types and frequencies of waste in the Turkish construction industry. Once the main waste causes are identified, a set of recommendations are proposed for eliminating waste inherent in the Turkish construction industry. }, author_keywords={Materials waste, time waste, waste causes, lean construction techniques }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ballard2004, author={Ballard, Glenn and Reiser, Paul }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={The St. Olaf College Fieldhouse Project: A Case Study in Designing to Target Cost}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/325}, affiliation={Glenn Ballard is Research Director for the Lean Construction Institute and Associate Adjunct Professor at the University of California, Berkeley, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu. ; Paul Reiser is VP of Quality and Productivity Improvement at the Boldt Companies, preiser@boldt.com }, abstract={Consumer product development uses a technique called 'designing to target cost' to systematically improve product profitability. In brief, a manufacturer sets a cost for a product to be developed that will allow an acceptable profit given the price that product is expected to fetch in the market. That target cost for the product is then split into target costs for each functional system within the product. In effect, the 'buyer' is setting the price he is willing to pay for each system. This can be extended to subsystems and components, and even to parts of components where the relevant buyer is able to impose on or negotiate prices with their suppliers. Target costing is used in the initial development of a product, in subsequent product modifications, and in the manufacturing of the product throughout its life, where the focus shifts to the production processes themselves. Designing to target cost is very likely done in some form in construction, but is not well documented and could potentially benefit from a more systematic approach. The Boldt Company very successfully introduced a form of target costing at the facility system level on a design-build project, the St. Olaf Fieldhouse project. This paper presents a study of the Fieldhouse project intended to reveal the potential for positive impact on project performance of designing to target cost, and to support the need for further research into target costing. It concludes with recommendations for next steps in developing a methodology for designing to target cost in the construction industry. }, author_keywords={Contingency, cost, cost control, cost management, design, designing to target cost, lean enterprise, project financial management, target cost, target costing }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sacks2004, author={Sacks, Rafael }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Towards a Lean Understanding of Resource Allocation in a Multi-Project Sub-Contracting Environment}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/326}, affiliation={Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Civil and Env. Eng., 840 Rabin Building, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel, Phone +972-4-8293190, Fax +972-4-8293190, cvsacks@technion. ac.il }, abstract={For many reasons, subcontracting is prevalent throughout the construction industry. Multiple subcontractors each perform work on multiple projects simultaneously. Each subcontractor strives to win sufficient jobs so as to ensure a ready supply of available work; each project manager strives to control the subcontractors on his/her project to maintain cost- and schedule-compliance, often pushing them to perform even when conditions preclude efficient or quality work. Construction subcontracting suffers the ills of traditional push workflows, but the problem for individual projects is exacerbated by subcontractors optimizing their workload across multiple projects, creating a snowball effect of growing instability for each individual project. Much of the research and implementation of lean construction has been carried out within the conceptual boundary of a single project or a single value stream. This paper proposes a multi-project, multi-subcontractor approach aimed at developing better understanding of workflow from the subcontractors' point of view, and contributing to development of a multi-project and multi-sub-contracting theory of production in construction projects. It attempts to define the questions, scope and methods for the research. A solution approach using an economic model is proposed. The long-term goal is to enable development of sub-contracting relationships and management procedures that harness the potential for both contractors and sub-contractors to benefit. }, author_keywords={Subcontracting, multiple projects, theory, resource allocation, lean construction. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Salem2004, author={Salem, O. and Genaidy, A. and Luegring, M. and Paez, O. and Solomon, J. }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={The Path from Lean Manufacturing to Lean Construction: Implementation and Evaluation of Lean Assembly}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/327}, affiliation={Head, Construction Engineering and Management Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210071, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0071, Phone +1 513/556-3759, FAX 513/556-2599, osalem@uc.edu ; Associate Professor and Graduate Program Director, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering Program, Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Nuclear Engineering, 633 Rhodes, Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0072, Phone +1 513/556-6299, FAX 513/556-4999, genaidam@uc.edu ; Vice President, Messer Construction Co., 5158 Fishwick Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45216, mluegering@messer.com ; Graduate Student, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering Program, Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Nuclear Engineering,, Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0072, Phone+ 1 513/497- 4649, FAX 513/556-4999, paezor@email.uc.edu ; Graduate Student, Construction Engineering and Management Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0071, Phone +1 513/621-6718, FAX 513/556-2599, solomoje@email.uc.edu }, abstract={Since the early 1990's, the US construction industry has taken interest in the application of lean production as a new theoretical framework. The IGLC has provided a new set of tools to improve project performance measures (e.g., productivity, quality, and safety). This article compares the techniques developed for lean assembly with those of lean manufacturing. It also introduces an assessment tool implemented by a general construction project in Ohio, USA. This assessment tool comprises six elements: Last Planner, Increased Visualization, Huddle Meetings, First Run Studies, FiveS's, and Fail-Safe for Quality. The successful understanding and impact of this tool emphasizes the need for a simple and comprehensive approach that is transferable to any construction project. }, author_keywords={Lean assessment, performance tracking, construction tools, manufacturing tools. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Santos2004, author={Santos, Aguinaldo dos and Kristmann, Virginia Borges and Fischer, Suzana }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Assessing Total Value Requirements on Low Income Houses in Brazil}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/328}, affiliation={Professor, Head of the Design Department, Federal University of Paraná, Ed. D. Pedro I, Rua General Carneiro, 460, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. Phone/Fax: +55 41 3605360, asantos@cesec.ufpr.br ; Professor, Mechanical Engineering Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Paraná, CESEC, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. Phone/Fax: +55 41 3615360, vkistmann@ufpr.br ; Researcher, Civil Construction Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. Phone/Fax: +55 41 3605360, pescador@bbs2.sul.com.br }, abstract={The present paper explores the implications of the various value dimensions on the design of low-income houses using Holbrook’s value typology. The case study involved an in-depth investigation on 40 houses chosen through a non-probabilistic approach within a single building project in Brazil. The study has brought insights on other dimensions of value that are often neglected on the construction literature. The researchers concluded that houses have to be considered as a comprehensive product that cannot be divided in separated parts during the design briefing. Similar to what happens in the car industry, value requirements for furniture, curtains, carpets, and all other products that take part on the building, need to be evaluated all together in order to obtain a briefing that best describe the customer value. That should be the case even if the construction company does not deliver the other products of the building. In the case of low-income housing projects, this approach can enable an increase the perceived value without necessarily an increase in cost. }, author_keywords={briefing, design process, developing countries }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Saukkoriipi2004, author={Saukkoriipi, Lasse }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Perspectives on Non-Value Added Activities: The Case of Piece-Rate in the Swedish Construction Industry}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/329}, affiliation={Master of Science, Building Economics and Management, Chalmers University of Technology, Sven Hultins gata 6, SE-412 96 Goteborg, Sweden, +46 (0)31-7721964, lasse.saukkoriipi@bem.chalmers.se }, abstract={One strategy to reduce the costs of building projects is to reduce non-value added activities. This paper describes the concept of non-value added activities by using three separate theoretical concepts: lean production, activity-based costing and management, and poorquality costing. The piece-rate system is one part of many building projects that includes several non-value added activities. These piece-rate related activities are used as a case to elucidate how the three concepts can affect the amount of non-value added activities. }, author_keywords={Non-value added activity, lean production, activity based costing and management, poorquality costing, piece-rate, building project }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Seppanen2004, author={Seppanen, Olli and Kankainen, Jouko }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Empirical Research on Deviations in Production and Current State of Project Control}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/330}, affiliation={PhD Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology, Technology Manager Dynamic System Solutions Ltd, Pohjoinen Rautatiekatu 21B, FIN-00100 Helsinki, Finland, E-Mail olli.seppanen@dss.fi, website www.dss.fi ; Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 2100, FIN-02015 TKK, Finland, E-mailjouko.kankainen@hut.fi }, abstract={Line-of-balance is a visual scheduling method which is suitable for construction projects because of their high degree of repetition. Line-of-balance allows the planner to explicitly account for flow of a project. To help effective project control line-of-balance enables drawing of actual lines next to the original plan. This allows for analysis of deviations during implementation. Forecasts can be made by continuing the actual lines with the same slope to show the total effect of deviations. If the forecast lines collide with each other, there will be problems as many crews will be working in the same physical space at the same time. In this paper the main types of deviations and their effects are described with line-ofbalance figures. Possible control actions and their effectiveness are examined. The prevalence of deviations and problems with production flow are shown by analysing the implementation on real projects which have the actual lines drawn next to the planned ones. The production rate deviations and interruptions of project flow were quantified. The main result of the research was that controlling of production and actively reacting to deviations is ineffective even if production start prerequisites exist. As a consequence, the production start prerequisites are lost for the succeeding tasks and the work flow is broken. The actual Lineof-Balance figures show graphically the resulting chaotic situation. }, author_keywords={Line ofbalance, scheduling, schedule control, flow, control actions, deviations }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Junnonen2004, author={Junnonen, Juha-Matti and Seppanen, Olli }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Task Planning as a Part of Production Control}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/331}, affiliation={Researcher, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 2100, FIN-02015 HUT, Finland, E-mailjuha-matti.junnonen@hut.fi ; PhD Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology, Technology Manager Dynamic System Solutions Ltd, Pohjoinen Rautatiekatu 21B, FIN-00100 Helsinki, Finland, E-Mail olli.seppanen@dss.fi, website www.dss.fi }, abstract={The execution of a construction project requires production planning and control to be performed with different levels of accuracy. In master plans, the overall progress of the whole construction project is planned and controlled. For practical implementation, site management requires more detailed plans. This can be achieved with the help of task planning, a method of planning which begins from what should be done. and examines in detail how the time, cost, and quality objectives can be achieved. Task planning is related to look-ahead planning in the Last Planner System™. Task planning is performed before the beginning of the task. The execution of the task is planned in detail and considered from six angles: analysing potential problems, scheduling, costs, quality requirements and quality assurance, the prerequisites for the task, and ensuring the progress of the task. The objective of task planning is to ensure that the task can be started on time, that the requirements of the owner can be met, and that the master schedule can be implemented as planned. Task planning also ensures that the supervisors and workers know the objectives and demands ofthe task and how the implementation of these objectives and demands has been planned. This requires the results of the task plan to be examined together with the workers who participate in the task, e.g. in quality circles. Task planning can also be utilised in the drafting of subcontracts and delivery contracts. In this paper the connection between project master plans and task plans is described. The principles on which the making and use of task plans are based are described. }, author_keywords={Task planning, scheduling }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Simonsen2004, author={Simonsen, Rolf and Bonke, Sten and Walloe, Pernille }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Management Innovation Brokers}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/332}, affiliation={PhD student, Technical University of Denmark, Department of Construction Management, Danish Technological Institute, Process & IT, rolf.simonsen@teknologisk.dk ; Associate Professor, Technical University ofDenmark, Department of Construction Management, sb@byg.dtu.dk ; Project Manager, Lean Construction-DK, Danish Technological Institute, Process & IT, pemille. walloe@tekno logisk.dk }, abstract={Lean Construction is a relative new management approach in Danish construction. This paper describes the journey of Lean Construction into the Danish construction sector. Lean Construction is viewed as a management concept and this paper will focus on the role of innovation brokers in the innovation process. Our intention is to show that brokers - and in this case: Lean Construction brokers- have a profound influence on how, where and when a new management concept will penetrate the construction industry. The story of Lean Construction entering Denmark is told - from the first ideas in public funded development programmes through the ongoing development in a few, leading edge construction companies and through the work of a network of brokers to the recent launch of a Danish Lean Construction Institute (Lean Construction-DK). The case is matched against established theories on the innovation process and the role of brokers. It is concluded that the innovation process in this case has been multi-levelled and emergent and has depended on several different types of brokers at different stages and with different roles. Also the case indicates that Lean Construction is well on the way to institutionalisation in the Danish construction sector. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, management concept, innovation brokers, innovation process, network }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Simonsen2004, author={Simonsen, Rolf and Koch, Christian }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Shaping Lean Construction in Project Based Organizations}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/333}, affiliation={PhD Student, Danish Technological Institute (Lean Constuction-DK) / Technical University of Denmark, Phone: +45 7220 2251, rolf.simonsen@teknologisk.dk ; Associate Professor, Technical University of Denmark, The Section for Planning and Management of Building Processes, Bygning 115, DK-2800 Lyngby, Phone: +45 4525 1649; ck@byg.dtu.dk }, abstract={In this paper Lean Construction is viewed as a management concept and the journey into a construction company is viewed from four perspectives; social shaping, organizational politics, organisation theory and institutionalism. Common in those perseptives is that the management concept is socially constructed and negotiated. The journey of the concepts implies that they (and their surroundings) are changed during the implementation. It can therefore seldom be expected that two different domains would shape a concept in the same way. Also construction is a project-based industry. It has previously been shown how implementation of Lean Construction is a partly project specific process. This paper will present findings from ongoing empirical work in collaboration with a large Danish contractor. The work is related to the contractor's work with implementing Lean Construction in the company and how to implement it into the construction projects on site. It is discussed how certain actors have a mediating and communcating role between various communities in the company. We term these actos brokers. Lean Construction is shaped in this process, where also explicit and implicit stregies and cultures of the organization interact with the concept and its brokers. Projects are crucial units in a contractor's organisation, which play a partly independent role in the enterprise organisation. It is analysed how Lean Construction is changed when adapted on construction projects as results of the organisation's implementation strategy(ies), the will and skill of the project managers and other factors. }, author_keywords={Lean Constructio, Brokers, Social Shaping, Project Implementation, Management Concept }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Filho2004, author={Filho, Jose Nilton Oliveira and Solbeman, Lucio and Choo, James }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Sequential Analysis of Reasons for Non-Completion of Activities: Case Study and Future Directions}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/334}, affiliation={Research Assistant, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 3142 Newmark Civil Engrg. Lab., Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, Phone +1 217/333-2071, foliveir@uiuc.edu ; Assistant Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 3129C Newmark Civil Engrg. Lab., Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, Phone +1 217/333-4759, FAX 217/265-8039, soibelma@uiuc.edu ; Product Development Leader, Strategic Project Solutions, Inc. P.O. Box 2835, San Francisco, CA 94126- 2835, Phone+ 1 415/362-3200, Fax + 1 415/362-3210, jchoo@strategicprojectsolutions.net }, abstract={Reliable work flow in production processes are of utmost importance to the successful completion of construction projects. Although a perfectly reliable work flow is unlikely to occur due to the inherent variability of production in construction, assignments should be measured and monitored, and causes for non-realization should be investigated in order to mitigate negative impacts of variability. Lean construction principles have been applied effectively in several projects and the identification of common problems demonstrated usefulness in the decrease of variability. However, the discovery of the main or primary causes of those problems and their impact on the whole project still continue to be a vague and obscure issue. The purpose of this paper is to first present a case study where a methodology to discover sequences of common non-conformances was studied and applied to a project database. Such sequences might be an indication of frequent patterns where one error category might have influenced subsequent ones. Then, the difficulties faced in this study and the relevance and importance of integrating project and external data sources for causal data analysis and knowledge discovery will be discussed. }, author_keywords={Sequential analysis, pattern recognition, data mining, knowledge discovery. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Nielsen2004, author={Nielsen, Anni Schmidt and Thomassen, Mikkel Andreas }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={How to Reduce Batch-Size}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/335}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, MSc. MT H0jgaard a/s, Knud H0jgaards Vej 9, DK-2860 S0borg Phone +45 3954 4000, nil@mthojgaard.dk ; Project Manager. MT H0jgaard a/s, Knud H0jgaards Vej 9, DK-2860 S0borg Phone +45 3954 4000, mlt@mthojgaard.dk }, abstract={One of the key elements of lean is the elimination of internal inventories along the production line. However, even though the benefits from reducing inventories theoretically are well described (increased learning, visible bottlenecks and reduced capital costs and production time etc.), the concept is not easily introduced at the construction site. Thus, this mainly empirical paper aims at investigating the question: "How can significant reduction in batchsizes be achieved at the construction site". More precisely it is investigated if reduced building time is a way of forcing a reduction in batch-size at the construction site. In order to answer this question, two projects carried out by MT H0jgaard are used as case studies. Both projects have been subject to considerable reduction in the building period, although for different reasons. The paper at one hand illustrates, partly due to reduced batch-size, that it is possible to make significant reductions in construction durations and at the same time maintain and perhaps improve quality, cost and work environment on site. At the same time the case studies show that it is dangerous to reduce building time if the right contingencies are not in place. In particular, the way project management handles time pressure is of essence in this respect. The involvement of the construction crews working on site in the decision making and ongoing planning seem to be far a more efficient way of handling time pressure than by centralizing decisions at the project management level and as part of this increase the amount and richness of time schedules. Hence, this study supports the idea that The Last Planner System has an important role to play in reducing batch-size in construction. The possibility of designing activities in ways where fewer hand-overs are needed is an important way of gaining time. Experience from previous projects is also of vital importance as it allows subcontractors to be honest about their real time consumption. In this way, the case studies suggest that there is a positive interaction between reductions in building time and batch-size on one side and The Last Planner System together with the concepts of partnering and supply chain management on the other. }, author_keywords={Buffer management, work structuring, implementation, lean construction, fast track projects, last planner system }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Huang2004, author={Huang, Chun-Nen and Yi, June Seong and Russell, Jeffrey S. }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Time Study on Two-Echelon Supply Chain for Steel Framing Construction by Using Networking Simulation Model}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/336}, affiliation={Associate Research Fellow and Division Chief, Ph.D. of Univ. of Wisconsin at Madison, Division of Technology Application, Taiwan Construction Research fustitute, 11F, No. 190, Sec.2, Chung-Hsing Rd., Hsintien, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C., Phone +866-2-98195099, FAX +866-2-86659747, chunneh@tcri.org.tw ; Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Ewha Womans Univ., 11-1 Dahyun-Dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-750, South Korea, Phone +82-2-32773517, jsyi@ewha.ac.kr ; Professor, Department of Civil and En vir. Engrg., Univ. of Wisconsin at Madison, 2304 Engineering Hall, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706 U.S.A., Phone +1 608/262-7244, FAX 608/265- 9860, russell@engr. wisc.edu }, abstract={This paper presents a case study to discuss the application of Supply Chain Management (SCM) concept to the structural steel construction industry. The impact of scheduling and resources distribution were identified and examined by using the following methodologies: 1. Time Study and 2. Networking Simulation Models. Echelon I-steel-manufacturing phase: a simulation model has been developed based on the time study of steel beam fabrication in steel shop. This mock-up model can enables us to observe and study the different facets of its productivity, scheduled utilization, and production cost on different batch sizes. Echelon II-construction job site phase: a CYCLONE simulation model has been developed based on two precedent studies: the time study of beams and columns erection under this model, which is simulated for the entire erection process, and the assessment of productivity and production cost over each task. This study has shown the fact that the project of using the design-build (D/B) delivery process has obtained higher productivity and lower production cost than that of using the design-bid-build (D/B/B) delivery process. }, author_keywords={Supply chain, steel framing construction, time study, networking simulation. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tsao2004, author={Tsao, Cynthia C.Y. and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Creating Work Structuring Transparency in Curtain Wall Design}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/337}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215 McLauglin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 510/593-4884, FAX 510/643-8919, ccytsao@cal.berkeley.edu ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215 McLauglin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 510/643-8678, FAX 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Work Structuring is a means to align supply chain, product, process and operations designs in the course of project delivery. A challenge is to be able to recognize Work Structuring issues as they emerge, especially during design development. Participants in design coordination meetings typically use meeting tools such as agendas, CPM schedules, electronic whiteboards, 2-, 3-, or 4-dimensional drawings, and large scale physical mock-ups to identify and resolve problems. We introduce a methodology to capture Work Structuring issues that surface during design development. To demonstrate our methodology, we describe a case study involving the design development of a stone-on-truss curtain wall for a six-story research facility. Since we developed the methodology remains to be tested on future projects. }, author_keywords={Work Structuring, collaboration, process mapping, stone-on-truss curtain wall, stone panels, aluminum extrusions, insulating glass. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tzortzopoulos2004, author={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Sexton, Martin and Cooper, Rachel and Kagloglou, Mike }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Evaluation of Product Development Process Models Focusing on Their Implementation}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/338}, affiliation={Architect, M.Sc., Ph.D. candidate, School of Construction and Property Management, University of Salford, Bridgewater Building, Salford, Greater Manchester, M7 9NU, UK, Tel:+ 44 (0161) 2954284 FAX + 44 (0161) 2954587, e-mail: p.tzortzopoulos@pgr.salford.ac.uk ; Associate Head for Organisational Development, School of Construction and Property Management, University of Salford, Bridgewater Building, Salford, Greater Manchester, M7 9NU, UK, Tel:+ 44 (0161) 2954284 FAX+ 44 (0161) 2954587, e-mail: M.G.Sexton@salford.ac.uk ; Director of the Adelphi Research Institute for Creative Arts and Sciences; University of Salford, Centenary Building, Peru Street, Salford M3 6EQ, UK, e-mail: r.cooper@salford.ac.uk ; Centre manager, University of Salford, Salford Centre for Research and Innovation (SCRI) in the Built and Human Environment, Meadow Road, Salford, M7 9NU, UK, FAX + 44 (0161) 2954587, e-mail: m.kagioglou@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={The need for improving product development performance within the construction industry is widely aclrnowledged. In response to this challenge, different process models have been developed by academia and industry to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of the design and construction activity. However, the effective and widespread adoption and use of process models has been limited, and the benefits resulting from these endeavours have been ambiguous at best and not existent at worst. This paper presents a framework for evaluating product development process (PDP) models focusing on their implementation. This framework has been tested in a case study carried out on a manufacturing company that have successfully implemented a PDP model for more than 10 years. The paper concludes that the role of PDP models should be defined as means for learning rather than means for control if successful implementations are to be achieved. }, author_keywords={Product development, process model, evaluation, implementation }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Vrijhoef2004, author={Vrijhoef, Ruben and Tong, Michael K.L. }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Understanding Construction as a Complex and Dynamic System: An Adaptive Network Approach}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/339}, affiliation={Doctorate candidate, Centre for Process Innovation in Building and Construction, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands, E-mail r.vrijhoef@bk.tudelft.nl; Research consultant, TNO Building and Construction Research, The Netherlands ; Doctorate candidate, School of the Built and Natural Environment, Glasgow Caledonian University, Scotland, UK, E-mail mto@gcal.ac.uk }, abstract={Construction can be characterised as a specific type of project industry, with specific features concerning the production, such as temporality, bounded location, and one-off products. The industry can be analogised as a nexus from which parties connect in temporary "project networks" bringing together numerous production factors needed for specific projects. In this paper, construction is viewed from an adaptive network perspective, bringing together various conceptual angles. The adaptive network approach is based on the emergence of flexible patterns in a quasi-structured manner. It attempts to assist in the control of fixed patterns whilst relying on self-regulation, which, in practice, often leads to chaos. In a construction environment, which differs from that of manufacturing, production systems need to be adaptive to changes from both inside and outside of the system, but need to reduce the inherent risk of chaos caused by the unstable nature of the production environment of construction. The management challenge for these types of production environments is to balance between a minimum level of predictability and controllability with a maximum level of flexibility and emergence. The adaptive network approach is discussed to be an appropriate model for the effective management of construction projects. }, author_keywords={Adaptive network