@CONFERENCE{Abreu2008, author={Abreu, Carlos Alexandre C. de and Neto, J.P. Barros }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Using Real Option Valuation Theory to Measure Benefits From Uncertain Costs Reductions}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={567-576}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/541}, affiliation={Researcher, Department of Structural Engineering and Civil Constructions, Ceará Federal University; Brazil. Phone +55 85 33969607 (30); calexandreabreu@yahoo.com.br ; Professor, Department of Structural Engineering and Civil Constructions, Ceará Federal University; Brazil. Phone +55 85 33669600; jpbarros@ufc.br }, abstract={The aim of this paper is to make an investment evaluation using a Real Option model and demonstrate the differences in investment decision – making process using traditional and Real Option valuation in a construction project. The main objective is to show how the incorporation of cost uncertainty in the economic analysis influences the final result of the evaluation. Financial data of cash flows from a residential building project before construction and other market data are used as inputs for the economic analysis of the project. First we estimate the project’s value using traditional valuation indicator Net Present Value (NPV) with no cost reduction. After that we estimate the NPV simulating possible costs reductions resulting from better internal processes towards a lean construction. The same financial and market data used to estimate the NPV are used in the Real Option Valuation model as inputs. The model’s uncertain variable is the total operational costs which will be considered a random variable governed by a stochastic process. Other variables as income, taxes and market variables remain deterministic in the model. }, author_keywords={economic evaluation, uncertainty, real options, cost reduction, lean construction }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{AlSehaimi2008, author={AlSehaimi, Abdullah and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={What Can Be Learned From Studies on Delay in Construction?}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={95-106}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/542}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, MSc, PhD Student, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, 4th Floor, Maxwell Building, Salford, M5 4WT, UK. A.O.Alsehaimi@pgr.salford.ac.uk ; Professor of Theory Based Lean Project and Production Management, SCRI, University of Salford, School of the Built Environment, Salford, M5 4WT, UK, L.J.Koskela@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={Over many years, delay has emerged one of the most significant problems in the construction industry, so much so that the causes have been investigated in numerous studies in different developing countries. Poor project management has been cited by a number of investigators as the main reason. However, despite such consensus, there are usually no clear recommendations demonstrating how project management practice could be improved. Moreover, the majority of recommendations made in the existing studies are general in nature and do not lead to a focus on a specific area. None of them are devoted to solving the difficulties associated with particular causes. It is further argued that delays do not arise purely because of tangible causes, as usually assumed in delay studies, but rather the underlying theory of project management may play a role in this regard. Finally, the paper argues that the utility of further traditional studies on delay is limited. }, author_keywords={delay, construction industry, project management, project management theory }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Andersen2008, author={Andersen, Bjorn and Bolviken, Trond and Dammerud, Hege Skarbekk and Skinnarland, Sol }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Approaching Construction as a Logistical, Economical and Social Process}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={27-38}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/543}, affiliation={Researcher, Fafo, Institute for Applied Social Research, Borggata 2B, P.O. Box 2947 Tøyen, N- 0608 Oslo, bjoern.andersen@fafo.no ; Director, Business Development and Strategy, Veidekke Entreprenør AS, P.O. Box 506 Skøyen, N-0214 Oslo, trond.bolviken@veidekke.no (Veidekke Entreprenør AS is a Norwegian subsidiary of Veidekke ASA, one of the major Scandinavian construction and real-estate-development companies) ; Design manager, Veidekke Entreprenør AS, hege.dammerud@veidekke.no ; Researcher, Fafo, Institute for Applied Social Research, Borggata 2B, P.O. Box 2947 Tøyen, N- 0608 Oslo, sol.skinnarland@fafo.no }, abstract={Industrialised construction can be understood as production of commodities through a flow of transformations. The commodities have a dual character, possessing both usevalue and exchange value. This leads to the understanding of production as a physical/logistical process (producing use value) and an economical process (producing exchange value). However, the production process is always carried out by a group of people, by a social system. Understanding the social context under which the production process takes place is therefore crucial. If we do not understand “the social system of production”, our ability to understand and improve the production system will be limited. Improvements in the logistical process (the Last Planner System, Production System Design, etc) or in the economical processes (Value Chain Analysis, etc), will always have to be carried out within a specific social environment or system embedded in specific company cultures. In this paper we address the social infrastructure and the company culture of the construction processes as prerequisites for successful improvements in the logistical and economical processes in construction }, author_keywords={flow of transformations, lean construction, physical logistics, social logistics, company culture, social infrastructure, }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Aslesen2008, author={Aslesen, Sigmund and Bertelsen, Sven }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Last Planner in a Social Perspective – A Shipbuilding Case}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={333-344}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/545}, affiliation={Researcher, Fafo Institute for labour and social research, P.O. Box 2947 Töyen, 0608 Oslo, Norway, Phone +47 2208 8669, sigmund.aslesen@fafo.no ; External lecturer, Danish Technical University, Roennebaervej 10, 2840 Holte, Denmark, Phone +45 4542 4705, sven@bertelsen.org }, abstract={This paper addresses the implementation and use of Last Planner System for production control to improve workflow reliability in a Norwegian shipyard. The paper clarifies the adjustments made to adapt this system and particularly stresses the difficulties and challenges faced during the transformation from a rational operationoriented to a process-oriented approach to production planning and control. The paper suggests that to benefit from employing Last Planner, making a system of collaborative improvement must be part of it. More generally, the paper is a first step to a deeper understanding of why Last Planner works from a sociological point of view and in investigating its application to other types of project production. }, author_keywords={production control, project production, people, culture and change, last planner }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bae2008, author={Bae, Jin-Woo and Kim, Yong-Woo }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Assessing the Environmental Impacts of Lean Supply System: A Case Study of High-Rise Condominium Construction in Seoul, Korea}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={735-742}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/546}, affiliation={Ph.D. Student, Construction Engineering Program, Dept. of Civil and Env. Eng., Univ. of Washington, Box 351610, 425-361-5778, jbae@u.washington.edu ; Assistant Professor, College of Architecture and Urban planning, Dept. of Constr. Mgmt, Univ. of Washington, Box 351610, 206-616-1916, yongkim@u.washington.edu }, abstract={Prefabrication and just-in-time delivery are important in lean supply system. Past research focuses on how much lead time is reduced and how much costs are saved, but few have studied on the environmental impacts. While most studies on the environmental impacts have focused on select life-cycle phases or specific building materials and components, the impacts of different construction methods or supply strategies from the construction phase are ignored or simply approximated. This paper presents results of a case study where the environmental impacts of prefabrication and just-in-time delivery strategy of rebar supply on a high-rise condominium project in Seal, Korea. }, author_keywords={rebar supply system, prefabrication, just-in-time delivery, case study, environmental impacts }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Barth2008, author={Barth, Karina B. and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Improvement of Performance Measurement Systems Using Production Management Dashboards}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={769-780}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/547}, affiliation={M.Sc., Civil Engineer, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), 99 Osvaldo Aranha Av., 3rd floor, Porto Alegre–RS, Brazil, phone: +55 51 3308-3959, e-mail: kbertotto@gmail.com ; Ph.D., Associate Professor, UFRGS/NORIE, e-mail: formoso@ufrgs.br }, abstract={The issue of performance measurement has been increasingly discussed by the academic community and professionals of most industries. The large amount of publications about this theme indicates its importance for business management and also the existence of gaps in knowledge. In Brazil, there has been an increasing interest from construction companies in improving their performance measurement systems. However, the characteristics of this industry make the development and implementation of performance measurement systems a relatively complex task. Previous research has pointed out the need for improving the use of performance measurement for decision making, by properly processing and analyzing existing data. One way of improving performance measurement systems is the development of performance dashboards, which allow a set of performance indicators to be monitored through a single interface. This paper proposes a set of guidelines for the conception and assessment of production management dashboards, as a mechanism for improving performance measurement systems for production management in construction. It is based on two action research empirical studies, which involved the development and implementation of production management dashboards in two different construction companies. The main contributions of this research study are: (a) criteria to assess the effectiveness of dashboards; (b) mechanisms for involving different management levels on the use of dashboards; and (c) guidelines for implementing dashboards. }, author_keywords={dashboard, measurement systems, performance measurement, process transparency, production management }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bassanino2008, author={Bassanino, May and Underwood, Jason and Allen, Tom and Khosrowshahi, Farzad and Stokes, Eric }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Towards Developing an Industry Led Educational Framework Using Lean Approach}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={281-286}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/548}, affiliation={Researcher, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK, T +44 161 2956563; m.n.bassanino@salford.ac.uk ; Lecturer, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK, T +44 161 2956290; j.underwood@salford.ac.uk ; Manager, Information, Comms and Media Division, Mott MacDonald, Brighton; UK T +44 1273 365029; Tom.Allen@mottmac.com ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK, T +44 1612956297; f.khosrowshahi@salford.ac.uk ; Lecturer, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK, T +44 161 2952168; e.stokes@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={The poor performance and inefficient manner in which the construction industry operates has been recognised through a variety of combined government and industry initiatives over the years. A major challenge towards improvement is recognised as lying with education and industry stakeholders actively creating closer and more effective relationships to facilitate a greater mutual understanding. The application of Information Technology (IT) systems can well enhance ‘Lean’ initiatives through improving process flow, reduction of the non-added value activities, better meet customers’ requirements and adding value which will increase the performance of the industry. This paper presents a project that is focused on developing an industry led framework for educational training programmes. The outcomes of two workshops organised with the industry that have resulted in a Continued Professional Development (CPD) training framework comprising of three distinct levels in terms of strategic, operational and technology aspects of that particular key area are discussed. The essence of this work is based on adopting the ‘Lean’ approach and adding value by identifying the IT skills gaps recognised ‘by the industry’ ‘for the industry’ and addressing them in developing training programmes. }, author_keywords={educational training programme, lean approach, strategic operational technical focus, people process technology environment areas }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Biesek2008, author={Biesek, Guilherme and Isatto, Eduardo L. and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Implementing Customized Method for the Evaluation of Subcontractors}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={359-369}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/549}, affiliation={MSc candidate, Building Innovation Research Group (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Phone +55 51 3308 3518, FAX +55 51 33084054, gbiesek@gmail.com.br ; Associate Professor, Building Innovation Research Group (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Phone +55 51 3308 3518, FAX +55 51 33084054, isatto@ufrgs.br ; Associate Professor, Building Innovation Research Group (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Phone +55 51 3308 3518, FAX +55 51 33084054, formoso@ufrgs.br }, abstract={Different types of evaluation of suppliers have been used in the construction industry. In those evaluations it is important to consider the level of client-supplier relationships that exists. This is particular important for companies that establish long-term relationships with a few suppliers. Insufficient understanding of how to determine these levels can lead to problems such as considering the requirements for a long-term relationship when the requirements for a transactional relationship is enough. In the literature, very little exist on the criteria for establishing those levels and also on how to translate such criteria into operational dimensions. This paper proposes a method of suppliers’ evaluation for construction companies, considering the need of customized this assessment based on the type of the supplier-firm relationship. The method intends to provide a better understanding of the construction firm needs as well as to translate them into operational dimensions. This method was tested in a case study conducted in a medium sized company which deals with complex projects. A framework containing operational dimensions that categorize suppliers was developed according to needs of the construction company. Finally, a set of guidelines for making the evaluation tools more useful is proposed. }, author_keywords={supplier management, performance evaluation, relationship, supply chain managemen }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bjornfot2008, author={Bjornfot, Anders }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={An Engineering Perspective on Lean Construction Theory}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={15-26}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/550}, affiliation={PhD, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Structural Engineering – Timber Structures, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden, Phone +46 920 492067, anbjo@ltu.se }, abstract={The diversity of Lean Construction research and applications is extensive. Due to this diversity, it can be argued that Lean Construction theory has been overextended and lost some of its fundamental ideas. Even though much theoretical progress has been achieved, theoretical development shows inadequate relation to practical construction. Therefore, theory development is of limited interest for the construction community. The aim of this paper is to make Lean Construction more accessible for construction participants who are interested in learning more about the advances of Lean Construction theory, but are unable to do so due to the vast availability of associated theories. The view of the engineer, representing such a construction participant, is used to revivify and organise Lean Construction theory through a classic structural engineering problem, the column-buckling case. Similar to the engineering case, the delivery team should consider four dimensions when designing a stable production system; these dimensions are product standardisation, process standardisation, workload reduction, and organisation strength. Application of these aspects in a systematic manner has potential to reduce variation while improving system stability and control. }, author_keywords={lean construction, construction theory, production system design, engineering design, }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bulhoes2008, author={Bulhoes, Iamara Rossi and Picchi, Flavio Augsto }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Continuous Flow for Structural Design in Prefabricated Concrete Structures}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={169-181}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/551}, affiliation={Ph.D. candidate, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urbanism, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Group of Building Management and Technology, iamara@fec.unicamp.br ; Director, Lean Institute Brazil, Rua Topázio 911, São Paulo-SP, Brazil, CEP 04105-063, Tel.: +55 11 5571-6887, Fax: +55 11 5571-0804, fpicchi@lean.org.br }, abstract={In industrial building, the assembly process is often carried out in large batches, i.e. a large number of structural elements (columns and beams) are assembled before placing slabs and roof parts, increasing the amount of work in progress. One of the factors that contribute for that is the large size of design batches. Often the first elements to be designed are the ones that have more repetition. This paper discusses the implementation of the principle of continuous flow on the structural design of prefabricated industrial buildings, emphasizing the reduction of design batch size. An action research empirical study was carried out in a large prefabricated concrete structure manufacturer from the State of São Paulo, Brazil. This study was divided into three stages: (a) an overall analysis of the design activities; (b) a detailed analysis of the design process of one project; and (c) preliminary results of the implementation of design, prefabrication and assembly continuous flow in a construction project. The implementation process is based on core Lean Thinking concepts and principles. The expected results are the reduction of total (design, prefabrication and assembly) cycle time, increase in productivity, work in progress reduction, and improved process stability. }, author_keywords={lean thinking, continuous flow, small batch, design process, }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Chin2008, author={Chin, Chang-Sun and Russell, Jeffrey S. }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Improving Performance of Process Flows}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={39-49}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/552}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Construction Engineering and Management Program, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, chin2@wisc.edu ; Professor and Chair, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, russell@engr.wisc.edu }, abstract={A process flow is a sequence of processes and stock points through which entities pass in sequence. At the level of a flow, the performance metrics related to overall system performance are throughput, cycle time and work-in-process. Understanding relationships between these metrics and flow behaviour is most important part to improve process flow performance and design high efficiency flows. A system can perform completely differently under different conditions. By comparing flow performance in a present state with those in theoretically possible states that a system can reach, we can determine whether a process flow is good or bad. The research defines process flow performance metrics as well as their relationships, and suggests a method to evaluate process flow performance using the flow metrics. The outcome will provide an internal benchmark of a process flow and different routes for process flow improvement. }, author_keywords={process flow, bottleneck rate, raw process time, critical WIP, practical worst case performance, internal benchmark }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Choi2008, author={Choi, Seokjin and Ku, Tae H. and Yeo, Dong. H. and Han, Seung H. }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Waste Elimination of Mucking Process of a Petroleum Storage Tunnel Through the Value Stream Analysis}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={155-167}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/554}, affiliation={Ph.D. student, Dpt. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, 120-749, Seoul, South Korea. Phone +82-2-2123-2799, FAX +82-2-364-5300, sjchoi@yonsei.ac.kr ; Assistant manager, Korea National Oil Corporation, Anyang, South Korea. Phone +82-31-380-2808, keth012@knoc.co.kr ; M.S. student, Dpt. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, 120-749, Seoul, South Korea. Phone +82-2-2123-2799, totwd@yonsei.ac.kr ; Associate Professor, Dpt. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, 120-749, Seoul, South Korea, Phone +82-2-2123-2799, shh6018@yonsei.ac.kr }, abstract={Construction firms are getting smarter and more effective by significantly improving their performance level at the job site. Particularly, cycle time which represents the time needed to complete one set of operation has been an important measure of productivity. In this study, cycle time of a petroleum storage tunnel which has many reiterative operations is investigated. With the aid of value stream analysis based on flow process chart, non-value adding activities of mucking-focused process are identified. Value stream mapping is then applied to simplify the current process as well as to remove crucial wastes of the process. Finally, this study suggests a scheme to improve the mucking process, which ultimately shows that applying the ‘to-be’ mode to the real site can improve the cost and average effectiveness by 9.6% and 17.7%, respectively. }, author_keywords={value stream analysis, flow process chart, tunnel construction, mucking process }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Chua2008, author={Chua, D.K.H. and Hossain, Md. Aslam }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Reduced Duration of the Design Projects With the Concept of Early Estimation of Design Tasks}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={485-494}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/555}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117576 Singapore. Email: cvedavid@nus.edu.sg ; Research Scholar, Dept. of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117576 Singapore. Email: aslam@nus.edu.sg }, abstract={Reducing the lead time of construction projects is a great challenge in today’s competitive world and especially where the LD (Liquidated Damage) is high. The duration is commonly lengthened due to high dependencies among activities/parties. Greater concurrency can shorten project duration and this can be achieved by getting early information from precedent activities especially in the design phase. The concept of using early estimated information is found to be useful in reducing the duration of the design project. However, this concept imposes rework for successor(s) if there is mismatch between used estimated information and the original information that comes from full analysis. On project completion, the impact of rework due to the use of early estimated information is of great concern. Therefore, this study examines the benefit from early information through estimation and the adverse effect of rework. In the design process, some activities are estimable while some are not. Moreover, most of the events are stochastic in nature including the probabilistic nature of the activity durations and potentials for rework. For this reason, in order to validate the abovementioned concept, the simulation technique has been utilized to model the design process. }, author_keywords={early estimation, rework, reduced duration, design process }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Cleary2008, author={Cleary, Martin and Owen, Robert and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Promise-Based Management as an Enabling Factor in Lean Construction – Towards a Clarification}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={83-93}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/556}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Salford Centre for Research and Innovation (SCRI) in the built and human environment, University of Salford, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK Fax +44 161 2954587 ; Senior Research Fellow, Phone +44 161 2954143, Email r.l.owen@salford.ac.uku ; Professor, Phone +44 161 2956378, Email l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={The question of who we are in the world and how that question impacts on all discussion, or perhaps the ontological situation, is the starting point of the issues to be addressed in this paper. The width and the scope of the issues are so vast as to invite mistaken or unsatisfactory outcomes; however, the nature of construction, which might be described as the most concrete of real world situations, demands study in order to better understand what must be done to produce successful projects. From a survey of ideas found in post-enlightenment philosophy, we propose to explore some ideas found in the work of Fernando Flores and others, and to form a foundation from which we can address the question of how the structure of business communication can be clearly applied to that of construction. It is not so much that a specific philosophy or even philosophical approach should be applied to construction, as providing “useful ideas for practice” as suggested by Charles Spinosa These ideas can be gleaned from various sources both ancient and modern: from Aristotle’s metaphysics, to Charles Taylor and his championing of Herder’s expressivism as an antidote to Cartesian rationalist designative theory. The luxury we have, which shouldn’t be underestimated, is the ability to be eclectic and if an idea will function then we can own it for our specific problems and issues, as addressed in Lean Construction. This paper will draw on papers delivered at previous Lean Construction Conferences by Howell, Macomber, Senior and others and merge their contributions to overlay them onto a new philosophical perspective. }, author_keywords={construction, management, lean, philosophy }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Codinhoto2008, author={Codinhoto, Ricardo and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Rooke, John and Kagioglou, Mike and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Facilitators and Barriers to the Integration of Healthcare Service and Building Design}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={425-434}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/557}, affiliation={Research Fellow, SCRI / HaCIRIC, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, M5 4WT, UK, Phone: +44 (0)161 2953507, e-mail: r.codinhoto@salford.ac.uk ; Academic Fellow, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, M5 4WT, UK, Phone +44 161 2954284; p.tzortzopoulos@salford.ac.uk ; Research Fellow, SCRI, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, M5 4WT, UK, e-mail: j.a.rooke@eml.cc ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, M5 4WT, UK, tel. +44 (0)161 2953855, e-mail: m.kagioglou@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, M5 4WT, UK, Phone: +44 (0)161 2956378, e-mail: l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={Service design research recognises the importance of infrastructure design in the achievement of streamlined service delivery. Although research about service design and building design is abundant, very little is known about the integration of these processes. Therefore, this research aimed at identifying facilitators and barriers to the integration of service and building design processes. To this end, the initial results from a historical investigation of the redevelopment of a hospital in Salford, UK were used to identify facilitators and barriers to the integration of service and building design. Data was collected through interviews, document analysis and a workshop. Initial results present internal and external factors related to the design process generating barriers to integration of service and building design. }, author_keywords={service design, building design, healthcare, service operations management }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Cordova2008, author={Cordova, Francisco and Brilakis, Ioannis }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={On-Site 3D Vision Tracking of Construction Personnel}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={809-820}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/558}, affiliation={PhD. Pre - Candidate. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. 48109-2125; PH (734) 763-2148; email: cordovaf@umich.edu ; Assistant Professor. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. 48109-2125; PH (734) 763-2148; email: brilakis@umich.edu }, abstract={Open construction sites are highly complex environments for onsite tracking. The large amount of items present along with the amounts of occlusions/obstructions, make efficient onsite personnel tracking very difficult. Current tracking methods rely mostly on Radio Frequency technologies, such as Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Global Positioning Systems (GPS), Bluetooth and Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi, Ultra-Wideband, etc). These technologies require manual deployment of tags and record keeping of the people they are placed on. In open construction sites with numerous people working simultaneously, sensor installations and maintenance increases the cost and time needed to implement these tracking methods. This paper presents a new, less obtrusive method for open site tracking of personnel using video cameras. Video feeds are collected from on site video cameras and presented to the user. The user can then select the person that is to be tracked. The person is subsequently tracked in each video using 2D vision tracking. In each frame, epipolar geometry is used to calculate the depth (3D position) of the person. This method addresses the limitations of radio frequency methods since it uses existing construction site equipment (security cameras) to perform tracking. The method has been implemented in a C++ prototype and preliminary results show effective 3D positioning of personnel in construction sites. }, author_keywords={3D location, personnel tracking, image alignment }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Court2008, author={Court, Peter and Pasquire, Christine and Gibb, Alistair }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Modular Assembly in Healthcare Construction – A Mechanical and Electrical Case Study}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={521-532}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/559}, affiliation={Research Engineer, Dept of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, UK. ; Dept of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, UK. ; Dept of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, UK. }, abstract={This paper presents findings as part of a research project to develop and implement a lean and agile construction system on a case study project. The objective of the research project for the sponsor company is to improve its projects site operations, making them safer for the worker, and improving efficiency and productivity. A principle output of the research is the development and use of an innovative method for assembling offsite, transporting and installing mechanical and electrical distribution modules. In total 196 modules were installed in 17 construction zones on the case study project and the results show that zero accidents occurred either onsite or offsite associated with this work; an 8.62% cost saving is achieved over an estimation of traditional methods (with an estimated productivity loss of 25% for traditional method site labour); a higher quality is achieved with less site rework; 93% less hours are required onsite for the S&P method (much fewer operatives onsite at risk of injury); and a shorter overall cycle-time is required to complete the work when compared to traditional methods. This paper reports on the findings using IMMPREST software as a tool for assessing the benefits derived from the use of modular offsite assembly against what would otherwise have been traditional installation methods for this case study. }, author_keywords={construction system, IMMPREST, health, safety, productivity }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Dave2008, author={Dave, Bhargav and Koskela, Lauri and Kagioglou, Mike and Bertelsen, Sven }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={A Critical Look at Integrating People, Process and Information Systems Within the Construction Sector}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={795-808}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/560}, affiliation={Research Fellow, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +44 161 2953431; B.Dave@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +44 161 2953178; L.J.Koskela@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +44 161 2953178; M.Kagioglou@salford.ac.uk ; MSc, Consulting Engineer, External Lecturer, Danish Technical University, Roennebaervej 10, app 108, 2840 Holte, DK Denmark, Phone +45 4542 4705, sven@bertelsen.org }, abstract={The problems that the construction industry faces are widely discussed over the years. The pressure is increasing on the industry to deliver projects with minimal buffers of time, space and resources; and with minimal negative impact on the surrounding environment. The industry has been slow to respond to these challenges and continues to be criticised for that reason. There have been a number of attempts to address these challenges within the research community with varying degrees of success. However majority of these projects tend to address specific areas within the construction process rather than looking at the process as a whole. Lean principles help address the inherent wastes lying within the construction process, however there is no evidence of widespread implementation of such principles. People, process and Technology are three important aspects from Lean perspective. However in construction, technology is mostly being applied to peripheral processes resulting in less than satisfactory outcomes. There is a need address the construction process as a whole with a view to integrate various areas and aspects involved. The goal of this paper is to provide a new conceptualization for doing this with a specific focus on application of ICT within construction. Based on a literature review, prior arguments and propositions for a holistic view are reviewed. Based on them, outline of a tentative new framework for integrating processes, people and information systems is presented. }, author_keywords={construction process integration, ICT in construction, construction efficiency }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Dugnas2008, author={Dugnas, Karolis and Oterhals, Oddmund }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={State-of-the-Art Shipbuilding: Towards Unique and Integrated Lean Production Systems}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={321-331}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/561}, affiliation={MSc in Industrial Logistics, Research Assistant, Molde Research Institute (Møreforsking Molde AS), Britvegen 4, NO-6411 Molde, Norway, Phone +47 712 142 88, Karolis.Dugnas@HiMolde.no, www.mfm.no ; PhD in Engineering, Chief Research Officer, Logistics, Molde Research Institute (Møreforsking Molde AS), Britvegen 4, NO-6411 Molde, Norway, Phone +47 712 142 82, Oddmund.Oterhals@HiMolde.no, www.mfm.no }, abstract={The background for this paper is the Lean Shipbuilding R&D program, hosted by the Norwegian Research Council. The following shipyards participate in this program: Aker Yards, Kleven Verft and Ulstein Verft. Together they constitute a significant part (app. 75%) of the total Norwegian shipbuilding capacity. The paper is intended to give readers an essential theoretical support towards a better shipbuilding process. Together with the Lean theory review, current activities and plans for implementation of Lean principles at the participating shipyards are outlined and discussed as well. The paper concludes with a series of recommendations regarding both, theoretical and practical issues leading to further development of the Lean Shipbuilding concept and its application to different shipyards in the Norwegian context. }, author_keywords={lean shipbuilding, lean construction, project management, production system design, theory dissemination }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Engelmann2008, author={Engelmann, Hagen and Gehbauer, Fritz and Steffek, Peter }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Software Agents to Suport Decision Making in Design and Execution Planning}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={783-794}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/562}, affiliation={Research Assistant, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), University of Karlsruhe, Am Fasanengarten, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, engelmann@tmb.uni-karlsruhe.de ; Professor, Director of the Institute for Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), University of Karlsruhe, Am Fasanengarten, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, gehbauer@tmb.unikarlsruhe. de ; Research Assistant, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), University of Karlsruhe, Am Fasanengarten, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, steffek@tmb.uni-karlsruhe.de }, abstract={One of the particular advantages of the Last Planner System is to bring downstream players, for example construction firms, into upstream design and planning phases in order to make optimal use of all available knowledge. This procedure is actually hindered in many countries by the existing governmental contracting rules. To overcome this problem and to be able to include downstream knowledge in earlier phases of the project a solution based on software agents is proposed. The objective is to devise the software architecture for a decision support system incorporating the Last Planner System as communication platform. As the software agents shall