approach, construction, emergence, complexity, industrial dynamics }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Walsh2004, author={Walsh, Kenneth D. and Bashfordz, Howard H. and Sawhneys, Anil }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Production Rate - Construction Quality Relationships in Us Residential Construction}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/340}, affiliation={AGC—Paul S. Roel Chair in Construction Engineering and Management, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92l82—l324, TEL:6l9/594·09l l, FAX: 619/594-8078, kwalsh@mail.sdsu.edu ; Associate Professor, Del E. Webb School of Construction, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287- 0204, TEL: 480/965-4513, FAX: 480/965-1769, h0wa1‘d.bashford@asu.edu ; Associate Professor, Del E. Webb School of Construction, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287- 0204, TEL: 480/965-7417, FAX: 480/965—l769, anil,sawh11ey@asu.edu }, abstract={Little’s Law describes the relationship between throughput, cycle time, and work-in-progress (WIP) for a process. This relationship has been shown to apply over a long time horizon in production or "high-volume" residential construction, wherein specialized trade contractors perform related sequences of work in a tightly connected production system. This finding suggests new approaches might be needed in construction management, and that other relationships from production mechanics could apply to construction operations. The dramatic and rapid workload variability in residential construction makes direct application of Little’s Law in real-time problematic, but more importantly fosters flexible crewing that confounds definition of utilization. Trade contractors employ very few crews directly, and have wide networks of additional crews they can bring on line, with ever less knowledge of their ability and quality of production. As a consequence, one might hypothesize that work- in-progress and/or throughput would exhibit a relationship to construction quality. Residential building permit and inspection data from a major residential market were analyzed to confirm the existence of such a relationship. This analysis reveals a larger question about the reasons for code compliance inspection failure and their implications for identifying production system waste. }, author_keywords={Residential constmction, Production mechanics, Variability, Code Compliance Inspections }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Wandahl2004, author={Wandahl, Soren }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Value Carriers in a Construction Project - How Different Are They?}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/341}, affiliation={Ph.D.-student, Department of Production, Aalborg University, Fibigerstaede 16, DK 9220 Aalborg East, Denmark, +45 9635 8989, soren@wandalh.net, www.wandahl.net/phd }, abstract={In recent years focus on the human aspect of the building process has increased in 'real life' and within the world of research on construction management. A new culture that views construction as social systems, both on the site and in the management is flourishing. It is, therefore, important to develop an understanding / a theory that supports this new culture. One aspect of this new culture is the indiviudal's values. It is often said that the construction industry is tradition-bound and that the parties are locked in specific roles. This influences values of the individual and his/hers perception of value in general. These values are brought into the project organization by each individual, or are they? This paper is built on a hypothesis, which states that the different legal parties in a construction project organization have different perceptions of value, and that they, thereby, carry different values into the project. One of the main pillars of Value-Based Management states that by influencing an individual's value and by creating a common shared set of values, it is possible to improve the outcome of the production. Therefore, it is important to gain knowledge about the 'value carriers'. To test the hypothesis, three experiments are carried out, of which two are set-ups with construction industry practitioners, and the third is more an analysis of a former experiment. The analysis is of a construction project where ideaas of partnering and Value-Based Management were tested. This construction projected ended last year. }, author_keywords={Value, Social systems, Culture, Value-Based Management, Soft skills. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Walsh2004, author={Walsh, Kenneth D. and Sawhney, Anil }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Agent-Based Modelling of Worker Safety Behavior at the Construction Workface}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/342}, affiliation={AGC-Paul S. Roel Chair in Construction Engineering and Management, Department of Civil Engineering and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Deiego, CA 92182-1324, TEL: 619/594-0911, FAX: 619/594-8078, kwalsh@mail.sdsu.edu ; Associate Professor, Del E. Webb School of Construction, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-0204, TEL: 480/965-7417, FAX: 480/965-1769, anil.sawhney@asu.edu }, abstract={A great deal of research has been directed toward developing intervention strategies for improving safety performance in construction. While the construction research community has become more enlightened about the degree to