act for persons not available during a Last Planner session they must be integrated in the collaborative process. The paper discusses a concept for this problem based on a Multi-Agent System (MAS) modelling the communication process, and a Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) to provide different functionalities needed. The concept provides a corner stone for a computer-based simulation of the knowledge of actors who are not available in phases of the Last Planner process. }, author_keywords={last planner system, design and execution planning, decision support, multi-agent system, service-oriented architecture }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Feng2008, author={Feng, Peter P. and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Standard Work From a Lean Theory Perspective}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={703-712}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/563}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Civil and Env. Engineering. Department, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 510/292-9786, FAX 510/278-8521, peterfeng@comcast.net ; Research Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory http://p2sl.berkeley.edu/ and Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 510/643-8678, FAX 510/643-8919, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={This paper presents a proof of concept that standard work procedures as prescribed by lean theory can be implemented within a concrete construction company. Standard work procedures and knowledge transfer utilizing the “J” programs as prescribed by Training Within Industry and lean theory can and does reduce variability in construction processes. Variability in work processes increases the probability of breakdowns (any deviation from an expected outcome), errors and negative iteration which leads to schedule and cost overruns. Standardizing work methods reduces the probability of breakdowns, thereby improving work flow, providing a basis for learning from what breakdowns do occur, and providing a basis for experimentation with alternative work method designs. Exploratory research with work standardization in a concrete construction division is presented, including the cultural and organizational issues that were overcome to change the current paradigm. Two findings from this research are: 1) obtained a better understanding of what standard work procedures are and how they differ from preconceived notions, and 2) development of standard work procedures to create a baseline for continuous improvement. Practitioners can use this research to understand how to analyze processes, improve them and transfer critical knowledge. }, author_keywords={rework, tfv, training within industry, standard work }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Feng2008, author={Feng, Peter P. and Tommelein, Iris D. and Booth, Lawrence }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Modeling the Effect of Rework Timing: Case Study of a Mechanical Contractor}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={691-702}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/564}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Civil and Environmental Engineering. Department, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 510/292-9786, FAX +1 510/278-8521, peterfeng@comcast.net ; Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory (http://p2sl.berkeley.edu/) and Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 510/643-8678, FAX +1 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Project Manager, Frank M. Booth, Inc., P.O. Box 5, 222 Third Street, Marysville, CA 95901, Phone +1 530/749-3778, lawrenceb@frankbooth.com }, abstract={Design and construction changes often cause rework, increase a project’s cost, and delay its delivery. Data was obtained from a mechanical contractor in order to study rework timing and how it disrupts their detailing, fabrication, and installation processes. A set of simulation models illustrate the impact of rework timing. The focus is on early changes, that is, changes that become known when the contractor is detailing, so they can be dealt with either (1) right away during detailing, (2) during fabrication, or (3) during on-site installation. One model shows that dealing with changes in the detailing phase not only affects that phase but can have negative impacts on installation as well. Another model shows that detailing a project to a set of approved drawings and maintaining those until project completion, forces changes to be pushed downstream to site installation, which makes the impact of those changes more transparent to all players involved and can reduce negative iteration. The question addressed in this paper is: When early changes occur, is there benefit to incorporating them during site installation instead of trying to capture, re-detail, and change drawings? Practitioners can use this research to assess resources to avoid rework. }, author_keywords={changes, contracts, detailing, discrete event simulation, lean construction, mechanical contractor, rework }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fontanini2008, author={Fontanini, Patricia Stella Pucharelli and Picchi, Flavio Augusto and Loureiro, Sergio Adriano and Junior, Orlando Fontes Lima and Folch, Alex Tort }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Simulating a Construction Supply Chain– Preliminary Case Study of Precast Elements}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={371-380}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/565}, affiliation={PHD Candidate of the Architecture and Civil Engineering Department, DAC-FEC-UNICAMP/ GTE, stella@fec.unicamp.br ; Professor of the Architecture and Civil Engineering Department, DAC-FEC-UNICAMP/ GTE; fpicchi@fec.unicamp.br ; Master Student of the Architecture and Civil Engineering Department, DGT-FEC-UNICAMP/ LALT, saloureiro@gmail.com ; Professor of the Architecture and Civil Engineering Department, DGT-FEC-UNICAMP/ LALT, oflimaj@fec.unicamp.br ; Executive Director of MUNTE Construction, atf@munte.com.br }, abstract={This paper presents a preliminary case study of simulation in a construction supply chain, adopting as focus company a pre-cast elements producer. The framework for relationships analysis was provided by a value stream macro mapping (VSMM), taking steel as the specific case. Data collection was carried out gathering information from the company’s information system and from interviews with representatives of involved agents. This data was compiled in a first simulation of current state, using iThink software, generating output of selected parameters for analysis. A future state is drafted, suggesting modelling strategies for a second simulation using lean tools, in further studies. The paper concludes with recommendations and considerations about the potential of this kind of simulation to study complex construction supply chains behaviour. }, author_keywords={lean simulation, supply chain, lean thinking }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Forgues2008, author={Forgues, Daniel and Koskela, Lauri and Lejeune, Albert }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Breaking Socio-Cognitive Barriers to Value Generation in Integrated Teams}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={435-446}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/566}, affiliation={Professor, Department of Construction Engineering,1100 Notre-Dame St. West, École de Technologie Superieure, Montreal (QC) Canada, H3C 1K3Phone +1 514/3968668 daniel.forgues@etsmtl.ca ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +44 161 295 6378; L.J.Koskela@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, Department of management & technology, Université du Québec à Montréal; Canada. Phone +1 (514) 987-3000, # 4844; lejeune.albert@uqam.ca }, abstract={Value generation is defined as meeting client requirements while minimizing waste. Authors agree on the issues related to sequential design in handling client requirements, and suggest the use of an integrated Design approach as an alternative. Little is said, however, about the impact of adopting integrated Design new organization of work on traditional design practice, processes and tools, and about the importance of breaking down socio-cognitive barriers related to mental model fragmentation between design professionals, clients and users. This may result in cognitive inertia, a major source of waste. The objective of the research is to develop and test the use of boundary objects, such as requirement management tools in the context of integrated teams and organizations to break the cognitive inertia that hinders value generation. The research is conclusive about the effectiveness of using boundary objects such as a requirement management construct to transform practices in construction. The research also contributes to a better understanding of the new purpose of construction projects by framing its context and process dimensions within a theoretical framework, and to the evolution of practices in construction. }, author_keywords={integrated design, value management, activity theory, boundary artefact }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Frier2008, author={Frier, Marie and Kirkegaard, Poul Henning and Fisker, Anna Marie }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Architectural Intention as the Mediator of Lean Housing Construction}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={533-540}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/567}, affiliation={M.Sc. Eng. PhD Student, Dwellab, Department of Architecture & Design, Aalborg University (AAU), Gammel Torv 6, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark. Phone: +45 25266446. Email: mfri@aod.aau.dk ; M.Sc Eng. Associate Professor Ph.D, Dwellab, Department of Civil Engineering, AAU ; Architect maa. Associate Professor Ph.D Dwellab, Department of Architecture & Design, AAU }, abstract={In recent years a number of companies have taken up the challenge of producing prefab houses using lean principles, hereby incorporating value driven production theory as the means to optimize construction processes. However, the value of home is dependent on architectural qualities and interior spatial experiences difficult to operationalize as production objectives. As stated by Sven Bertelsen a home should be more than the sum of the parts; the home constitutes our physical and metaphysical being and there is deep feelings connected to this phenomenon (Bertelsen, 2005). Modularization and prefab production as lean construction strategies hold obvious potentials in the development of an effective building envelope with regards to indoor climate, assembly etc. However, the discussion of lean construction, future working co operations and processes, often avoid an actual positioning regarding the values, which were originally the main focus of lean construction philosophy (Howell, 1999). Through the development of a particular interior architectural focus this paper suggests a method for reintroducing customer value; architectural quality, as the outset for making housing construction lean. }, author_keywords={prefabrication, architectural values, construction strategies, theory and application }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{El-Gafy2008, author={El-Gafy, Mohamed A. and Abdelhamid, Tariq }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Using System Dynamics Modeling as a Lean Construction Work Structuring Tool}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={121-130}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/568}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, 114 Human Ecology, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: elgafy@msu.edu ; Associate Professor, 116 Human Ecology, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: tariq@msu.edu }, abstract={Discrete Event Simulation has been advanced in the construction literature as a tool to design construction operations while incorporating performance variability to arrive at more realistic durations and cost estimates. This tool can enable Lean Construction work structuring (LWS), which is concerned with the selection and sequencing of work methods during the product design stage. LWS is “thinking production process during the product design stage”. This paper introduces system dynamics as a quantitative approach for LWS wherein an operation is designed and analyzed for effectiveness of production strategies before implementation. System Dynamics evaluates the actions in terms of dependencies and feedback loops among process variables. The proposed modeling approach will be qualitatively demonstrated and discussed using a bricklaying operation to illustrate the benefits of the proposed methodology. }, author_keywords={lean construction, lean work structuring, discrete event simulation, dynamic system modeling, simulation, }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gehbauer2008, author={Gehbauer, Frtiz }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Lean Organization: Exploring Extended Potentials of the Last Planner System}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={3-13}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/569}, affiliation={Professor, Director of Institute for Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), University of Karlsruhe, Am Fasanengarten, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, gehbauer@tmb.uni-karlsruhe.de }, abstract={The subject of the paper originated from practical project work in a large organization designing, planning, and supervising public infrastructure projects. This organization can be described as traditional with a lot of regulations but conscious of the fact that project work could be improved. Cooperative phase planning along the lines of the Last Planner System was applied in several pilot projects (design/planning phases only). It became obvious rather quickly that lean approaches on a project level would be limited in developing their potential if the overlying organizational structures and cultures would not offer a commitment to Lean and preparedness to changes. The objective of the paper is to show how these changes can gradually be initiated to overcome the main obstacles as fear, resistance to change, and existing procedures. The main questions are: What are the desirable features of an organization that will support lean project work? Can the Last Planner System play a double role by both improving the project and facilitating gradual changes within the organization? The method adopted in the organization referred to in this paper was to make the project teams acquainted with some selected eye openers of organizational concepts. To discuss the full set of such concepts with the teams would have done no good. This paper gives a report on this selective approach. In this process the Last Planner System is now being used to transfer improvements of motivation, cooperation, transparency, reliability and promises from the project level into the organization. }, author_keywords={lean organisation, organisational changes, lean management, last planner system, }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gomez2008, author={Gomez, Christy P. and Bahtiar, Siti Fazreen Idayu }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Mechanism for Introducing Lean Construction Project Management Principles and Concepts Through Self-Directed Learning}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={269-279}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/570}, affiliation={Lecturer, Department of Construction and Property Management, University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia. PH: (+6)07-453 7193; FAX: (+6)07-453 6021; email: cpgomez@uthm.edu.my ; Masters Student, Department of Construction and Property Management, University Tun Hussein, Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia. PH: (+6)07-453 7193; FAX: (+6)07- 4536021; email: fazreenaidayu@yahoo.com }, abstract={Approaches to introducing lean construction principles and concepts have been, in the main, inconsistent with the learning theories and their learning modes. Additionally, these approaches have been found to be lacking in terms of being practice-specific whilst not addressing the potential to be systemically implemented. This paper describes an attempt to address these issues. A pilot Lean Construction Management Learning Programme (LCMLP) is currently being developed with a collaborative industry partner as a mechanism for implementing Lean Construction principles and concepts in a systemic manner within the management community of a construction project whilst addressing the key issue of conceptual change that focuses on the necessary learning modes. The approach is a collaborative longitudinal management research and development (R&D) project, viewed as a form of Management Learning Practice. This programme is aligned with the andragogy model of education focused on self-directed learning in a situated context. The Programme is structured according to the key fields of Design Management, Production Management and Supply Chain Management focused on minimizing waste and maximizing value. }, author_keywords={lean construction, management learning, action learning, social learning, construction management }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gonzalez2008, author={Gonzalez, Vicente and Alarcon, Luis Fernando and Maturana, Sergio and Bustamante, Jose Antonio and Mundaca, Fernando }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Work-in-Process Buffer Management Using the Rational Commitment Model in Repetitive Projects}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={667-678}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/571}, affiliation={M. Eng., Ph.D(c), School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Santiago 22, Chile. Lecturer, Sc, Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile. E-Mail: vagonzag@puc.cl ; Professor of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile. E-Mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Professor of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile. E-Mail: smaturan@ing.puc.cl ; M. Eng., School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile. E-Mail: jabustac@ing.puc.cl ; Well Engineer, Integrated Project Management, Schlumberger. E-Mail: mundaca@slb.com }, abstract={The use of buffers (Bf) has been a common production strategy to protect construction processes from the negative impact of variability. Construction practitioners and researchers have proposed different buffering approaches for different production situations and contexts, but practical solutions to manage Bf at operational level in construction projects are not obvious. This research proposes an operational level methodology for Work-In-Process (WIP) Bf management in repetitive projects, using the rational commitment model (RCM). RCM is an operational decision-making tool for production planning and commitment negotiation. RCM helps determine WIPBf sizes for a short-term planning horizon using field information and planning reliability indicators at the construction level instead of variability levels. RCM allows managing WIPBf among different crews involved in construction processes. The proposed methodology was validated in real repetitive projects. An application is used to illustrate the robustness and practicality of RCM to manage WIPBf on-site, which can become a key factor for industry penetration of Bf production strategies based on Lean Production principles. }, author_keywords={buffer, lean production, rational commitment model, work-in-process }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hamzeh2008, author={Hamzeh, Farook R. and Ballard, Glenn and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Improving Construction Work Flow – The Connective Role of Lookahead Planning}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={635-646}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/572}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 215 McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, farook@calmail.berkeley.edu ; Research Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory http://p2sl.berkeley.edu and Associate Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 215 McLaughlin Hall, University. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712,USA, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu ; Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory http://p2sl.berkeley.edu and Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, 510/643-8678, FAX: 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Lookahead planning is a fundamental process in the Last PlannerTM system of production control, which encompasses four tiers of planning processes: master scheduling, phase scheduling, lookahead planning, and commitment planning. Lookahead planning means not just viewing near-term tasks from the master or phase schedule and possibly detailing them, but it is a process to make tasks ready and create a workable backlog of tasks. The purpose of this paper is to report on research dedicated to improving the Last PlannerTM system in general and the lookahead process in particular. The paper describes the role of lookahead planning as a connector between long term planning and commitment planning. Research is presented on two projects in North America combined with preliminary results from a survey investigating the Last PlannerTM implementation and the performance of the lookahead process. The data collected was employed to evaluate the current practice, suggest hypotheses for improvement, and introduce experiments to test these hypotheses. The study findings indicate an inadequate performance of the lookahead process mainly due to the lack of instructions such as Last PlannerTM implementation guidelines or related standardized integrative practices. The paper suggests guidelines and reports on research concerned with producing, testing, and improving the required instructions. }, author_keywords={Lookahead planning, production control, lean construction, Last PlannerTM system, rationalizing production. }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hofacker2008, author={Hofacker, A. and Oliveira, B. Fernandes de and Gehbauer, F. and Freitas, M.d. Carmo Duarte and Menez, Jr., R. and Santos, A. and Kirsch, J. }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Rapid Lean Construction-Quality Rating Model (LCR)}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={241-250}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/573}, affiliation={Research Associate, Institute of Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), Karlsruhe University (TH), Germany, Am Fasanengarten Geb. 50.31, D-76128 Karlsruhe. Tel: (49) 721 608 5476, Fax: (49)721 695245, Hofacker@tmb.uni-karlsruhe.de ; Master student, Graduate Program on Construction, GRUPOTIC, Universidade Federal de Paraná (UFPR), Brazil, Tel: (55)41 3361 3448, bruno.oliveira@ufpr.br ; Professor, head of the Institute of Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), Karlsruhe University (TH), Germany, Am Fasanengarten Geb. 50.31, D-76128 Karlsruhe Tel: (49) 721 608 2647, Fax: (49)721 695245, Gehbauer@tmb.uni-karlsruhe.de ; Professor, Industrial Engineering, Graduate Program on Construction, GRUPOTIC, Universidade Federal de Paraná (UFPR), Brazil, (55) 41 3361 3448, mcf@ufpr.br ; Professor, Industrial Engineering, Graduate Program on Construction, Leader of the GRUPOTIC Research Group,Universidade Federal de Paraná (UFPR), Brazil, (55) 41 3361 3448, mendesjr@ufpr.br ; Professor, Design and Sustainability Research Center, Universidade Federal de Paraná (UFPR), Rua General Carneiro, 460, Ed. Dom Petro 1, sala 717, Centro, Curitiba, Brazil, Tel: (55) 41 3360 5313, asantos@ufpr.br ; Research Associate, Institute of Technology & Management in Construction (TMB), Karlsruhe University, Germany, Tel: (49) 721 608 8221, Fax: (49)721 695245, Kirsch@tmb.uni-karlsruhe.de }, abstract={The rapid Lean Construction-quality8 Rating model (LCR) is a unique and easy model to evaluate the quality and degree of leanness related to the pursuit of the leanphilosophy in a construction project. A standardized framework enables to combine qualitative evaluation through observation together with quantitative analysis. A categorized evaluation scheme is proposed within the same model, to easily visualize and interpret the rating results. The degree of LC-application is hereby distinguished between d-projects (low level, projects without any LC knowledge, low quality and highly wasteful) and aaa - projects (high level). This standardized rating model can be applied to all kinds of construction projects and within different geographic contexts. One hour of construction site visit and another half-hour for the analysis is required to undertake the rating. The model further suggests applying the rating model on three or more construction projects of one company. This should allow carrying the evaluation forward from a project to a company level. }, author_keywords={rating model, lean construction, qualitative and quantitative analysis, classification of projects }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ilozor2008, author={Ilozor, Benedict D. and Egbu, Charles O. and Abdelhamid, Tariq S. }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Designing and Building to Minimize Construction Waste}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={743-768}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/574}, affiliation={Associate Professor and Graduate Assistant & Research Coordinator, Construction Management Programs, School of Engineering Technology, College of Technology, Eastern Michigan University, USA. ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT, England, UK. ; Associate Professor, 116 Human Ecology, School of Planning, Design and Construction, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA }, abstract={Lean Construction strives for reliable workflow on the construction site by using work-structuring and the Last Planner System. In the construction industry, many factors contribute to unreliable workflow such as late delivery of material and equipment, blue-print errors, change orders, equipment breakdowns, tool malfunctions, improper resources utilization, labor strikes, and environmental (weather) effects. Another important source of variability, which is often overlooked is construction waste, as in by-products of the construction process. This source of reliable workflow impedance create cluttered, congested, and dangerous work conditions. In Lean Construction, 5s or 6s is deployed in order to mitigate the effects of construction waste. Another tact to use, which follows from the continuous process improvement spirit that underlies lean, is to minimize and ideally eliminate this waste. If dealt with appropriately, there can be many benefits, including lower overall cost, faster production, a higher quality, and more sustainable buildings. The purpose of this investigation is to ascertain key sources of construction waste, and whether generation varies with the type and size of the constructions. A sample of 30 general contractors was studied, and several null hypotheses on waste generation and minimization differences were tested using the Kruskal-Wallis H test. Although subtle shifts were observed in the aspects of waste behavior that seemed predicated on construction sectors and capital base, to some extent the proposition that construction type and size can influence waste generation and minimization was validated. Based on this study, some solutions are provided as viable avenues to managing and minimizing construction waste. }, author_keywords={lean construction, construction waste, workflow problems, waste minimization }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Izquierdo2008, author={Izquierdo, Jorge Luis and Arbulu, Roberto }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Application of Production Management in Industrial Epc and Mining Projects in Peru}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={713-720}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/575}, affiliation={Head of Project Controls, Graña y Montero S.A. Av. Paseo de la Republica 4675, Lima 34, Perú, Phone: 1- (511) 213-0444, email: jizquierdo@gym.com.pe ; Director SPS|Technical Services, Strategic Project Solutions Inc., 1040 Battery St., San Francisco, CA 94111, USA, Phone: 1-415-362-3200, email: rarbulu@spsinc.net }, abstract={Projects in the industrial EPC and mining sectors of the construction industry share common characteristics such as complexity and size, high levels of interdependency between multiple stakeholders, remote and disperse geographical locations, and in many cases, extreme weather conditions. The combination of these characteristics creates production environments in which variability abound hampering performance, causing delays, and reducing quality and safety levels. Ensuring the successful delivery of industrial and mining projects then requires new ways of working that support the identification and reduction of variability mainly from sources such as materials supply, engineering, and site operations. Traditional project management practices are not enough to identify, reduce, and buffer the remaining variability in support of performance improvement efforts. This paper proposes how to adopt production management to complement existing project management practices for industrial EPC and mining projects in order to achieve better results in terms of schedule reduction and productivity improvement through variability management. The paper presents case studies on the application of production management techniques for this type of projects including results and lessons learned. This paper is a joined effort between Graña y Montero (GyM), the largest general contractor in Peru, and Strategic Project Solutions (SPS), leader in the development of solutions for the improved management of capital projects. }, author_keywords={buffers, EPC, industrial, mining, planning, production management, variability }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Jacomit2008, author={Jacomit, Ana Mitsuko and Granja, Ariovaldo Denis and Picchi, Flavio Augusto }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Target Costing Research Analysis: Reflections for Construction Industry Implementation}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={601-612}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/576}, affiliation={Postgraduate research student, Construction Management and Technology Research Group (GTE), Department of Architecture and Construction (DAC), School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design (FEC), University of Campinas, Brazil (UNICAMP), 13083-852, Campinas, SP, Brazil;, anamjacomit@gmail.com; ; Asst. Professor, Construction Management and Technology Research Group (GTE), Department of Architecture and Construction (DAC), School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design (FEC), University of Campinas, Brazil (UNICAMP), 13083-852, Campinas, SP, Brazil; adgranja@fec.unicamp.br ; Director, Lean Institute Brazil, Rua Topázio 911, São Paulo/SP, Brazil, CEP 04105-063, Phone +55 11/5571- 6887, FAX 11/5571-0804, fpicchi@lean.org.br }, abstract={Target costing or Genka Kikaku, as originally named in Japan, is not only a tool for managing costs, but a strategic approach for development of new products, that aims to reduce costs, ensuring quality, reliability and other attributes that will add value to the customers. This paper presents a framework that summarizes a product development process with the literal application of target costing, and seeks to compare this framework to three implementations of it in the construction industry. It started with elaboration of a flowchart that allowed the definition of the parameters to be used in the analysis. Results show that none of the cases studied covers a completed target costing implementation as envisioned in manufacture. Finally, this work points out some issues that need further development such as studies about alternative ways of obtaining the target cost – based on the current market price instead of historical data. }, author_keywords={target costing, target cost, cost management, value engineering }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Jang2008, author={Jang, Jin Woo and Kim, Yong Woo }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={The Relationship Between the Make-Ready Process and Project Schedule Performance}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={647-656}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/577}, affiliation={ }, abstract={This research investigates the importance of the make-ready process in last planner implementation. The make-ready process has the potential to improve workflow predictability and reliability in construction projects. The construction industry has recognized that timely constraint removal is an important and distinctive requirement of successful projects. Percentage of constraint removal (PCR) was used as a performance metric for the make-ready process. The authors tested the relationship between PCR and Percent Planned-work Completed (PPC), and hypothesize that PPC depends on the effectiveness of the make-ready process. Correlation and regression analyses were used to investigate how the effectiveness of the make-ready process (as measured by PCR) affects PPC. The results of the correlation coefficients for the relationship between PPC and PCR are significant (p<0.05). The regression analysis revealed that PPC positively related with PCR (p<0.1). Workflow reliability differed depending on the operational performance of the make-ready process. }, author_keywords={make-ready process, constraint analysis, percentage of constraint removal, percent plan complete, case study }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Jayaraman2008, author={Jayaraman, Venkataramanan and Abdelhamid, Tariq S. and Ilozor, Benedict D. }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Assessment of Uncertainty Management Approaches in Construction Organizations}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={221-229}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/578}, affiliation={Project Engineer, Perini Building Co, USA. Email: vjayaraman@periniwest.com ; Associate Professor, 116 Human Ecology, School of Planning, Design and Construction, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA 48824-1323. Email: tariq@msu.edu ; Associate Professor and Graduate Assistant & Research Coordinator, Construction Management Programs, School of Engineering Technology, Eastern Michigan University, USA. Email: bilozor@emich.edu }, abstract={Previous research has indicated that in about 85% of the projects, the managers underestimated the extent of uncertainty at the start of a project. Since then limited research has been conducted to study the uncertainty climate in Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) organizations. The primary goal of this research was to assess the orientation of construction organizations towards managing uncertainty. A Working Climate Survey (WCS) was used to measure two aspects of uncertainty, namely, personal and work environment uncertainty. Analysis of the responses of 61 construction industry professionals from a wide spectrum of companies indicated the possibility of some correlation between demographic items and results of the study. It was also found that creating the right environment for employees is the first essential step necessary to embrace uncertainty followed by training the employees. Moreover, an improvement in the percentage of responses in dynamic climate was found when only the companies that practice any of the lean construction principles were considered separately from the entire sample. Based on the findings of the research, guidelines for embracing uncertainty in the project and production management phases are developed and presented. }, author_keywords={lean construction, construction uncertainty, embracing uncertainty }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kemmer2008, author={Kemmer, Sergio L. and Heineck, Luiz Fernando M. and Alves, Thais da C.L. }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Using the Line of Balance for Production System Design}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={299-308}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/579}, affiliation={Lean Initiative Coordinator, Construtora C. Rolim Engenharia Ltda., Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, sergio@crolim.com.br ; Professor, Department of Mechanical Production Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil ; Assistant Professor, Department of Structures and Construction Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, thaiscla@ufc.br }, abstract={The line of balance (LOB) is a tool for project planning and control that provides great visibility for the flows of work in a construction site. The LOB depicts information related to when, where and what activities are done at any time as well as activity batch size, pace, and buffers between different crews. Besides making work flows more transparent to those managing a project, this tool can serve as a means to simulate and discuss different alternatives and strategies to sequence activities in the long run. This paper presents a study carried out in a construction company in Fortaleza, Brazil in which the authors used the LOB in the initial planning phase of a high-rise residential project. Based on the information provided by different LOBs, representing different scenarios, the authors discussed with projects managers, superintendents, and crews the advantages and disadvantages of each scenario regarding the project’s lead time, activities cycle time, gang sizes, batch sizes, buffers, sequencing, interferences between crews, learning effect and productivity. The paper presents the project’s personnel views about the different scenarios and respective indicators, and discusses the implications of the group’s chosen scenario for the project as whole. The LOB was developed in spreadsheet software (Microsoft® Excel) and had a high rate of success as the project’s participants could easily understand the concepts used to develop each scenario, simulate, and evaluate the impacts they had on the project’s performance. Based on other papers’ conclusions about the topic, this paper aims at contributing to the discussion about production system design based on solid production indicators depicted through low-cost and low-level of abstraction tools such as the Line of Balance. }, author_keywords={line of balance, lead time, flow, batch, buffer, negotiation }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Khalfan2008, author={Khalfan, M.M.A. and McDermott, P. and Oyegoke, A.S. and Dickinson, M.T. and Li, X. and Neilson, D. }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Application of Kanban in the UK Construction Industry by Public Sector Clients}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={347-358}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/580}, affiliation={Research Fellow, SCRI Research Centre, University of Salford, UK. Phone +44 (0)161 2955226; m.m.a.khalfan@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK. Phone +44 (0)161 2954808; p.mcdermott@salford.ac.uk ; Research Fellow, SCRI Research Centre, University of Salford, UK. Phone +44 (0)161 2954748; a.s.oyegoke@salford.ac.uk ; Research Assistant, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK. m.t.dickinson@salford.ac.uk ; Ph.D candidate, School of the Construction Management and Real Estate, Southeast University, China. Visiting Fellow at School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, lixianguang@tom.com ; Fusion21, Building Skills Centre, Huyton, Merseyside, L36 6AP }, abstract={Kanban is a one of the lean approaches adopted within the industry in order to pull construction materials through their production systems on a just-in-time basis. The approach is developed in the automotive industry and now being widely implemented within the construction industry with many success stories. The objective of this approach is to accomplish management of products and materials with least waste; e.g., unnecessary inventories and processing time, waiting time, as well as physical waste. The primary means for achieving the objective is to simplify the processes of acquiring, storing, distributing and disposing of selected products and material on site. This paper talks about a particular type of kanban, called supplier kanban. The supplier kanban is the one which transmits a replenishment signal to outside suppliers and from suppliers to manufacturers of the products as well as signal for delivery of material just-in-time on the construction site. Here the author talks about a material management strategy adopted by Fusion 21, a group of local authorities and housing association that use supplier kanbans to signal the need for delivery of selected products from preferred suppliers and manufacturers to site just-in-time for the operations and maintenance of their social housing stocks. Fusion21 is at the forefront of procurement partnerships in the social housing sector and is the winner of the Housing Corporation Gold award for ‘Innovation in Procurement’. Fusion21 members own over 135,000 properties throughout the UK with membership expected to increase significantly over the next 4 years. Fusion21 jointly procures construction related contracts on behalf of its partner organisations and already manages numerous frameworks for various elements with current activity of over £45M per year. }, author_keywords={kanban, just-in-time, lean construction, material management, supply chain integration, pull }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kim2008, author={Kim, Sang-Chul and Kim, Yong-Woo and Park, Chan-Jeong }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Introduction of Workforce Database System for Effective Production Planning}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={833-838}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/581}, affiliation={Manager, GS Engineering and Construction Corp., Seoul, Korea. Tel: 82-2-728-2544, sckim08@gsconst.co.kr ; Assistant Professor, College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Department of Construction Management, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. E-mail: yongkim@u.washington.edu ; General Manager, GS Engineering and Construction Corp., Seoul, Korea. Tel: 82-2-728-2605, parkcj@gsconst.co.kr }, abstract={Workforce information is important in production planning because production planning is a job matching a production unit’s capacity to loads of assignments. However, tracking and managing workforce information such as skills and accident history is not an easy job. This paper aims to describe a prototype workforce database system using RFID (radio frequency identification) with emphasis on tracking workforce capacity on daily production on sites. It is noted that the study presented in this paper is a part of on-going research on using workforce information for production planning. }, author_keywords={workforce information, database system, workforce capacity }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ko2008, author={Ko, Chien-Ho and Wang, Shu-Fan }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Arranging Weekly Work Plans in Concrete Element Prefabrication Using Genetic Algorithms}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={849-856}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/582}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Rd., Neipu, Pingtung 912, Taiwan, e-mail: fpecount@yahoo.com.tw, phone: +886-8-7703202, fax: +886-8-7740122; Research Director, Taiwan Lean Construction Institute; Executive Director, Lean Construction Institute Asia ; Assistant Researcher, Taiwan Lean Construction Institute }, abstract={Applying lean production concepts to precast fabrication have been proven promising. However, foreman encounters difficulties in arranging weekly work plans. The objective of this research is to overcome the difficulty when arranging weekly work plans in concrete element prefabrication. Current practices in arranging weekly work plans are fairly basic, and depending heavily on experience, thereby resulting in inefficient resource utilization and even late delivery. To enhance weekly work planning, this research develops a flowshop sequencing model. In the model, production constraints and buffer sizes between stations are considered. A multi-objective genetic algorithm is then used to search for optimum solutions with minimum makespan and tardiness penalties. The performance of the proposed method is validated by using two case studies. The experimental results show that the research work can be used to enhance weekly work planning especially for numerous combinations of sequences. }, author_keywords={precast fabrication, weekly work plan, genetic algorithms, flowshop sequencing model, buffer }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela2008, author={Koskela, Lauri and Siriwardena, Mohan and Rooke, John }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Through-Life Management of Built Facilities: Towards a Framework for Analysis}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={61-71}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/583}, affiliation={Professor, Salford Centre for Research and Innovation (SCRI) in the built and human environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK, ; Research Fellow, Salford Centre for Research and Innovation (SCRI) in the built and human environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK, ; Research Fellow, Salford Centre for Research and Innovation (SCRI) in the built and human environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK, }, abstract={Although built facilities are required to cater to changing requirements over time, effective through life management is absent as an in-process activity from most large scale procurements. Through a review of key literature, several approaches which address aspects relevant to through-life management are discussed, and an attempt is made to create a unified view framework of understanding of what constitutes through-life management. Furthermore, an initial diagnostic style checklist is provided as a way of identifying the absence of through-life management. }, author_keywords={Through-Life Management, built facilities, product-service }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela2008, author={Koskela, Lauri }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Which Kind of Science Is Construction Management?}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={51-60}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/584}, affiliation={Professor, Salford Centre for Research and Innovation (SCRI) in the built and human environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK, }, abstract={It is argued that the mainstream views on the nature of construction management are insufficient, and as one consequence of this, the relevance of construction management has been questioned. As a solution to this situation, construction management is suggested to be repositioned as a design science, rather than as an explanatory science. A historical consideration reveals that design science equals to one of the sciences proposed by Aristotle, however, the suggestion of Aristotle has been forgotten. Thus, there has been a long-standing neglect of the design science, which explains the present fragmentation of this field. It is argued that this redefinition of construction management will solve several problems plaguing this discipline, including the problem of relevance. }, author_keywords={construction management, natural science, social science, science of production, design science, constructive research }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Larsson2008, author={Larsson, Robert }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Simulation of Construction Operations Applied to In Situ Concrete Frameworks}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={143-153}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/585}, affiliation={M.Sc. Div. of Structural Engineering, Lund Institute of Technology, Lund University, PO Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden. Phone +46 733 141153, Fax +46 46 2224212, robert.larsson@kstr.lth.se }, abstract={The erection process of in situ cast concrete frameworks in multi-storey housing consists of multiple on site activities in which labour, equipment and materials are interacting in a complex system. Studies have shown that the current process involves a wide range of non-value adding activities, resulting in poor process efficiency. This paper presents a model developed for discrete-event simulation of activities and resource use involved in the construction of in situ cast concrete frameworks in multi-storey housing. The model simulates the work flow which is subject to multiple work locations and resource availability constraints. The model has been developed and validated by studying four ongoing projects. The model functionality and simulation approach are described. The validation of the model is also described and finally a parametric study is conducted to demonstrate the use of the model. It is shown that the model can reproduce the dynamic behaviour in a work flow constrained by resource availability. The model can be used to analyze how different production strategies involving resource allocation influence total construction time and cost. }, author_keywords={discrete-event simulation, in-situ concrete framework, construction activities, work flow }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lennartsson2008, author={Lennartsson, Martin and Bjornfot, Anders and Stehn, Lars }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Lean Modular Design: Value-Based Progress of Industrialised Housing}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={541-552}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/586}, affiliation={M.Sc., Div. of Structural Engineering - Timber Structures, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden, Phone +46 920 492967, FAX +46 920 491091, martin.lennartsson@ltu.se ; Tech., Dr., Div. of Structural Engineering - Timber Structures, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden, Phone +46 920 492067, FAX +46 920 491091, anders.bjornfot@ltu.se ; Prof., Div. of Structural Engineering - Timber Structures, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden, Phone +46 920 491976, FAX +46 920 491091, lars.stehn@ltu.se }, abstract={One of the core ideas of Lean Construction is that the process of designing and producing a construction product should progress continuously and create value for both the customer and the delivery team. The hypothesis in this paper is that modularisation has potential as a method for value management. The aim is to describe how modularisation, in a lean context, can be used as a tool to facilitate the management of internal and external values in industrialised housing. The paper will explore the theory of modularisation and its drivers and examine how the method can promote value management. Modularisation is then explored in practice, using empirical knowledge from the building service systems (HVAC, electricity, etc.) development process at five Swedish multi-storey timber housing producers. The analysis point out the importance of decomposing the modularisation process into a jointly performed industry phase where modules are designed, followed by a company internal product development process that complies to the modules. This paper concludes that it is not the product decomposition into modules that is of importance, rather the process that strives to balance internal and external values. }, author_keywords={modular drivers, industrialised housing, building service systems, value management }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Leong2008, author={Leong, Michelle S. and Tilley, Paul }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={A Lean Strategy to Performance Measurement – Reducing Waste by Measuring ‘Next’ Customer Needs}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={757-768}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/587}, affiliation={Director, Lean Practitioners Ltd. Leckford, Crookes Lane, Kewstoke, W-S-M BS22 9XB, UK Phone +44 845 8673788, Mobile +44 7935 312214, michelle@leanpractitioners.co.uk ; Teaching Fellow, School of Engineering, Physics & Mathematics, University of Dundee; UK. Phone +44 1382 385103; p.tilley@dundee.ac.uk }, abstract={Despite the odd victory here and there, the construction industry is continuing to be seen by many as a poor performer – especially considering the advances being made in other industries. It is the authors’ belief that this is due (to a large extent) from a gateway waste of not measuring and/or using wrong, inappropriate or insufficient measures for performance appraisal. By identifying and using appropriate measures for benchmarking performance, both quick wins and long-term process improvements can be achieved, as better knowledge helps to identify the right direction and focus areas for investing in improvement efforts. The aim of this paper is to briefly discuss current performance measurement (or lack there of) within the construction industry and through the use of a simple case study example, identify some of the waste and repercussions of either not measuring or using inadequate/inappropriate measures or targets. The paper also aims to explore the notion of measuring NEXT customer needs – as part of a lean performance measurement strategy – in order to try to achieve end user customer satisfaction. A case study example involving the RFI process is then used to illustrate the authors’ belief that tailoring measures according to NEXT customer needs will assist in driving behaviour towards end user value, improving performance, reducing waste and contributing directly to the bottom line. }, author_keywords={data collection, construction, lean, measures, NEXT customer, systems thinking, value, value demand, failure demand }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Leung2008, author={Leung, Arthur W.T. and Tam, C.M. }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Assessing Project Staffing Requirements Using Unsupervised Clustering Techniques}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={613-622}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/588}, affiliation={Senior Lecturer, Division of Building Science and Technology, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Phone: (852) 27887617, Fax:(852)27889716, bsawtl@cityu.edu.hk ; Professor, Department of Building & Construction, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Phone: (852) 27887620, Fax:(852)27887612, bctam@cityu.edu.hk }, abstract={Standardization, prefabrication and mechanization have been adopted, with similar concepts of lean construction, by the Hong Kong SAR government to solve housing problems since 1980. Project managers usually believe that the number of supervisory staff is directly proportional to the scale of a project. However, it is observed that there are significant variations in the allocation of supervisory staff. The objective of this pilot study attempts to explore the relationship between the scale of building projects, in terms of project clusters, and staffing strategies. In order to derive objective classification for building projects, objective project data has been used for forming project clusters using the Self-organizing Map (SOM) algorithm, which is a well-known unsupervised clustering technique. The project clusters formed represent the natural grouping in terms of similarity. The relationships between supervisory staffing patterns and project clusters have been reviewed. The findings identifies that there is a significant difference between staffing strategies for standardized public housing project and supervisory staff has been reduced proportionally to the project scale. The results shed some light on the understanding of staffing practice adopted by contractors in Hong Kong and provide some insight for future research. }, author_keywords={project cluster, project scale, staffing cost, unsupervised clustering technique, site organization }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Li2008, author={Li, Xianguang and Aouad, Ghassan and McDermott, Peter and Liu, Ying and Abbott, Carl }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Integrating Information Accross Construction Supply Chain Using nD Modelling}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={839-848}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/589}, affiliation={PhD candidate, Department of the Construction Management and Real Estate, Southeast University, China. Visiting Fellow of SCRI at University of Salford, UK. Phone +44 (0)161 2955352; lixianguang@tom.com. ; Professor, Dean of the Faculty of Business, Law & the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK. Director of the SCRI Research Centre, Phone +44 (0)161 2955176; g.aouad@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, Salford Centre for Research & Innovation (SCRI) at University of Salford, UK. Phone +44 (0)161 2954808; p.mcdermott@salford.ac.uk ; Lecture, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Xinhua University, China. Phone +86 (0)551 5364580; liuyingguang@tom.com ; Senior research, Salford Centre for Research & Innovation (SCRI) at University of Salford, UK. Phone +44 (0)161 2953172; c.abbott @salford.ac.uk }, abstract={Information integration has been recognized as key factors for effective construction supply chain (CSC) management. It acts as an enabler to implement lean production philosophy by facilitating information sharing, joint decision making, process integration and team cooperation. This paper aims to explore an nD modelling based information system to enhance the CSC information integration and sharing. Mixed methodologies including literature review, theory analysis and workshop discuss were employed. The research identified that lack of information integration across the CSC is the main barrier to effective supply chain information management. An nD modelling based two level construction supply chain information system, consisting of operational project supply chain extranet and strategic organizational supply chain extranet, was proposed and illustrated in detail. Application of the system shows it could enable construction information integration and interdisciplinary analysis to facilitate collaborative decision making and process integration, and also provide a solution to match the principle of long term cooperation for supply chain management with the actual unique and transient nature of project based construction. }, author_keywords={information integration, construction supply chain (CSC), nD modeling }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lima2008, author={Lima, Lisiane P. and Formoso, Carlos Torres and Echeeveste, Marcia E.S. }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Client Requirements Processing in Low-Income House-Building Using Visual Displays and the House of Quality}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={459-470}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/590}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil, e-mail: lisi.lima@gmail.com ; Ph.D., Associate Professor at Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 3rd floor, Porto Alegre, Brazil, e-mail: formoso@ufrgs.br ; Ph.D., Associate Professor at Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 5th floor, Porto Alegre, Brazil, e-mail: }, abstract={Several studies have pointed out the importance of client requirement processing and the difficulties of implementing it in the construction industry due to the complex nature of its products. In Brazil, new forms of housing provision have resulted in innovations on the relationship between governmental and non-governmental organizations