which accidents can be blamed on workers, nonetheless it must be acknowledged that a certain amount of risk-taking by workers is often involved. This behavior seems contrary to self-interest, because while the consequences to the project or the employer have been measured economically, the consequences of an incident to the worker are more direct, immediate, and severe. In spite of this perceived action against interest, incidents still occur. To consider possible connections between employer attitudes regarding production and reward systems put in place by the employer and resulting worker behavior, an agent-based simulation experiment was conducted. In this experiment, different employer attitudes and reward systems could be modeled and expeienced by a population of workers with variable degrees of native production ability and risk-tolerance, while these workers conduct operations on a simulated project site of spatially-variable danger. By using an agent-based approach, local and random interactions and events can occur and lead to emerging measures for the entire system, in much the same way that local interactions lead to a gross metric such as incident rate. The emperiment demonstrates a link between employer attitudes and reward structures and the distribution of risk-tolerance in the worker population. The impact of interactions between workers and the level of dnanger at the site is considered. }, author_keywords={Construction safet, agent-based modeling, simulation, risk tolerance. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela2004, author={Koskela, Lauri }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Making-Do - The Eighth Category Of Waste}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1157}, affiliation={The University of Salford, School of Construction & Property Management, Salford M7 lNU, United Kingdom, E-mail: l.j .koskela@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={The seminal authors on the Toyota Production System present a list of seven wastes. Even if many subsequent authors have suggested additions to this list, it is usually presented in its original form. This paper contends that there is a very common, generic type of waste that should be added to the list, because it can be justified using the same conceptualizations as used by the seminal authors. Making-do as a waste refers to a situation where a task is started without all its standard inputs, or the execution of a task is continued although the availability of at least one standard input has ceased. The term input refers not only to materials, but to all other inputs such as machinery, tools, personnel, external conditions, instructions etc. Especially in production situations where there are several uncertain inflows to the task, making-do is a common phenomenon, and requires explicit attention. In conceptual analysis, making-do is the opposite ofbuffering. In buffering, materials are waiting for being processed. In making-do, the waiting time of one type of material- or other inputs - is negative: processing is started before the material has arrived. However, both forms of waste are used for accommodating the impacts of variability in production. Makingdo is applied especially for maintaining a high utilization rate or for avoiding schedule slippage. Thus, making-do is another penalty due to variability, and it should be added to the conceptual arsenal of queueing-theory based analysis of production (Factory Physics). }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Akel2004, author={Akel, Nadia G. and Tommelein, Iris D. and Boyers, J.C. }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Application of Lean Supply Chain Concepts to a Vertically-Integrated Company: A Case Study}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1493}, affiliation={Ph.D. Student, P.E., Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, TEL/FAX 925/465-4655, nadia@astound.net ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, 510/643-8678, FAX 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Corporate Alliance Team Operations Manager, Butler Manufacturing Company, 700 Karnes Blvd. (64108) P.O. Box 419917, Kansas City, MO, 64141-0917, 816/968-3914, FAX: 816/968-4385, jcboyers@butlermfg.com }, abstract={This study applies lean supply chain concepts to a vertically-integrated pre-engineered metal building manufacturer, Butler Manufacturing. The paper shows how a flow perspective can be used to highlight non-value adding activities in business processes. Specifically, the study illustrates the application of value stream mapping tools to identify opportunities for reducing cycle time in the Butler order process. While value stream mapping tools have been used before in construction cases, this paper presents an analysis for a different context (that of a project order) as well as a different industry sector. In addition to the value stream analysis, the paper discusses specific supply chain metrics that are used in this case study to analyze order data that cover Butler’s in-house supply chain from order taking to shipment. The overall aim of this research is to assist in determining to what extent vertical integration is appropriate for Butler to entrench itself in the pre-engineered metal building market. }, author_keywords={Supply chain management, lean production, vertical integration, value stream mapping, pre-engineered metal building systems, change order }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, }