and the final users, resulting in a complex net of interests. In the lowincome housing sector, the final users rarely take part directly in the product development process and for this reason their needs and requirements in general are not properly considered by the design team. This demands radical changes on the way the product development process is managed. This paper presents a case study on the management of requirements in the Residential Leasing Program, currently one of the most important programs for low-income housing provision in Brazil. The study emphasizes the task of processing client requirements in this context based on visual displays development and on the house of quality adaptation. Visual displays and tools are used to support requirements data processing and analysis, including the partial application of quality function deployment (QFD). Based on this discussion, the limitations and benefits of the proposed tools for requirement processing in the context of low-income housing are pointed out, considering the peculiarities of this product in terms of value generation. }, author_keywords={requirements processing, low-income house-building, client satisfaction, visual displays, house of quality, quality function deployment }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Liu2008, author={Liu, Min and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Improving Labor Productivity Through Production Control}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={657-666}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/592}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering., North Carolina State Univ. , 208 Mann Hall, 2501 Stinson Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695. E-mail: min_liu@ncsu.edu ; Associate Adjunct Professor at the University of California, Berkeley, and Research Director for the Lean Construction Institute. Email: ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={This research collected production data from a pipe installation project to study how construction labor productivity is related to four variables: Percent Plan Complete (PPC, a measure of work flow reliability), work load, work output, and workers per week. The results suggest that productivity is not improved by completing as many tasks as possible regardless of the plan, nor from increasing work load, work output or the number of work hours expended. Productivity does improve when work flow is made more predictable, thus enabling a better match of available work load with capacity (labor hours). These findings can help project managers understand the relationship between work flow and productivity and to focus on actual drivers of productivity. It may also help consulting companies pinpoint responsibility for productivity losses in claims. }, author_keywords={construction management, labour productivity, work flow, work flow variation, Last Planner™ System }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Meiling2008, author={Meiling, John and Johnsson, Helena }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Experience Feedback at Industrialised House Builders}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={553-564}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/593}, affiliation={M.Sc. John Meiling, Division of Structural Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87 Luleå, Sweden, johnmeiling@ltu.se, +46 920 491818 ; Ph.D. Helena Johnsson, Div. of Structural Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, helena.johnsson@ltu.se. }, abstract={In lean theories as in quality management, the notion of continuous improvement is strong. Experience from an earlier production cycle should be fed into the next cycle. The framework of lean production offers a structure for experience feedback to take place. The industrialised house builders would benefit more from experience feedback than traditional construction firms would, since the degree of repetitiveness of their work is higher. The degree of prefabrication in industrialised housing ranges from manufacturing open walls and floors up to producing entire volume modules with complete interior cladding. The higher the degree of prefabrication, the stronger is the clash between construction and manufacturing, since the traditional construction process does not cater for the need for early design decisions that are rigid throughout the building process. This paper aims at exploring the production process at three industrialised housing companies seeking feedback opportunities and implications. An explorative research method is used where interviews with the participating companies show that initiatives and opportunities exist, but not in a consistent way. The transformation of information and knowledge into useful design input could be seen as a bottleneck in production process. }, author_keywords={experience feedback, industrialised housing, multi storey building, timber volume element prefabrication }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mota2008, author={Mota, Bruno Pontes and Mota, Ricardo Rola and Alves, Thais da C.L. }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Implementing Lean Construction Concepts in a Residential Project}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={251-257}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/594}, affiliation={Undergraduate student, Civil Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil. Phone +55 85 3244-1697, brunopmota@yahoo.com.br ; Director, Pauta Engenharia Ltda, Brazil. Phone +55 85 3244-1697, ricardo@pauta.eng.br ; Assistant Professor, Department of Structural and Construction Engineering, University of Ceará, Brazil. Phone +55 85 3366-9607, ext.36, thaiscla@ufc.br }, abstract={The main goals of this paper are to present a case in which Lean Construction concepts were implemented and to discuss the benefits achieved during the process. The case study was developed during the construction phase of a residential project in the urban area of Fortaleza, Brazil. The project comprised the construction of 18 houses financed by a private investor and it was constructed and managed by a smallsized construction company. After lean concepts were implemented the project achieved a more stable flow of work and the number of emergency requests for resources decreased dramatically. Also, the project was completed a month in advance when compared to its original schedule thus allowing the investor to sell the units sooner than expected. Finally, after analyzing the benefits achieved in this pilot project the company’s upper management has decided to use Lean concepts in other projects, and the private investor wants to make sure Lean is used in other projects financed by his company. The paper aims at contributing to the literature on Lean Construction on the industry papers section by presenting a success story experienced by a small-sized construction company. }, author_keywords={Production system design, transparency, line-of-balance, home building }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Nguyen2008, author={Nguyen, Hung V. and Tommelein, Iris D. and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Process-Based Cost Modeling to Support Lean Project Delivery}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={577-588}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/595}, affiliation={Ph.D. Student, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 407 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, hung-nguyen@berkeley.edu ; Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory http://p2sl.berkeley.edu/ and Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 510/643-8678, FAX +1 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Research Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory and Adj. Associate Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Using traditional cost models, with inputs of historical cost data and elemental quantities from product design, it is possible to point out which design alternative appears to produce more saving than the others. However, with the consideration of the cost implications of logistics and construction processes in different design alternatives, this saving may be less than anticipated or even negative. Following cost advice as outputs of traditional cost models, designers may decide to choose an alternative that is more costly to build. The application of set-based design, production system design, and target costing in Lean Project Delivery System (LPDS) raises a need for a cost model which facilitates trade-off analysis between multiple alternatives of product and process design. Meanwhile, traditional cost models are incapable of supporting product and process design integration in LPDS. This paper describes a research initiative at Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL) on investigating how process-based cost models support product and process design integration in LPDS. }, author_keywords={cost modeling, lean project delivery system, target costing, production system design }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Olatunji2008, author={Olatunji, Joseph Oladiran }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Lean-in- Nigerian Construction: State, Barriers, Strategies and “Go-Togemba” Approach}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={287-297}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/596}, affiliation={Lecturer, Department of Building, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria. Phone +2348035613467; tungybox2000@yahoo.com }, abstract={Lean-in-Construction, which is alien to Nigerian construction process, offers valuable techniques to manage construction at improved workflows and minimal waste generation. This paper therefore examines the exportation of lean to the Nigerian construction process by exploring the practitioners’ extent of knowledge and scope of application of lean techniques. However, the survey research involving ten companies via quota sampling technique and personal interviews is based on Toyota production principles only i.e. lean production. The paper reveals key strategies for absorption of lean with approaches to build and improve on JIT and concurrent design and construction in Nigeria. It therefore recommends these suggested-strategies for the entrenchment of lean in Nigerian construction process to combat waste generations and enhance workflows. }, author_keywords={lean production, Nigeria, construction, barriers, approaches, waste minimization }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Parrish2008, author={Parrish, Kristen and Wong, John-Michael and Tommelein, Iris D. and Stojadinovic, Bozidar }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Set-Based Design: Case Study on Innovative Hospital Design}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={413-424}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/597}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA, kristen_parrish@berkeley.edu ; Graduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA, jmwong@ce.berkeley.edu ; Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory http://p2sl.berkeley.edu/ and Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 510/643-8678, FAX +1 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 721 Davis Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1710, Phone +1 510/643-7035, FAX +1 510/643-8928, boza@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={This paper describes collaboration efforts of a project team that implemented lean concepts in the course of structural system selection during the design phase of a hospital project. Out-of-the-box thinking, contractual incentives for team work, early collaboration, and a set-based design approach led to the development of an innovative and cost-effective structural system that may set precedent for other medical facilities to be constructed in seismically active zones. The structural design team on this project rigorously explored the design space and tested design alternatives against project value propositions. When pushed by the owner to think more broadly, the structural engineer proposed using a new technology, namely viscous damping walls. This concept was developed in Japan but has not yet been tried on projects in the United States. Because it is a first, this solution requires not only rigorous analysis and testing by the structural engineer but also detailed investigation by the state's regulatory agency that issues building permits. This paper describes the team's efforts at defining the design space and the set-based design approach they used. A key lesson from this case study is that teams have a lot to learn about how to make requests and commitments while pursuing setbased design to be lean. }, author_keywords={lean construction, coordination, collaboration, set-based design, stakeholder value, integrated project delivery, relational contracting, viscous damping walls, seismic design, structural engineering }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Parrish2008, author={Parrish, Kristen and Wong, John-Michael and Tommelein, Iris D. and Stojadinovic, Bozidar }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Value Propositions for Set-Based Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={495-506}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/598}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA, kristen_parrish@berkeley.edu ; Graduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA, jmwong@ce.berkeley.edu ; Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory http://p2sl.berkeley.edu/ and Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 510/643-8678, FAX +1 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 721 Davis Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1710, Phone +1 510/643-7035, FAX +1 510/643-8928, boza@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Reinforced concrete is used in capital facilities in all sectors of the construction industry. Numerous specialists are involved in its design and supply chain. However, reinforcing steel (rebar) configurations are typically specified by structural engineers relatively early on in the project, often without the benefit of input from project stakeholders such as rebar detailers, fabricators, and placers. In current design practice, using tacit knowledge of structural performance as well as construction expertise, structural engineers select a rebar configuration that is optimal from their perspective, given the project constraints. The adoption of new design methodologies, such as performance-based design and set-based design, affords opportunities for use of the knowledge of downstream project stakeholders in structural design. Value propositions relate, e.g., physical product characteristics, relative dollar, or time ‘costs’ to parameters that define value for different project stakeholders. They can then be used to assist project teams in developing mutual understanding while gauging the merits of different sets of alternatives, making tradeoffs, and narrowing sets of design alternatives. Industry participants in this research have helped to develop such value propositions. This paper presents a value proposition of a rebar placer, that relates rebar diameters to labour productivity rates, and these can be translated into placement costs. Proof-of-concept is delivered of the use of this value proposition in set-based design of a reinforced concrete shear wall. }, author_keywords={lean construction, set-based design, performance-based design, reinforced concrete, rebar, design methodology, value proposition, stakeholder value, constructability, cost }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Partouche2008, author={Partouche, Rebecca and Sacks, Rafael and Bertelsen, Sven }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Craft Construction, Mass Construction, Lean Construction: Lessons From the Empire State Building}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={183-194}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/599}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Faculty of Civil and Env. Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel, rebeccap@tx.technion.ac.il ; Associate Professor, Faculty of Civil and Env. Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel Phone +972-4-8293190, cvsacks@techunix.technion.ac.il ; Consulting Engineer, External Lecturer, Danish Technical University, Roennebaervej 10, Apt 108, 2840 Holte, DK Denmark, Phone +45 4542 4705, sven@bertelsen.org }, abstract={Despite much research and debate on the subject, the definition of lean construction is still under question. Contrary to the linear evolution of production systems from craft to mass and lean, with agile production following as a clearly defined management strategy, construction systems have not developed from craft to industrialized and lean. The focus of industrialized construction is on prefabrication in off-site industrial facilities, and cannot be considered to be the equivalent of mass production in construction. One of the world’s most impressive building construction projects, that of the Empire State Building, highlights the existence of another construction system and justifies the introduction of the term ‘mass construction’. Lean construction derives in large part from lean production, but in fact lean construction systems are rooted in three construction systems: craft, industrialized and mass construction. These often co-exist in modern construction projects, making their management complex. One of the challenges for application of lean construction is to identify the right methods to cope with an industry that as a whole has not evolved from craft to mass construction, but one that remains mixed between them. }, author_keywords={agile production, craft construction, flow, industrialized construction, mass construction, production system design, tall buildings }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pavez2008, author={Pavez, Ignacio and Alarcon, Luis F. }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Lean Construction Professional’S Profile (LCPP): Implementation in Chilean Contractor Organizations}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={231-240}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/600}, affiliation={Research Engineer, MSc, Production Management Center (GEPUC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, School of Engineering, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 3547050, ipavez@ing.puc.cl ; Professor of Civil Engineering, PhD, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, School of Engineering, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 3544245, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={Consolidation of lean construction demands the active participation of people able to apply this management system. Therefore, a pioneer research was carried out to define a Lean Construction Professional Profile (LCPP), which identifies three competence areas to develop simultaneously: enterprise vision, technical competence and social competence. This article presents an incipient implementation of the LCPP in Chilean contractor organizations, based on the identification of competences needed by project team’s positions. Also, new developments of the model are discussed in order to provide recommendations for implementing the LCPP inside the companies. Results have allowed to visualize the coherence of the model in terms of what the enterprises expect of their project staff and how -through the identification of specific competences- it is possible to address the three elements of lean management: business purpose (enterprise vision), processes (technical competence) and people (social competence). In the future, it is expected to obtain data which allow organizations managing individual performance according to the LCPP and implement the model in other human resource management processes, with the aim of reaching better lean construction implementations. }, author_keywords={lean construction, lean management, human resource development, competences }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pennanen2008, author={Pennanen, Ari and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Determining Expected Cost in the Target Costing Process}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={589-600}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/601}, affiliation={Adjunct Professor (Tampere University of Technology). Partner of Haahtela Project Management Group, Finland. ari.pennanen@haahtela.fi. www.haahtela.fi ; Associate Adjunct Professor and Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley; Director, Lean Construction Institute. ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Previous IGLC papers have presented a target costing methodology that begins with reconciliation of the client’s allowable cost and the expected cost of the product they want to accomplish their purposes. This methodology has been derived from publications describing how target costing is used in product development. This paper evaluates the extent to which target costing applied to construction matches up with the target costing methodology from product development and also presents a building information model to define expected cost. The information model uses customer requirements for the spaces and site conditions as initial information and develops the life cycle costs of the spaces. It models building components in relation to customer requirements and prices them with market data, consistent with product development practice. }, author_keywords={cost modeling, expected cost, knowledge management, project management, target costing }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pinho2008, author={Pinho, Tiago and Telhada, Jose and Carvalho, Maria S. }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Supply Chain Management in Construction - A Case Study of a Portuguese Company}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={821-832}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/602}, affiliation={PhD Student, Systems and Production Department, School of Engineering - Gualtar, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal, tiago.pinho@dps.uminho.pt ; Professor, Systems and Production Department, School of Engineering - Gualtar, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal, telhada@dps.uminho.pt ; Professor, Systems and Production Department, School of Engineering - Gualtar, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal, sameiro@dps.uminho.pt }, abstract={The purpose of this paper is to present the preliminary results of the implementation of a construction supply chain management application, which is being developed in a PhD graduation project. This project was thought to overcome significant inefficiencies of the rudimentary and bureaucratic communication system of a case study company. The main result of this implementation was the design and the implementation of a web portal that allows the adequate portability to help local project managers on construction sites filling their material and equipment orders to the central warehouse. The project involved several stages, including preparatory reengineering processes conducted in the logistics sector and the implementation of a fleet management system. The web portal is being currently used by the company and there are now clear evidences that its implementation brought effective competitive gains by minimizing communication errors, improving resource usage, lowering stock levels and, most of all, by reducing the overall costs of construction projects. }, author_keywords={supply chain management, construction logistics, information system, case study }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Roelandt2008, author={Roelandt, Kurt F. }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Implementing Lean Construction in a South African Construction Company}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={259-267}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/603}, affiliation={Programme Manager, Aveng Limited (www.aveng.co.za), Continuous Improvement Division,- Grinaker-LTA Office Park, Jurgens Street, Johannesburg, South Africa. Phone +27 11 578 6200, Fax +27 11 578 6388, kroelandt@avengcig.com }, abstract={The Aveng Group, listed in South Africa, are active across Africa, Australasia, the Pacific Rim, the Asian sub-continent and the Middle East. The Group initiated an ambitious program to implement LEAN in their Operating Groups in the fall of 2006. The activities of The Aveng Group range from multi-disciplinary Construction, Manufacturing, Mining and Engineering as well as Management Services, with a total turnover of US$3.2 billion. In 2006 the Aveng Group embarked on an exercise to benchmark its organization versus best practices in the areas of Risk, Organisational Health, Talent Development, Procurement and Operational Efficiency. For each area a number of gaps versus world class standards were identified and an improvement program set up. To deal with the issues identified in the Operational Efficiency stream it was decided to embark on a Lean journey. The Roads & Earthworks (R&E) Business Unit within the Construction Operating Group was chosen as one of the units to initially pilot. The overall objective was to implement LEAN in this Business Unit using the Toyota Production System (TPS) as a benchmark to achieve the goals of Best Quality, Lowest Cost, Shortest Lead Time, Best Safety and Highest Morale. It was the first time in South Africa that LEAN would be implemented in the Construction sector. The paper will focus on the implementation of a number of basic tools and systems to achieve the foundations of the TPS which are: Visual Management and Levelled Production. The paper will give practical examples for each. The results of the first pilot sites – which show an average improvement of 2–3% EBIT - and the lessons learned are shared. The last part of the paper discusses the way forward based on lessons learned, i.e. the creation of a suitable project organization to combine planning, safety, quality and operational efficiency activities in one department }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rooke2008, author={Rooke, John and Seymour, David and Koskela, Lauri and Bertelsen, Sven and Owen, Robert and Cleary, Martin }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Enquiry Pull Research: An Ethnomethodological Approach to Lean Construction Research or a Lean Approach to Ethnomethodological Research}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={73-82}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/604}, affiliation={Research Fellow, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +44 161 295 4366, j.a.rooke@eml.cc. ; Visiting Professor, School of the Built Environment, Birmingham City University, seymour.de@googlemail.com. ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +44 161 295 7960, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk ; Consulting Engineer, External Lecturer, Danish Technical University, Roennebaervej 10, app 108, 2840 Holte, DK Denmark, Phone +45 4542 4705, sven@bertelsen.org ; Senior Research Fellow, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone ; Post-Graduate Researcher, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone }, abstract={This paper assembles some principals from three strands of thought: lean theory; ethnomethodology; and Wittgensteinian philosophy. These are considered with a view to their impact on research design and used here as a basis for an initial exploration of a candidate research topic, in order to illustrate this impact. Principles of Lean Theory are considered, along with those from Wittgensteinian social enquiry and Ethnomethodology, in order to suggest a strategy for Lean Research. These are applied to the intial consideration of a candidate research topic, in order to illustrate the argument. }, author_keywords={research methodology, TFV theory, Wittgenstein, ethnomethodology, }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rybkowski2008, author={Rybkowski, Zofia K. and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Using the “Five Whys” as a Decision-Making Framework for Evidence-Based Design}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={391-402}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/605}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Program in Engineering and Project Management, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 510/684-5729 cezkr@berkeley.edu ; Research Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory, http://p2sl.berkeley.edu/ Associate Adjunct Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 510/643-8678, FAX 510/643-8919 ballard@ ce. berkeley. edu }, abstract={Evidence-Based Design (EBD), the judicious and conscientious use of current best evidence to make design decisions for unique projects, is being applied to the design of healthcare facilities with increasing frequency. Because of both the need to replace and expand aging buildings and a retiring baby boom generation, construction of healthcare facilities is currently on the rise in the US. Advocates of EBD argue that its rigorous application will reduce incidence of medical error and improve rates of patient recovery. However, while some promises made by EBD can be scientifically substantiated, design of facilities may not be the only appropriate solution to the problems EBD advocates cite; healthcare facility designers are pressing for EBD adoption, even when a less costly, non-capital program response might be equally effective. This paper suggests that while the error-proofing logic of EBD makes sense, a structured framework for the "Five Whys" should be rigorously implemented by design decision-makers, to ensure that multiple options are considered before final solutions are adopted. }, author_keywords={evidence-based design, lean construction, five whys }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rybkowski2008, author={Rybkowski, Zofia K. and Wong, John-Michael and Ballard, Glenn and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Using Controlled Experiments to Calibrate Computer Models: The Airplane Game as a Lean Simulation Exercise}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={309-319}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/606}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Engineering and Project Management Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 510/684-5729, cezkr@berkeley.edu ; PhD Candidate, Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Materials Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 760 Davis Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720- 1710, Phone +1 510/910-3716, jmwong@ce.berkeley.edu ; Research Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory, http://p2sl.berkeley.edu/, and Adjunct Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 415/710-5531, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu ; Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory, http://p2sl.berkeley.edu/, Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 510/643-8678, FAX +1 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Simulation games may be used to introduce lean principles to those who are considering implementing them. However, they can also function as controlled experiments against which to calibrate a computer model and they can even be adapted to serve as the gold standard of scientific experimentation, the randomizedcontrolled trial. Results generated from a live playing of the Airplane Game validate an EZStrobe computer-based simulation model representing one part of the game. Close alignment of results suggests that the computer model will likely be able to accurately predict outcomes from similarly structured, real life activities, such as those encountered in a design office or on a construction site. }, author_keywords={lean, Airplane Game, discrete-event simulation, controlled experiment, randomized controlled trial, EZStrobe }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sacks2008, author={Sacks, Rafael and Harel, Michael }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Partial Remuneration for Capacity to Stabilize Subcontractor Resource Allocations}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={109-120}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/607}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Faculty of Civil and Env. Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel, cvsacks@techunix.technion.ac.il ; PhD Student, Faculty of Civil and Env. Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel, harelm@techunix.technion.ac.il }, abstract={A novel formula for payment to subcontractors, which shifts some of the risk for reduced productivity due to plan instability from the subcontractor to the general contractor, is proposed. The formula requires that a price for capacity be set as well as a price for product, with a single weighting parameter to balance between them. Using a three player game theory based simulation, use of the formula has been shown to lead to resource allocation behaviours that benefit all parties in unstable or average conditions, but has no effect under stable conditions. }, author_keywords={economic game theory, production system design, remuneration for capacity, resource allocation, subcontracting }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Schaefer2008, author={Schaefer, D. and Abdelhamid, T.S. and Mitropoulos, P. and Howell, G.A. }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Resilience Engineering: A New Paradigm for Safety in Lean Construction Systems}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={723-734}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/608}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, 401H Human Ecology, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. E: schaf123@msu.edu. ; Associate Professor, 116 Human Ecology, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. E: tariq@msu.edu ; Assistant Professor, Del E. Webb School of Construction, P.O. Box 870204, Tempe, AZ 85287. 480/965-3378. Arizona State University. E: takism@asu.edu. ; Executive Director, Lean Construction Institute, Lean Construction Institute 625 Main Street, 1B, Louisville, CO 80027-1827 303-665-8385. E: ghowell@leanconstruction.org }, abstract={Achieving reliable workflow between construction operations is paramount to the success of Lean Construction implementations. In Lean Construction, as in lean production, workflow of operations is affected by waste (muda), variability (mura), and overburden to workers and machines (muri). It follows then that reliable workflow in construction operations cannot be achieved without safe work practices, which is the concern of this paper. The work of Jens Rasmussen was used previously as a foundation to propose a new cause and effect model for the way construction accidents originate and propagate to injury. The model provided a conceptual framework to help workers better detect where hazards may be released, better cope near the boundary beyond which work is no longer safe, recover if control is lost, and finally to minimize the effects if loss of control is irreversible. This paper presents a paradigm that investigates the ability of actors within an organization to anticipate and adapt before and after risk situations give rise to loss of control. The paradigm is dubbed “Resilience Engineering” in an attempt to signify that the ability to respond and adapt to unexpected changes can be engineered into organizational settings similar to how certain materials are engineered to be resilient – to recover to their original shape after being stressed. According to the pioneers of this field, a resilient organization is one that has mastered the art of managing and coping with unexpected events and following disruptive consequences. An underlying principle in Resilience Engineering is that understanding failure in order to prevent its reoccurrence is more profound when we understand how safety is created by people in workplaces with continually changing hazard sources and inevitable compromises between safe and productive actions. In this paper, the origins of Resilience Engineering are reviewed, focusing on what it is and what it isn’t. The paper concludes with propositions for implementing Resilience Engineering in construction settings and offers pointers to future research. }, author_keywords={lean construction, safety theory, occupational safety, construction safety, construction accidents, resilience engineering }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Schramm2008, author={Schramm, Fabio K. and Silveira, Guilherme L. and Paez, Homes and Mesa, Harisson and Formoso, Carlos T. and Echeverry, Diego }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Using Discrete-Event Simulation to Support Decision-Makers in Production System Design and Operations}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={131-141}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/609}, affiliation={MSc, Assistant Professor, Faculty of Management, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), PhD Candidate at NORIE/UFRGS, fabioks@ufpel.edu.br, Rua Almirante Barroso, 1734, CEP: 96010-280, Pelotas/RS, Brasil, Phone: +55 53 3222 7981 ; Civil Engineer Undergraduate Assistant at NORIE/UFRGS, guilherme.silveira@ufrgs.br ; MSc, Civil Engineer, Constructora NORCO, Bogotá, Colombia, ingenierianorco@cable.net.co ; Civil Engineer, Graduate Assistant, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, ha.mesa905@uniandes.edu.co ; PhD, Associate Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), formoso@ufrgs.br, Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99 – 3º andar, CEP: 90035-190, Porto Alegre/RS, Brasil, Phone: +55 51 3308 3959 ; PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia, dechever@uniandes.edu.co, Phone: 57-1-3324314, Fax: 3324313 }, abstract={It is well known that the performance of production systems in construction is strongly affected by variability, interdependence and uncertainty. For that reason, discrete-event simulation is useful for modelling the behaviour of production systems, and understanding the combined effects of those factors. This paper describes two case studies carried out in different countries on the use of discrete-event simulation models in the decision making process concerned with production system design and operations of house-building projects. In the first study, carried out in Colombia, an operations analysis of the construction of structural walls and slabs in a multiple six-floor residential building project was undertaken. Based on the simulation model, a number of recommendations for reducing the total construction time were made, enabling the production managers of the construction company to assess different scenarios, and establish an improved construction sequence in order to reduce the share on non value-adding activities. The second case study consisted of the development of a reusable simulation model for the production system design of a Brazilian construction company that constructs low-rise house building projects. This model supported the development of a new production system design for the company, in order to change from standardized to customized production of dwellings, using a mass customization strategy. The paper emphasizes the challenges of using such models in a real environment, discussing the benefits that were achieved and the difficulties faced by those companies in adopting discrete-event simulation in their decision making processes. }, author_keywords={construction process simulation, production systems design, operations design }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Shen2008, author={Shen, Lijun and Chua, David K.H. }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={An Investigation of Critical Chain and Lean Project Scheduling}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={679-690}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/610}, affiliation={Research Fellow, Dept. of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, (65) 68744643, FAX (65) 67791635, cveslj@nus.edu.sg ; Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engrg., National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, (65) 68742195, FAX (65) 67791635, cvedavid@nus.edu.sg }, abstract={Critical chain and lean construction are two inspiring initiatives aiming at dramatically improving project performance through attacking the traditional management methods. The critical chain approach advocates improving throughputs to shorten task duration estimates and deploys various schedule buffers (i.e., project, feeding, resource, and capacity) to protect the project due date. The lean construction principles emphasize on eliminating waste by reducing non-value adding activities and managing hidden flows to improve the reliability of planning and production control. This paper investigates both practices and suggests that it is feasible, and necessary, to balance between aggressiveness (critical chain) and reliability (lean). A combination of critical chain and lean principles may provide benefits of both perspectives, with which critical chain is employed at relatively higher level to set up aggressive goals on task durations and deliveries of prerequisites, while lean works at low level to minimize the impact of flow uncertainties. An illustrative case study is provided to depict the effect of planning and control applying both the critical chain and the lean approaches. }, author_keywords={critical chain, lean construction, constraint, reliable plan, buffer management }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Simoes2008, author={Simoes, Eliane A. and Takinami, Faviane K. and Hirota, Ercilia H. }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={An Analysis of Low-Income Housing Business Chain in the Light of Target Costing Concept: A Case Study in Brazil}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={623-632}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/611}, affiliation={Dr., Civil Engineer, Senior Lecturer at State University of Londrina, Paraná State, Brazil – e-mail: eliane@uel.br ; Civil Engineer, Master degree student at State University of Londrina, Paraná State, Brazil – e-mail: fabitakinami@yahoo.com.br ; Dr., Civil Engineer. Associate Professor at State University of Londrina, Paraná State, Brazil – email: ercilia@uel.br }, abstract={Several studies on the transference of the target costing concept from manufacturing to the construction industry have been developed (Ballard and Reiser, 2004; Granja et. al., 2005). However, the application of this concept in the public sector is still seldom explored. This paper presents preliminary results of an ongoing research project aimed to analyze the applicability of target costing concepts and principles to the development of low income housing projects sponsored by a public agency in Brazil. This study has been conducted based on an exploratory case study developed in a council housing office, whose mission is to provide housing for low-income people. This office develops the building designs and promotes the construction of the projects. In order to analyse this supply chain as a business, the researchers have adapted the tool Value Stream Mapping (VSM) for information flow. The objective of the VSM is to provide a comprehensive view of a product development process as a flow of information, and, therefore, identify improvement and failures of the process. The efforts made in the exploratory case study were concentrated on a literature review and elaboration of the map. }, author_keywords={low income housing, target costing, value stream mapping }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Thyssen2008, author={Thyssen, Mikael Hygum and Emmitt, Stephen and Bonke, Sten and Kirk-Christoffersen, Anders }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={The Toyota Product Development System Applied to a Design Management Workshop Model}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={507-518}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/612}, affiliation={M. Sc. Civ. Eng., PhD student, DTU Management Engineering, Section for Planning and Management of Building Processes, Building 115, Technical University of Denmark, DK 2800 Lyngby, DENMARK, Tel. + 45 2469 0635, E-mail: mit@byg.dtu.dk ; Professor of Architectural Technology, Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK, Direct line +44 (0)1509 222815, E-mail: S.Emmitt@lboro.ac.uk ; Head of Section, Associate Professor, M.A. (Sociology), B.A. (Philology), DTU Management Engineering, Section for Planning and Management of Building Processes, Building 115, Technical University of Denmark, DK 2800 Lyngby, DENMARK, Tel. +45 4525 1648, E-mail: sb@byg.dtu.dk ; Head of Customer Advisory Services, M. Sc. Civ. Eng., NIRAS Consulting Engineers and Planners Sortemosevej 2, DK-3450 Alleroed, DENMARK, Tel. + 45 4510 4379, E-mail: akc@niras.dk }, abstract={Within a lean framework the goal is to enhance productivity by maximizing client value and minimizing waste known as muda. In the construction industry focus has mainly been on minimizing waste within the construction site production process. However, research has shown that a great amount of the waste experienced during site assembly can be traced back to the early design phase. In addition minimizing waste does not guarantee overall project success if client values are not fully understood. Indeed it is possible to effectively produce a product that the client does not value. This paper reports the early findings of a research project which aims to develop a workshop method for lean design management in construction through a deeper understanding of the Toyota product development system (TPDS) and value theory in general. Results from a case-study will be presented and a theoretical comparison of the workshop model with lean principles will lead to proposals for further development of the workshop approach to design management. }, author_keywords={design management, lean product development, value management, workshop method, product value, design reviews }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tillmann2008, author={Tillmann, Patricia Andre and Formoso, Carlos Torres }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Opportunities to Adopt Mass Customisation – A Case Study in the Brazilian House Building Sector}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={447-458}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/613}, affiliation={Master candidate, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Phone: +55 51 3308 3518, FAX: +55 51 3308 4054, patriciatillmann@gmail.com ; Associate Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Phone: +55 51 3308 3518, FAX: +55 51 3308 4054, formoso@ufrgs.br }, abstract={Mass customisation stands for the ability to develop high value-added products within short time frames and at relatively low costs. This strategy is well known in manufacturing, where it has been widely used for competitive advantage. By contrast, the house building industry in Brazil has been criticized for the lack of effectiveness in dealing with the diversity of customer requirements. In low-cost housing, for instance, product flexibility tends to be very limited, due to the fact that most housing programs adopt mass production core ideas in their conception. This paper presents some interim results of an investigation which aims to identify opportunities and barriers for introducing a mass customisation strategy in the Brazilian housing market. A case study was carried out in a company that develops and builds house building projects for lower middle class customers. Dwellings are commercialised after the completion of the design stage and before they are built, making it possible for costumers to adapt to some extend the dwellings in order to suit their needs and expectations. An analysis of this company’s product development process (PDP) revealed that there are many obstacles to overcome before a mass customisation strategy can be fully implemented. These obstacles are related mainly to legal and economical issues related to existing housing provision forms in Brazil, inherent characteristics of construction processes and managerial difficulties. However, some opportunities were also found, such as high degree of costumer involvement, the company’s concern to increase product value, and willingness to improve managerial processes. Finally, based on main findings, a set of guidelines for improving the PDP in terms of supporting the adoption of a mass customisation strategy is proposed. }, author_keywords={mass customization, design flexibility, product development, house building, low cost housing }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tommelein2008, author={Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={‘Poka Yoke’ or Quality by Mistake Proofing Design and Construction Systems}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={195-205}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/614}, affiliation={Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory, http://p2sl.berkeley.edu/, and Professor, Engineering and Project Management Program, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 510/643- 8678, FAX +1 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={The Japanese concept ‘poka yoke’, translated into English as ‘mistake proofing,’ has been mentioned at previous IGLC conferences. This notwithstanding, mistake proofing appears to not have been (nor be) systematically researched or practiced in the lean construction community. To raise awareness of opportunities provided by thinking with mistake proofing in mind as a means to build quality into project delivery, this paper summarizes the philosophy that underlies mistake proofing. Examples illustrate how mistake proofing applies to the work done within one specialty trade, how manufacturers and fabricators can design their products so they cannot be constructed defectively, and how architects and engineers may conceive of system designs that are less likely to fail during construction or in a product’s life cycle. Reader contributions to an online repository of mistake proofing applications in the architecture-engineering-construction (AEC) industry, posted at http://p2sl.berkeley.edu/pokayoke/, will be gratefully acknowledged. }, author_keywords={poka yoke, mistake proofing, jidoka, autonomation, design, engineering, system, specification, construction, safety, quality, constructability, tolerance management, life-cycle performance, lean construction }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tuholski2008, author={Tuholski, Stan J. and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Design Structure Matrix (DSM) Implementation on a Seismic Retrofit}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={471-484}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/615}, affiliation={Doctoral Candidate, Civil and Environmental Engineering. Department, 407 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 925/423-6493, FAX +1 925/422-9455, tuholski1@llnl.gov ; Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory http://p2sl.berkeley.edu and Professor, Civil and Env. Engineering. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720- 1712, Phone +1 510/643-8678, FAX +1 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={A void exists in the practical application and theoretical development of design theory methodologies within the structural engineering (SE) community. This void contributes to project performance deficiencies as characterized by, e.g., cost overruns, rework, and sub-optimal design. In the manufacturing sector, product design and production improvements have resulted from implementation of the design structure matrix (DSM) methodology. DSM offers a means to represent, analyse, and decompose complex systems in order to improve their performance. DSM has been used within the architecture engineering construction (AEC) industry and is becoming more readily available thanks to recent developments of project specific DSM scheduling software. DSM helps design teams streamline their processes (so that process steps can be executed sequentially) vs. identify situations when iteration is to be expected or group meetings can be called for brainstorming and rapid feedback. This paper examines a case study where DSM-based planning software was used on a seismic retrofit project. It demonstrates how lean practitioners can use DSM to fill the gap when translating a sticky-note schedule showing hand-offs into an activity network with various types of dependencies, and how that, in turn, can be translated into a schedule. }, author_keywords={design, design structure matrix, DSM, lean construction, structural engineering, scheduling, dependence, oba, oobeya, big room, building information modeling (BIM), laser scanning }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Wettig2008, author={Wettig, Magdalena Rojas and Mansilla, Dario Rodriguez and Cardenas, Luis F. Alarcon }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Organizational Improvement Methodology for Chilean Construction Industry}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={211-219}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/616}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, Graduate Student, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Facultad de Ingeniería, Ingeniería y Gestión de la Construcción Department, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, mrojasw@ing.puc.cl ; Sociology Professor, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Sociology Institute, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, drodrigm@uc.cl ; Civil Engineer Professor, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Facultad de Ingeniería, Ingeniería y Gestión de la Construcción Department, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={The organizational climate (OC) gives an overview of the perception of the working environment of the organization members. This paper presents a methodology for improving human resource policies, designed to be used in construction companies. It includes an organizational climate diagnosis tool (organizational climate), especially designed for the Chilean construction industry. This methodology was developed with companies that were implementing Lean Construction in order to monitor the impacts of the implementation. Initially, through a bibliographic study the organizational climate dimensions were documented according to the existing literature. In second place, through questionnaires and interviews applied to a group of professionals, the most representative parameters of the Chilean construction industry were selected. Finally, the tool was validated both statistically and qualitatively. Based on the results of data analysis, five parameters were selected as the most representative indicators of construction industry organizational climate: quality of information; role definition for each one of the team members; occupational risks, availability of the superior to listen and help, and fulfilling commitments. This methodology is composed by few simple steps, which can be easily implemented. It is expected that this methodology will make possible the development of organizations, and it has been tested only for the Chilean construction industry, and that is the reason why it is only valid under these circumstances. }, author_keywords={organizational diagnosis, organizational climate, organizational development, lean construction, human resources }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lawlor-Wright2008, author={Lawlor-Wright, Therese and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Codinhoto, Ricardo and Kagioglou, Mike and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={From Performance Targets to Service Design and Healthcare Infrastructure}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={403-412}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/617}, affiliation={Research Fellow, Health and Care Research and Innovation Centre, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK, Phone +44 161 2955000; t.lawlor-wright@salford.ac.uk ; Academic Fellow, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +44 161 2954284; p.tzortzopoulos@salford.ac.uk ; Research Fellow, Health and Care Research and Innovation Centre, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK, Phone +44 161 2955000; r.codinhoto@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK, m.kagioglou@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK, l.koskela@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={Challenging performance targets have been set for the UK National Health Service. In order to respond to these targets, the NHS has adopted approaches such as Lean Healthcare to reduce waste and improve its effectiveness. This paper explores the topic of Performance Management and the consequent redesign of services in the NHS. Using the lens of the TFV model, changes in the NHS are examined in an effort to understand the impact on the demand for infrastructure. The traditional approach in the health service is based on a transformation model concept where functional areas are central and the emphasis is on clinical specialties. Lean Healthcare concepts are now being applied to reduce lead times in the NHS. This represents a transition from a transformation model to one where the flow of patients is the main perspective. In an effort to reduce the lead time for patients to access services, major service redesign efforts have led to changes in the demand for infrastructure and the need for refurbishment and new buildings where functional areas are co-located. The NHS is also moving towards being ‘patient led’ and increasing value to the taxpayer and to the patient. It has been demonstrated that infrastructure has a high impact on patient satisfaction and their choice of health service provider. Thus, as the NHS moves towards a competitive healthcare marketplace, high quality infrastructure is of increasing importance. }, author_keywords={healthcare, operations, performance, management, infrastructure }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Zimmer2008, author={Zimmer, Eric and Salem, Ossama and Genaidy, Ashraf and Shell, Richard }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Case Study: Lean Supply Chain Management in Construction Projects}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={381-388}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/618}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Construction Engineering and Management Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221 ; Associate Professor, Construction Engineering and Management Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221 ; Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221 }, abstract={Researchers and construction professionals have adopted lean manufacturing concepts and strategies in the development of lean construction principles. Much of these efforts have centered on the field construction activities themselves. However, the ideology of lean focuses on the entire value stream of an operation from raw material to final product delivery. Waste and inefficiency is still evident throughout construction supply chains. The goal of this paper is to investigate improvement opportunities in the construction industry, utilizing the practice of lean supply chain management. A case study was conducted to achieve this goal and investigate applicability in the field. An assessment was done with a local contractor already familiar with lean. From this study came a number of findings and observations: differences between lean and non-lean fabricators and effects on construction, effective staging of materials. From these findings, improvement recommendations are prepared for future projects. }, author_keywords={lean construction, supply chain management, just-in-time, collaboration }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, }